Gendered Rumours and the Muslim Scapegoat in Myanmar’s Transition

References

• Allport, G., and L. Postman. 1947. The Psychology of Rumor. New York: Henry Holt.
   Google Scholar
• Balibar, E. 1991. “Racism and Nationalism.” In Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities, edited by E. Balibar and I. Wallerstein, 37–68. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Cady, J. 1958. A History of Modern Burma. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cheesman, N. 2003. “School, State and Sangha in Burma.” Comparative Education 39 (1): 45–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheesman, N. 2014. “Bodies on the Line in Burma’s Law Reports, 1892–1922.” In Law, Society and Transition in Myanmar, edited by M. Crouch and T. Lindsey, 77–94. Oxford: Hart.
   Google Scholar
• Cheesman, N. 2015. Opposing the Rule of Law: How Myanmar’s Courts Make Law and Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cheesman, N. 2017. “Introduction: Interpreting Communal Violence in Myanmar.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 47 (3). DOI: 10.1080/00472336.2017.1305121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chit Win, and T. Kean. 2017. “Communal Violence in Myanmar: The Response of the Legislature.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 47 (3): DOI: 10.1080/00472336.2017.1291847.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S. 1972. Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers. London: MacGibbon and Kee.
   Google Scholar
• Crouch, M. 2015. “Constructing Religion by Law in Myanmar.” Review of Faith and International Affairs 13 (4): 1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crouch, M. 2016. “Promiscuity, Polygyny, and the Power of Revenge: The Past and Future of Burmese Buddhist Law in Myanmar.” Asian Journal of Law and Society 3 (1): 85–104.
   Google Scholar
• Das, V. 1998. “Specificities: Official Narratives, Rumour, and the Social Production of Hate.” Social Identities 4 (1): 109–130.
   Google Scholar
• Das, V. 2008. “Violence, Gender, and Subjectivity.” Annual Review of Anthropology 37: 283–299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan, P. 2007. “How Idle is Idle Talk? One Hundred Years of Rumor Research.” Diogennes 213: 59–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egreteau, R. 2011. “Burmese Indians in Contemporary Burma: Heritage, Influence, and Perceptions Since 1988.” Asian Ethnicity 12 (1): 33–54.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, J. 2015. “Who’s Counting? Ethnicity, Belonging, and the National Census in Burma/Myanmar.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 171: 1–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink, C. 2001. Living Silence: Burma Under Military Rule. Bangkok: White Lotus.
   Google Scholar
• Ganesan, N. 2014. “The Myanmar Peace Center: Its Origins, Activities, and Aspirations.” Asian Journal of Peacebuilding 2 (1): 127–141.
   Google Scholar
• Girard, R. 1986. The Scapegoat. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gravers, M. 2015. “Anti-Muslim Buddhist Nationalism in Burma and Sri Lanka: Religious Violence and Globalized Imaginaries of Endangered Identities.” Contemporary Buddhism 16 (1): 1–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guha, R. 1983. Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• ICG. 2012a. “Myanmar Conflict Alert: Preventing Communal Bloodshed and Building Better Relations.” Jakarta/Brussels: International Crisis Group. June 12. Accessed February 24, 2017. https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/myanmar-conflict-alert-preventing-communal-bloodshed-and-building-better-relations.
   Google Scholar
• ICG. 2012b. “Myanmar: Storm Clouds on the Horizon.” Jakarta/Brussels: International Crisis Group. Asia Report 238. November 12. Accessed February 24, 2017. https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/myanmar-storm-clouds-horizon.
   Google Scholar
• ICG. 2014. “Myanmar: The Politics of Rakhine State.” Jakarta/Brussels: International Crisis Group. Asia Report 261. October 22. Accessed February 24, 2017. https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/myanmar-politics-rakhine-state.
   Google Scholar
• ICG. 2016. “Myanmar: A New Muslim Insurgency in Rakhine State.” Jakarta/Brussels: International Crisis Group. Asia Report 283. December 15. Accessed December 20, 2016. https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/283-myanmar-new-muslim-insurgency-rakhine-state.
   Google Scholar
• Keenan, P. 2015. “The National Socialist Council of Nagaland-Khaplang (NSCN-K).” Euro Burma Office Myanmar Background Paper No. 1. June. Accessed July 20, 2015. https://euroburmaoffice.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/b0/31/b031eec6-f843-4cba-b0b0-f686f08cd4ad/ebo_background_paper_on__nscn-k.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Khin Yi, Daw. 1988. The Dobama Movement in Burma (1930–38). Ithaca: Cornell University Press Southeast Asia Program.
   Google Scholar
• Kinnvall, C. 2004. “Globalization and Religious Nationalism: Self, Identity, and the Search for Ontological Security.” Political Psychology 25 (5): 741–767.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knopf, T. 1975. Rumors, Race, and Riots. New Brunswick: Transaction.
   Google Scholar
• Leehey, J. 2012. “Reading ‘Saturn’: Interpretive Practice under Censorship in Burma.” Journal of Burma Studies 16 (1): 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Liao, Q., and L. Shi. 2013. “She Gets a Sports Car from Our Donation: Rumor Transmission in a Chinese Microblogging Community.” Beijing: State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Science. Accessed January 14, 2016. http://lcs.ios.ac.cn/~shil/paper/Weibo_CSCW.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, S. 2008. “Overturning the Alms Bowl: The Price of Survival and the Consequences for Political Legitimacy in Burma.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 62 (3): 298–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelson, M. 1975. Sangha and the State in Burma: A Study of Monastic Sectarianism and Leadership. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Min Zin. 2015. “Anti-Muslim Violence in Burma: Why Now?” Social Research 82 (2): 375–397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemoto, K. 2000. “The Concepts of Dobama (‘Our Burma’) and Thudo-Bama (‘Their Burma’) in Burmese Nationalism, 1930–1948.” Journal of Burma Studies 5: 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Nyi Nyi Kyaw. 2015b. “Alienation, Discrimination, and Securitization: Legal Personhood and Cultural Personhood of Muslims in Myanmar.” Review of Faith and International Affairs 13 (4): 50–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyi Nyi Kyaw. 2015a. “Islamophobia in Buddhist Myanmar: The 969 Movement and Anti-Muslim Violence.” In Islam and the State in Myanmar: Muslim-Buddhist Relations and the Politics of Belonging, edited by M. Crouch, 183–210. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Prasse-Freeman, E. 2013a. “Scapegoating in Burma.” Anthropology Today 29 (4): 2–3.
   Google Scholar
• Prasse-Freeman, E. 2013b. “Burma’s Senseless Census.” Foreign Policy, December 19. Accessed February 24, 2017. http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/12/19/burmas-senseless-census/.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of the Union of Myanmar. 2013. “The Inquiry Commission on the Sectarian Violence in Rakhine State: Executive Summary of the final report.” 23 April. Naypyidaw.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of the Union of Myanmar. 2016. “The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census: The Union Report – Religion.” Naypyidaw: Department of Population, July.
   Google Scholar
• Schissler, M. 2015. “New Technologies, Established Practices: Developing Narratives of Muslim Threat in Myanmar.” In Islam and the State in Myanmar: Muslim-Buddhist Relations and the Politics of Belonging edited by M. Crouch, 211–233. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schissler, M., M. Walton, and Phyu Phyu Thi. 2015. “Threat and Virtuous Defence: Listening to Narratives of Religious Conflict in Six Myanmar Cities.” Myanmar Media and Society Project. Oxford: University of Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Schissler, M., M. Walton, and Phyu Phyu Thi. 2017. “Reconciling Contradictions: Buddhist-Muslim Violence, Narrative Making, and Memory in Myanmar.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 47 (3): DOI: 10.1080/00472336.2017.1290818.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schober, J. 2011. Modern Buddhist Conjunctures in Myanmar: Cultural Narratives, Colonial Legacies, and Civil Society. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schonthal, B., and M. Walton. 2016. “The (New) Buddhist Nationalisms? Symmetries and Specificities in Sri Lanka and Myanmar.” Contemporary Buddhism 17 (1): 81–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, J. 1990. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Skidmore, M. 2004. Karaoke Fascism: Burma and the Politics of Fear. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, D. 1965. Religion and Politics in Burma. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stoler, A. 1989. “Making Empire Respectable: The Politics of Race and Sexual Morality in 20th-Century Colonial Cultures.” American Ethnologist 16 (4): 634–660.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tosa, K. 2005. “The Chicken and the Scorpion.” In Burma at the Turn of the 21st Century, edited by M. Skidmore, 154–174. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
   Google Scholar
• Turcot Di Fruscia, K. 2010. “Listening to Voices: An Interview with Veena Das.” Alterities 7 (1): 136–145.
   Google Scholar
• Walton, M. 2013. “The ‘Wages of Burman-ness’: Ethnicity and Burman Privilege in Contemporary Myanmar.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 43 (1): 1–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton, M., and S. Hayward. 2014. Contesting Buddhist Narratives: Democratization, Nationalism, and Communal Violence in Myanmar. East-West Center: Honolulu.
   Google Scholar
• Walton, M., M. McKay, and Khin Mar Mar Kyi. 2015. “Women and Myanmar’s ‘Religious Protection Laws’.” Review of Faith and International Affairs 13 (4): 36–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, K. 2014. “Mandalay: From Mouse Clicks to Mob Rule in 24 Hours.” Kenneth Wong SF Blog, July 3, 2014. Accessed September 12, 2015. http://kennethwongsf.blogspot.com.au/2014/07/mandalay-from-mouse-clicks-to-mob-rule.html.
   Google Scholar