718
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Political Resistance in the Marketplace: Consumer Activism in the Milk Tea Alliance

ORCID Icon
Pages 643-666 | Received 22 Jun 2022, Accepted 09 Oct 2022, Published online: 07 Aug 2023

References

  • Almeida, P. 2019. “The Role of Threat in Collective Action.” In The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, edited by D. Snow, S. Soule, H. Kriesi and H. McCammon, 43–62. Hoboken: Wiley.
  • Andrews, T. 2022. "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Myanmar." Geneva: United Nations Human Rights Council Report A/HRC/49/76.
  • Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma). 2022. “What’s Happening in Myanmar.” Assistance Association for Political Prisoners website. Accessed April 16, https://coup.aappb.org/.
  • Baek, Y. 2010. “To Buy or Not to Buy: Who are Political Consumers? What do they Think and How do they Participate?” Political Studies 58 (5): 1065–1086.
  • Buschmann, A., and A. Soe. 2020. “Authoritarian Impediments to Civil Society in Contemporary Myanmar: Findings from the Myanmar Civil Society Survey 2019.” SSRN February 26. Accessed July 9, 2023, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3544900.
  • Castells, M. 2015. Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Chambers, P. 2021a. “Khaki Capital and Coups in Thailand and Myanmar.” Current History 120 (827): 221–226.
  • Chambers, P. 2021b. “Understanding the Evolution of ‘Khaki Capital’ in Thailand: A Historical Institutionalist Perspective.” Contemporary Southeast Asia 43 (3): 496–530.
  • Chambers, P., and Napisa Waitoolkiat. 2016. “The Resilience of Monarchised Military in Thailand.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 46 (3): 425–444.
  • Chan, D. 2017. “Asymmetric Bargaining between Myanmar and China in the Myitsone Dam Controversy: Social Opposition akin to David’s Stone against Goliath.” The Pacific Review 30 (5): 674–691.
  • Chan, D. 2022. “The Consumption Power of the Politically Powerless: The Yellow Economy in Hong Kong.” Journal of Civil Society 18 (1): 69–86.
  • Chan, D., and N. Pun. 2020. “Economic Power of the Politically Powerless in the 2019 Hong Kong Pro-democracy Movement.” Critical Asian Studies 51 (1): 33–43.
  • Chan, D., and N. Pun. 2022. “Reactive to Domestic Constraints: Dynamic Operations of a China-backed Copper Mine in Myanmar, 2011–2021.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 63 (5): 653–677.
  • Chan, J. 2019. “Ten Days That Shocked the World: The Rendition Proposal in Hong Kong.” Hong Kong Law Journal 49 (2): 431–445.
  • Cheng, E., F. Lee, S. Yuen, and G. Tang. 2022. “Total Mobilization from Below: Hong Kong’s Freedom Summer.” The China Quarterly 251: 629–659.
  • Colli, F. 2020. “Indirect Consumer Activism and Politics in the Market.” Social Movement Studies 19 (3): 249–267.
  • Copeland, L. 2014. “Conceptualizing Political Consumerism: How Citizenship Norms Differentiate Boycotting from Buycotting.” Political Studies 62 (S1): 172–186.
  • Copeland, L., and A. Becker. 2019. “Voting at the Ballot Box and in the Marketplace During the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 31 (4): 767–778.
  • David, R., Aung Kaung Myat, and I. Holliday. 2022. “Can Regime Change Improve Ethnic Relations? Perception of Ethnic Minorities after the 2021 Coup in Myanmar.” Japanese Journal of Political Science 23 (2): 89–104.
  • Davis, M. 2022. “Hong Kong: How Beijing Perfected Repression.” Journal of Democracy 33 (1): 100–115.
  • Dedman, A., and A. Lai. 2021. “Digitally Dismantling Asian Authoritarianism: Activist Reflections from the #MilkTeaAlliance.Contention 9 (1): 1–36.
  • Diamond, L. 2002. “Thinking About Hybrid Regimes.” Journal of Democracy 13 (2): 21–35.
  • Earl, J. 2003. “Tanks, Tear Gas, and Taxes: Toward a Theory of Movement Repression.” Sociological Theory 21 (1): 44–68.
  • Economist Intelligence Unit. 2022. “Democracy Index 2021: The China Challenge.” Accessed May 30, 2022. https://onesite.eiu.com/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/#mktoForm_anchor.
  • Egreteau, R. 2016. Caretaking Democratization: The Military and Political Change in Myanmar. London: Hurst & Company.
  • Eisinger, P. 1973. “The Conditions of Protest Behavior in American Cities.” American Political Science Review 67 (1): 11–28.
  • Fong, B. 2014. “The Partnership between the Chinese Government and Hong Kong’s Capitalist Class: Implications for HKSAR Governance, 1997–2012.” The China Quarterly 217: 195–220. doi:10.1017/S0305741014000307.
  • Fong, B. 2017. “One Country, Two Nationalisms: Center-Periphery Relations between Mainland China and Hong Kong, 1997–2016.” Modern China 43 (5): 523–556.
  • Ford, M., M. Gillan, and Htwe Htwe Thein. 2016. “From Cronyism to Oligarchy? Privatisation and Business Elites in Myanmar.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 46 (1): 18–41.
  • Freedom House. 2022. “Countries and Territories: Global Freedom Scores.” Freedom House website. Accessed April 3, 2022. https://freedomhouse.org/countries/freedom-world/scores.
  • Gerschewski, J. 2013. “The Three Pillars Of Stability: Legitimation, Repression, and Co-optation in Autocratic Regimes.” Democratization 20 (1): 13–38.
  • Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. 2023. “LCQ3: Promotion of National and National Security Education in Higher Education Institutions.” Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region website. Accessed June 21, 2023. https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202306/14/P2023061400420.htm?fontSize=1.
  • Gundelach, B. 2020. “Political Consumerism: A Comparative Analysis of Established and Developing Democracies.” International Political Science Review 41 (2): 159–173.
  • Haberkorn, T. 2021. “Under and Beyond the Law: Monarchy, Violence, and History in Thailand.” Politics & Society 49 (3): 311–336.
  • Hewison, K. 2019. “The Monarchy and Succession.” In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Thailand, edited by Pavin Chachavalpongpun, 118–133. London: Routledge.
  • Ho, M.-S. 2024. “Hongkongers’ International Front: Diaspora Activism During and After the 2019 Anti-Extradition Protest.” Journal of Contemporary Asia. 54 (2): 238–259.
  • Hollander, J., and R. Einwohner. 2004. “Conceptualizing Resistance.” Sociological Forum 19 (4): 533–554.
  • Holliday, I. 2013. “Myanmar in 2012: Toward a Normal State.” Asian Survey 53 (1): 93–100.
  • Holzer, B. 2006. “Political Consumerism Between Individual Choice and Collective Action: Social Movements, Role Mobilization and Signalling.” International Journal of Consumer Studies 30 (5): 405–415.
  • Huang, R. 2017. “Myanmar’s Way to Democracy and the Limits of the 2015 Elections.” Asian Journal of Political Science 25 (1): 25–44.
  • Huang, R. 2020. The Paradox of Myanmars Regime Change. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Jessada Sresakoolchai and Sakdirat Kaewunruen. 2020. “Comparative Studies into Public Private Partnership and Traditional Investment Approaches on the High-speed Rail Project Linking 3 Airports in Thailand.” Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives 5: 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.trip.2020.100116.
  • Jones, L. 2014. “The Political Economy of Myanmar’s Transition.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 44 (1): 144–170.
  • Keck, M., and K. Sikkink. 1998. Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Khorapin Phuaphansawat. 2018. “Anti-Royalism in Thailand Since 2006: Ideological Shifts and Resistance.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 48 (3): 363–394.
  • King, B. 2008. “A Political Mediation Model of Corporate Response to Social Movement Activism.” Administrative Science Quarterly 53 (3): 395–421.
  • Kyaw Yin Hlaing. 2012. “Understanding Recent Political Changes in Myanmar.” Contemporary Southeast Asia 34 (2): 197–216.
  • Lee, F., E. Cheng, H. Liang, G. Tang, and S. Yuen. 2022. “Dynamics of Tactical Radicalisation and Public Receptiveness in Hong Kong’s Anti-Extradition Bill Movement.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 52 (3): 429–451.
  • Lee, F., and I. Fong. 2021. “The Construction and Mobilization of Political Consumerism through Digital Media in a Networked Social Movement.” New Media & Society doi:10.1177/14614448211050885.
  • Li, Y.-T., and K. Fung. 2022. “Donating to the Fight for Democracy: The Connective Activism of Overseas Hong Kongers and Taiwanese in the 2019 Anti-extradition Bill Movement.” Global Networks 22 (2): 292–307.
  • Li, Y.-T., and K. Whitworth. 2023. “Contentious Repertoires: Examining Lennon Walls in Hong Kong’s Social Unrest of 2019.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 53 (1): 124–145.
  • Li, Y.-T., and K. Whitworth. 2022. “Redefining Consumer Nationalism: The Ambiguities of Shopping Yellow during the 2019 Hong Kong Anti-ELAB Movement.” Journal of Consumer Culture. doi:10.1177/14695405221127346.
  • Lim, D., V. Ferguson, and R. Bishop. 2020. “Chinese Outbound Tourism as an Instrument of Economic Statecraft.” Journal of Contemporary China 29 (126): 916–933.
  • Lo, S., S. Hung, and J. Loo. 2020. The Dynamics of Peaceful and Violent Protests in Hong Kong: The Anti-extradition Movement. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ma, N. 2016. “The Making of a Corporatist State in Hong Kong: The Road to Sectoral Intervention.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 46 (2): 247–266.
  • Maung Aung Myoe. 2009. Building the Tamadaw: Myanmar Armed Forces Since 1948. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
  • McCargo, D. 2019. “Southeast Asia’s Troubling Elections: Democratic Demolition in Thailand.” Journal of Democracy 30 (4): 119–133.
  • McCargo, D. 2021. “Disruptors’ Dilemma? Thailand’s 2020 Gen Z Protests.” Critical Asian Studies 53 (2): 175–191.
  • McLaughlin, T. 2022. “The Symbol of a New, Darker Hong Kong." The Atlantic, May 25. Accessed June 10, 2023, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2022/05/john-lee-hong-kong-2022-chief-executive-election/631638/.
  • Micheletti, M., A. Follesdal, and D. Stolle. 2004. “Introduction.” In Politics, Products, and Markets: Exploring Political Consumerism Past and Present, edited by M. Micheletti, A. Follesdal and D. Stolle, ix–xxvi. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
  • Neilson, L. 2010. “Boycott or Buycott? Understanding Political Consumerism.” Journal of Consumer Behaviour 9 (3): 214–227.
  • Ngoun, K. 2022. “Adaptive Authoritarian Resilience: Cambodian Strongman’s Quest for Legitimacy.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 52 (1): 23–44.
  • Nölke, A., T. ten Brink, S. Claar, and C. May. 2015. “Domestic Structures, Foreign Economic Policies and Global Economic Order: Implications from the Rise of Large Emerging Economies.” European Journal of International Relations 21 (3): 538–567.
  • O’Brien, K. 1996. “Rightful Resistance.” World Politics 49 (1): 31–55.
  • Pavin Chachavalpongpun. 2020. "Constitutionalizing the Monarchy: Uncompromising Demands of Thai Protesters." Journal of international Affairs 73 (2): 163–172.
  • Pavin Chachavalpongpun. 2022. "Kingdom of Fear: Royal Governance under Thailand’s King Vajiralongkorn." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 41 (3): 359–377.
  • Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the United Nations Office at Geneva and Other International Organizations in Switzerland. 2021. "Joint statement of 69 countries at the Interactive Dialogue on High Commissioner’s annual report at the 47th session of the Human Rights Council." Last Modified June 22, accessed May 21. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cegv/eng/dbdt/t1886467.htm.
  • Poon, H., and T. Tse. 2022. “Enacting Cross-platform (buy/boy)cotts: Yellow Economic Circle and the New Citizen-consumer Politics in Hong Kong.” New Media & Society. doi:10.1177/14614448221097305.
  • Prajak Kongkirati, and Veerayooth Kanchoochat. 2018. “The Prayuth Regime: Embedded Military and Hierarchical Capitalism in Thailand.” TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia 6 (2): 279–305.
  • Puangchon Unchanam. 2020. Royal Capitalism: Wealth, Class, and Monarchy in Thailand. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Reporters without Borders. 2022. “RSF’s 2022 World Press Freedom Index.” RSF website. Accessed June 1, 2022, https://rsf.org/en/index.
  • Schaffar, W., and Praphakorn Wongratanawin. 2021. “The #MilkTeaAlliance: A New Transnational Pro-Democracy Movement Against Chinese-Centered Globalization?” Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies 14 (1): 5–35.
  • Scott, J. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Simpson, A. 2021. “Coups, Conflicts, and COVID-19 in Myanmar: Humanitarian Intervention and Responsibility to Protect in Intractable Crises The Politics of Humanitarian Intervention.” Brown Journal of World Affairs 28 (1): 201–220.
  • Tang, T., and M. Cheng. 2022. “The Politicization of Everyday Life: Understanding the Impact of the 2019 Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Protests on Pro-democracy Protesters’ Political Participation in Hong Kong.” Critical Asian Studies 54 (1): 128–148.
  • Tarrow, S. 2011. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Taylor, B., and M. Chan. in press. “A Strike in the Time of COVID-19 Pandemic: The 2020 Health Workers’ Dispute in Hong Kong.” Journal of Industrial Relations 64 (5): 711–733.
  • Thai Lawyers for Human Rights. 2023. "May 2023: A Total of 1,914 People in 1,218 Cases have been Politically Prosecuted." Thai Lawyers for Human Rights website. Accessed June 20, 2023. https://tlhr2014.com/en/archives/56680.
  • Thorlakson, T., J. de Zegher, and E. Lambin. 2018. "Companies’ Contribution to Sustainability through Global Supply Chains." PNAS 115 (9): 2072–2077.
  • Thitinan Pongsudhirak. 2008. “Thailand Since the Coup.” Journal of Democracy 19 (4): 140–153.
  • Tilly, C. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
  • Ukrist Pathmanand, and M. Connors. 2021. “Thailand’s Public Secret: Military Wealth and the State.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 51 (2): 278–302.
  • van Deth, J. 2014. “A Conceptual Map of Political Participation.” Acta Politica 49 (3): 349–367.
  • Veerayooth Kanchoochat, Trin Aiyara, and Bank Ngamarunchot. 2021. “Sick Tiger: Social Conflict, State–Business Relations and Exclusive Growth in Thailand.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 51 (5): 737–758.
  • Veluree Metaveevinij. 2022. “Asian Youth and Resistance in Transnational Media.” In Routledge Handbook of Asian Transnationalism, edited by A. Sahoo, 406–415. London: Routledge.
  • Vukovich, D. 2020. “A City and a SAR on Fire: As If Everything and Nothing Changes.” Critical Asian Studies 52 (1): 1–17.
  • Wang-Kaeding, H., and M. Kaeding. 2019. “Red Capital in Hong Kong.” Asian Education and Development Studies 8 (2): 149–160.
  • Wang, A., and A. Rauchfleisch. n.d. Understanding the #MilkTeaAlliance Movement. In 2021-22 Wilson China Fellowship: Essays on China and U.S. Policy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center.
  • Wichuta Teeratanabodee. 2021. "Thailand’s No Sa-lim Shopping List: Taking Aim at Big Business." Fulcrum. Accessed June 23. https://fulcrum.sg/thailands-no-sa-lim-shopping-list-taking-aim-at-big-business/.
  • Ye Htut. 2019. Myanmar’s Political Transition and Lost Opportunities: 2010-2016. Singapore: ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.