Pre-capitalist Reproduction on the Nepal Tarai: Semi-feudal Agriculture in an Era of Globalisation

References

• Acharya , B. 1973 . Annexation of the Sen Kingdoms . Regmi Research Series , 5 : 81 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Adhikari , J. 2011 . Contentions and Prospects of Land Reform in Nepal: A Historical Review . New Angle: Nepal Journal of Social Science and Public Policy , 1 : 17 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Akram-Lodhi , A. 2007 . Land, Markets and Neo-liberal Enclosure: an Agrarian Political Economy Perspective . Third World Quarterly , 28 : 1437 – 1456 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akram-Lodhi , A. 2008 . (Re) imagining Agrarian Relations? The World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development . Development and Change , 39 : 1145 – 1161 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alavi , H. 1975 . India and The Colonial Mode of Production . Economic and Political Weekly , 12 : 160 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Althusser , L. 1969 . For Marx , London : Verso .
   Google Scholar
• Althusser , L. 1971 . “ Ideology and Ideological State Apparatus (Notes Towards an Investigation) ” . In Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays , Edited by: Althusser , L. 85 – 126 . New York : Monthly Review Press .
   Google Scholar
• Althusser , L. and Balibar , E. 1968 . Reading Capital , London : Redwood Burn .
   Google Scholar
• Athreya , V. , Boklin , G. , Djurfeldt , G. and Lindberg , S. 1987 . Identification of Agrarian Classes: A Methodological Essay with Empirical Evidence from South India . Journal of Peasant Studies , 14 : 147 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banaji , J. 1977 . Modes of Production in a Materialist Conception of History . Capital and Class , 3 : 1 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein , H. 1977 . Notes on Capital and Peasantry . Review of African Political Economy , 10 : 60 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein , H. 2003 . Farewells to the Peasantry . Transformation , 52 : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein , H. 2004 . ‘Changing Before Our Very Eyes’: Agrarian Questions and the Politics of Land in Capitalism Today . Journal of Agrarian Change , 4 : 190 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Bettelheim , C. 1972 . “ Theoretical Comments.” Appendix 1 ” . In Unequal Exchange: A Study of the Imperialism of Trade , Edited by: Emmanuel , A. 00 – 01 . London : Monthly Review Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bhaduri , A. 1973 . A Study in Agricultural Backwardness Under Semi-Feudalism . The Economic Journal , 83 : 120 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhaduri , A. 1981 . Class relations and the Pattern of Accumulation in an Agrarian Economy . Cambridge Journal of Economics , 5 : 33 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhaduri , A. 1986 . Forced Commerce and Agrarian Growth . World Development , 14 : 267 – 272 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bharadwaj , K. 1985 . A View on the Commercialisation in Indian Agriculture and the Development of Capitalism . Journal of Peasant Studies , 12 : 7 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattarai , B. 2003 . The Nature of Underdevelopment and Regional Structure of Nepal: A Marxist Analysis , Delhi : Adroit .
   Google Scholar
• Blaikie , P. , Cameron , J. and Seddon , D. 2001 . Nepal in Crisis: Growth and Stagnation at the Periphery , New Delhi : Adroit Publishers . Rev. and enlarged ed.
   Google Scholar
• Blaikie , P. , Cameron , J. and Seddon , D. 2002 . Peasants and Workers in Nepal , New Delhi : Adroit Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Bois , G. 1978 . Against the Neo-Malthusian Orthodoxy . Past and Present , 79 : 60 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Brass , T. 1997 . Immobilised Workers, Footloose Theory . Journal of Peasant Studies , 24 : 337 – 358 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byres , T. 1981 . The New Technology, Class Formation, and Class Action in the Indian Countryside . Journal of Peasant Studies , 8 : 405 – 454 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplan , L. 1995 . Warrior Gentlemen: ‘Gurkhas’ in the Western Imagination , Providence : Berghahn Books .
   Google Scholar
• Central Bureau of Statistics . 2008 . Census of Manufacturing Establishments Kathmandu , Nepal 2006/2007
   Google Scholar
• Chaudhuri , A. 1995 . Enclaves in a Peasant Society: Political Economy of Tea in Western Dooars and Northern Bengal , New Delhi : Peoples Publishing House .
   Google Scholar
• Crow , B. and Murshid , K. 1994 . Economic Returns to Social Power: Merchants’ Finance and Interlinkage in the Grain Markets of Bangladesh . World Development , 22 : 1011 – 1030 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De-Janvry , A. 1981 . The Agrarian Question and Reformism in Latin America , Baltimore : John Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dupré , G. and Rey , P. 1979 . “ Reflections on the Relevance of a Theory of the History of Exchange ” . In Relations of Production: Marxist Approaches to Economic Anthropology , Edited by: Seddon , D. and Lackner , H. 171 – 208 . London : Frank Cass .
   Google Scholar
• Gaige , F. 1976 . Regionalism and National Unity in Nepal , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Geschiere , P. and Raatgever , R. 1985 . “ Introduction ” . In Old Modes of Production and Capitalist Encroachment: Anthropological Explorations in Africa , Edited by: Van Binsbergen , W. and Geschiere , P. 1 – 36 . Leiden : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh , S. 1988 . Indian Bourgeoisie and Imperialism . Economic and Political Weekly , 23 : 2445 – 2447 . 2449–2458
   Google Scholar
• Government of Nepal. [1923] . 1974 . Land Reclamation and Settlement, 1923: Notification of the Government of Nepal . Gorkhapatra, reproduced in Regmi Research Series , 6 : 1 – 3 .
   Google Scholar
• Graner , E. and Gurung , G. 2003 . Arab ko Lahure: Looking at Nepali Labour Migrants to Arabian Countries . Contributions to Nepalese Studies , 30 : 295 – 325 .
   Google Scholar
• Grunning , J. 2007 . Eastern Bengal and Assam District Gazetteers: Jalpaiguri , Siliguri : N L Publishers . [1911]
   Google Scholar
• Guneratne , A. 2002 . Many Tougues, One People: The Making of Tharu Identity in Nepal , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton , F. 2007 . An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal: and of the Territories Annexed to this Dominion by the House of Gorkha , New Delhi : Rupa and Co . [1818]
   Google Scholar
• Harriss-White , B. 1996 . A Political Economy of Agricultural Markets in South India: Masters of the Countryside , New Delhi : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Harvey , D. 2003 . The New Imperialism , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hatlebakk , M. 2002 . “ Triadic Power Relations with Production ” . In External Markets and Multiple Agents.” Working Paper 2 (18) , Ithaca : Cornell University Centre for Analytic Economics .
   Google Scholar
• Hatlebakk , M. 2004 . “ Attached Labor in Nepal: A Field-Study of Landlord-Labor Relations that are Misrepresented in the Nepal-LSMS data ” . In Paper presented at the Conference on 75-years of Development Research , Cornell University .
   Google Scholar
• Höfer , A. 1979 . The Caste Hierarchy and the State in Nepal: A Study of the Muluki Ain of 1854 , Innsbruck : Universitätsverlag Wagner .
   Google Scholar
• Karan , P. and Ishil , H. 1996 . Nepal: A Himalayan Country in Transition , Tokyo : United Nations University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Karki , A. 2005 . Political Economy and Social Movements , 548 In seminar : the Monthly Symposium, No .
   Google Scholar
• Kautsky , K. 1988 . The Agrarian Question , London : Zwan Publications . [1899]
   Google Scholar
• Khanal , D. , Rajkarnikar , P. and Acharya , K. 2005 . Understanding Reform: A Case Study of Nepal , Kathmandu : Institute for Policy Research and Development .
   Google Scholar
• Lenin , V. 1960 . “ The Development of Capitalism in Russia ” . In Collected Works , Edited by: Lenin , V. Vol. 3 , 25 – 607 . Moscow : Progress Publishers . [1899]
   Google Scholar
• Lokshin , M. , Bontch-Osmolovski , M. and Glinkskaya , E. 2007 . “Work Related Migration and Poverty Reduction in Nepal.” , 4231 Washington DC : World Bank Policy Research Working Paper .
   Google Scholar
• Marx , K. 1932 . Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts , Moscow : Progress Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Marx , K. 1973 . Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Marx , K. 1974 . Capital: A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production , Vol. 1 , Moscow : Progress Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Meillassoux , C. 1973 . The Social Organisation of the Peasantry: The Economic Basis of Kinship . Journal of Peasant Studies , 1 : 81 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Meillassoux , C. 1980 . “ From Reproduction to Production: a Marxist Approach to Economic Anthropology ” . In The Articulation of Modes of Production: Essays from Economy and Society , Edited by: Wolpe , H. 189 – 201 . Boston : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Mishra , C. 2007 . Essays on the Sociology of Nepal , Kathmandu : Fine Print Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Nath , D. 1989 . History of the Koch Kingdom: 1515–1615 , Delhi : Mittal Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Nepali , P. and Pyakuryal , K. 2010 . “ Addressing Land-based Discrimination in Post-conflict Nepal ” . In The Remake of a State: Post-conflict Challenges and State Building in Nepal , Edited by: Upreti , B. , Sharma , S. , Pyakuryal , K. and Ghimire , S. 151 – 166 . Kathmandu : Heidel Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ollieuz , A. 2011 . The Political History of Indragu VDC . New Angle: Nepal Journal of Social Science and Public Policy , 1 ( 1 ) : 32 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Oya , C. 2001 . Large- and Middle-scale Farmers in the Groundnut Sector in Senegal in the Context of Liberalization and Structural Adjustment . Journal of Agrarian Change , 1 ( 1 ) : 124 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Patnaik , U. 2007 . “ Imperialism, Contemporary Disorder in World Resources and Food Security, With Reference to the Indian Experience ” . In Paper presented at the 5th International Conference of Critical Geography , Mumbai : Tata Institute of Social Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• Pfaff-Czarnecka , J. 2004 . “ High Expectations, Deep Dissapointment: Politics, State and Society in Nepal after 1990 ” . In Himalayan People's War: Nepal's Maoist Rebellion , Edited by: Hutt , M. 166 – 191 . London : Hurst .
   Google Scholar
• Ray , S. 2002 . Transformations on the Bengal Frontier: Jalpaiguri, 1765–1948 , London : Routledge-Curzon .
   Google Scholar
• Regmi , M. 1969 . Economic Conditions in Morang District During the Early 19th Century . Regmi Research Series , 1 : 37 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Regmi , M. 1970 . Revenue Functionaries In The Eastern Tarai Districts . Regmi Research Series , 2 : 107 – 109 .
   Google Scholar
• Regmi , M. 1971 . Notes of the History of Morang District . Regmi Research Series , 3 ( 4 ) : 224 – 233, 248–250, 1–4, 24–27 .
   Google Scholar
• Regmi , M. 1973 . Supplies for Munitions Factories . Regmi Research Series , 5 : 73 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Regmi , M. 1977a . Industrial Development in Nepal . Regmi Research Series , 9 : 1 – 4, 16–21, 45–48, 61–64, 74–79, 87–92, 99–106, 113–120 .
   Google Scholar
• Regmi , M. 1977b . Landownership in Nepal , New Delhi : Adroit Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Regmi , M. 1978 . Land Tenure and Taxation in Nepal , Delhi : Bibliotheca Himalaya .
   Google Scholar
• Regmi , M. 1988 . An Economic History of Nepal , Varanasi : Nath Publishing House .
   Google Scholar
• Regmi , M. 1989 . Confirmation of Birta Grants: AD 1794 . Regmi Research Series , 21 : 68 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Resch , R. 1992 . Althusser and the Renewal of Marxist Theory , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Satyal Pravat , P. 2011 . Shifting Conceptions of Social (In)justice in Nepal . New Angle: Nepal Journal of Social Science and Public Policy , 1 ( 1 ) : 49 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Sau , R. 1990 . “ On the Essence and Manifestation of Capitalism in Indian Agriculture ” . In Agrarian Relations and Accumulation: The ‘Mode of Production’ Debate in India , Edited by: Patnaik , U. Mumbai : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shanin , T. 1973 . The Nature and Logic of the Peasant Economy 1: A Generalisation . Journal of Peasant Studies , 1 : 63 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Sharma , R. 1985 . How Feudal was Indian Feudalism?” . Journal of Peasant Studies , 12 ( 2 ) : 19 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha , N. and Velu , R. 1993 . Frontier Migration and Upward Mobility: The Case of Nepal . Economic Development and Cultural Change , 41 ( 4 ) : 787 – 816 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha , S. 1976 . Some Old Taxes of Jhapa District . Regmi Research Series , 8 : 50 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Singh , K. S. 2007 . Problematising Proselytisation: A Case Study from West Nirmar . Social Science Probings , 19 : 105 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• Sugden , F. November 2009a . “ From State Landlordism to Contemporary Semi-feudalism: Understanding the Spatial Subordination of the Far-eastern Tarai ” . In Paper presented at the Conference Region Formation in South Asia , November , 25 – 27 . Delhi University .
   Google Scholar
• Sugden , F. 2009b . Neo-liberalism, Markets and Class Structures on the Nepali Lowlands: The Political Economy of Agrarian Change . Geoforum , 40 : 634 – 644 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugden , F. November 2010 . “ Divergent State Formations and Patterns of Migration in the Nepal–India Borderlands ” . In Paper presented at the Conference on Culture and Politics of South Asian Migration , November , 24 – 25 . Delhi University .
   Google Scholar
• Sugden , F. 2011 . Introduction: Mapping the Trajectory and Dynamics of Nepal's Transition . New Angle: Nepal Journal of Social Science and Public Policy , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Thorner , A. 1982 . “ Semi-Feudalism or Capitalism? Contemporary Debate on Classes and Modes of Production in India ” . In Economic and Political Weekly 48 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Toulmin , M. 2007 . “Reconstructing Linguistic History in a Dialect Continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla Subgroup of Indo-Aryan.” PhD diss The Australian National University
   Google Scholar
• Van der Klei , J. 1985 . “ Articulation of modes of production and the beginning of labour migration among the Diola of Senegal ” . In Old Modes of Production and Capitalist Encroachment: Anthropological Explorations in Africa , Edited by: Van Binsbergen , W. and Geschiere , P. 71 – 93 . London : Routledge and Keagen Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , K. 2008 . Neoliberalism on the Ground in Rural India: Predatory Growth, Agrarian Crisis, Internal Colonization, and the Intensification of Class Struggle . Journal of Peasant Studies , 35 ( 4 ) : 557 – 620 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , B. 1997 . Agroindustry and Contract Farmers in Upland West Java . Journal of Peasant Studies , 24 ( 3 ) : 100 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiegersma , N. 1982 . The Asiatic Mode of Production in Vietnam . Journal of Contemporary Asia , 12 ( 1 ) : 19 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav , S. 1984 . Nepal: Feudalism and Rural Formation , New Delhi : Cosmo Publications .
   Google Scholar