References
- Åhman, M. 2006. “Government Policy and the Development of Electric Vehicles in Japan.” Energy Policy 34 (4): 433–443.
- Alonso Raposo, M., M. Grosso, A. Mourtzouchou, J. Krause, A. Duboz, and B. Ciuffo. 2022. “Economic Implications of a Connected and Automated Mobility in Europe.” Research in Transportation Economics 92: 101072. doi:10.1016/j.retrec.2021.101072.
- Amsden, A. 1989. Asia’s Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization. New York: Oxford University Press.
- APEC. 2017. “The Impact of Government Policy on Promoting New Energy Vehicles (NEVs) – The Evidence in APEC Economies.” Automotive Dialogue, March. Accessed June 23, 2023. https://www.apec.org/apecapi/publication/getfile?publicationId=551e1689-3516-48a2-a4ca-8d2bb2d571c3.
- Bair, J., and M. Mahutga. 2023. “Power, Governance and Distributional Skew in Global Value Chains: Exchange Theoretic and Exogenous Factors.” Global Networks. A Journal of Transnational Affairs 23 (4): 814–831.
- Brown, D., M. Flickenschild, C. Mazzi, A. Gasparotti, A., Z. Panagiotidou, J. Dingemanse, and S. Bratzel. 2021. “The Future of the EU Automotive Sector.” Luxembourg: Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies, Directorate-General for Internal Policies, European Parliament. Accessed October 14, 2022. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/56ff3240-32e4-11ec-bd8e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en.
- CBIES Automotive. 2020. “By 2025, There Will Be 28 Million Networking Cars In China.” CBIES Automotive website. Accessed July 31, 2024. https://www.cbiesautomotive.com/news/by-2025-there-will-be-28-million-networking-c-40461837.html.
- Costantini, V., and M. Mazzanti. 2012. “On the Green and Innovative Side of Trade Competitiveness? The Impact of Environmental Policies and Innovation on EU Exports.” Research Policy 41 (1): 132–153.
- De Marchi, V., E. Di Maria, R. Golini, and A. Perri. 2020. “Nurturing International Business Research through Global Value Chains Literature: A Review and Discussion of Future Research Opportunities.” International Business Review 29 (5): 101708. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2020.101708.
- Deng, Y., and G. Yang. 2013. “Pollution and Protest in China: Environmental Mobilization in Context.” The China Quarterly 214: 321–336.
- Dent, C. 2017. “East Asia’s New Developmentalism: State Capacity, Climate Change and Low-carbon Development.” Third World Quarterly 39 (6): 1191–1210.
- Doner, R., G. Noble, and J. Ravenhill. 2021. The Political Economy of Automotive Industrialization in East Asia. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Dzienis, A., and A. McCaleb. 2024. “Motives behind Sino-Japanese Strategic Alliances in the New Energy Vehicles Sector in the Age of the Belt and Road Initiative.” Asia Pacific Business Review 30 (2): 274–299.
- Elia, S., L. Fratocchi, P. Barbieri, A. Boffelli, and M. Kalchschmidt. 2021. “Post-pandemic Reconfiguration from Global to Domestic and Regional Value Chains: The Role of Industrial Policies.” Transnational Corporations 28 (2): 67–96.
- Fouquet, R., and R. Hippe. 2022. “Twin Transitions of Decarbonisation and Digitalisation: A Historical Perspective on Energy and Information in European Economies.” Energy Research and Social Science 91: 102736. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2022.102736.
- Fujishiro, K. 2018. “Factors behind Rise in Startups in China.” Industrial Research Dept. I, Mitsui & Co. Global Strategic Studies Institute. Accessed September 20, 2022. https://www.mitsui.com/mgssi/en/report/detail/1226110_10744.html.
- Gereffi, G., J. Humphrey, and T. Sturgeon. 2005. “The Governance of Global Value Chains.” Review of International Political Economy 12 (1): 78–104.
- Gereffi, G., H. Lim, and J. Lee. 2021. “Trade Policies, Firm Strategies, and Adaptive Reconfigurations of Global Value Chains.” Journal of International Business Policy 4, 506–522.
- Glassman, J. 2011. “The Geo-political Economy of Global Production Networks.” Geography Compass 5 (4): 154–164.
- Gong, H., R. Hassink, C. Foster, M. Hess, and H. Garretsen. 2022. “Globalisation in Reverse? Reconfiguring the Geographies of Value Chains and Production Networks.” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 15 (2): 165–181.
- Gov.cn. 2012. “国务院关于印发节能与新能源汽车产业发展规划(2012—2020年)的通知” [Notice of the State Council on Issuing the Development Plan for Energy-Saving and New Energy Automobile Industry (2012–2020)]. July 9. Accessed July 18, 2024. http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2012-07/09/content_2179032.htm.
- Gov.cn. 2020. “国务院办公厅关于印发新能源汽车产业发展规划(2021—2035年)的通知” [Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Printing and Distributing the New Energy Vehicle Industry Development Plan (2021–2035)]. October 20. Accessed July 18, 2024. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2020-11/02/content_5556716.htm.
- Gov.cn. 2021. “中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要” [Outline of the People’s Republic of China 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and Long-Range Objectives for 2035]. March 12. Accessed July 18, 2024. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-03/13/content_5592681.htm.
- Gov.cn 2022. “国务院关于印发“十四五”数字经济发展规划的通知” [Notice of the State Council on Issuing the 14th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Digital Economy]. December 12. Accessed July 18, 2024. https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2022-01/12/content_5667817.htm.
- Hatani, F. 2020. “Artificial Intelligence in Japan: Policy, Prospects, and Obstacles in the Automotive Industry.” In Transforming Japanese Business. Rising to the Digital Challenge, edited by A. Khare, H. Ishikura and W. Baber, 211–226. Cham: Springer Nature.
- Hess, M. 2021. “Global Production Networks: The State, Power and Politics.” In Rethinking Value Chains Tackling the Challenges of Global Capitalism, edited by F. Palpacuer and A. Smith, 17–35. Bristol: Bristol University Press.
- Honda. 2021. “Honda Targets 100% EV Sales in North America by 2040, Makes New Commitments to Advances in Environmental and Safety Technology.” Honda website, April 23. Accessed July 18, 2024. https://hondanews.com/en-US/honda-corporate/releases/release-32797eaea7316f1bed4bfcd27919f703-honda-targets-100-ev-sales-in-north-america-by-2040-makes-new-commitments-to-advances-in-environmental-and-safety-technology.
- Horner, R., and M. Alford. 2019. “The Roles of the State in Global Value Chains: An Update and Emerging Agenda.” Manchester: The University of Manchester Global Development Institute, Working Paper Series, 2019–036.
- Hsueh, R. 2012. “China and India in the Age of Globalization: Sectoral Variation in Postliberalization Reregulation.” Comparative Political Studies 45 (1): 32–61.
- Hsueh, R. 2016. “State Capitalism, Chinese-Style: Strategic Value of Sectors, Sectoral Characteristics, and Globalization.” Governance 29 (1): 85–102.
- Incerti, T., and P. Lipscy. 2018. “The Politics of Energy and Climate Change in Japan under Abe: Abenergynomics.” Asian Survey 58 (4): 607–634.
- JETRO. 2023. “2022 Survey on Business Conditions of Japanese Companies Operating Overseas (Asia and Oceania).” Tokyo: Japan External Trade Organisation, Overseas Research Department.
- Johnson, C. 1982. MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925–1975. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Kalinowski, T. 2021. “The Politics of Climate Change in a Neo-developmental State: The Case of South Korea.” International Political Science Review 42 (1): 48–63.
- Kamakura, N. 2022. “From Globalising to Regionalising to Reshoring Value Chains? The Case of Japan’s Semiconductor Industry.” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 15 (2): 261–277.
- Kano, L., E. Tsang, and H. Yeung. 2020. “Global Value Chains: A Review of the Multidisciplinary Literature.” Journal of International Business Studies 51: 577–622.
- Kantei. 2020. “Press Conference by the Prime Minister, December 4.” Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet, Speeches and Statements by the Prime Minister. Accessed February 8, 2022. https://japan.kantei.go.jp/99_suga/statement/202012/_00003.html.
- Kantei. 2021. “Statement by Prime Minister KISHIDA Fumio.” Prime Minister’s Office in Japan website, October 4. Accessed July 18, 2024. https://japan.kantei.go.jp/100_kishida/statement/202110/_00002.html.
- Keidanren. 2020. “Digital Transformation. Opening Up the Future through Co-creation of Values (Summary).” Keidanren website, May 20. Accessed July 18, 2024. https://www.keidanren.or.jp/en/policy/2020/038.html.
- Kern, J., and P. Wolff. 2019. “The Digital Transformation of the Automotive Supply Chain – An Empirical Analysis with Evidence from Germany and China: Case Study Contribution to the OECD TIP Digital and Open Innovation Project.” Paris: OECD.
- Kitamura, K. 2023. “Quality Fintech in the Context of the Japanese Main Bank System.” In Adopting and Adapting Innovation in Japan’s Digital Transformation, edited by A. Khare and W. Baber, 39–54. Singapore: Springer Nature.
- KPMG. 2020. “Autonomous Vehicles Readiness Index.” Accessed July 16, 2024. https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/insights/2020/06/autonomous-vehicles-readiness-index.html#download.
- Krzywdzinski, M. 2021. “Automation, Digitalisation, and Changes in Occupational Structures in the Automobile Industry in Germany, Japan, and the United States: A Brief History from the Early 1990s until 2018.” Industrial and Corporate Change 30 (3): 499–535.
- Lim, G., E. Gomez, and C. Wong. 2021. “Evolving State–Business Relations in an Age of Globalisation: An Introduction.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 51 (5): 697–712.
- Liu, Y., and A. Kokko. 2013. “Who Does What in China’s New Energy Vehicle Industry?” Energy Policy 57: 21–29.
- Luo, X. 2023. “比亚迪的芯事: 半导体产业的缩影与鸿沟” [BYD’s Chip Affair: Miniaturization and Wide Gap in Semiconductor Industry]. xcar website, September 22. Accessed July 19, 2024. https://info.xcar.com.cn/202209/news_2068642_1.html.
- Lüthje, B. 2021. “Going Digital, Going Green: Changing Production Networks in the Automotive Industry in China.” International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management 21 (1–2): 121–136.
- Lüthje, B. 2022. “Foxconnisation of Automobile Manufacturing? Production Networks and Regimes of Production in the Electric Vehicle Industry in China.” In Economic and Social Upgrading in Global Value Chains, edited by C. Teipen, P. Dünhaupt, H. Herr, and F. Mehl, 311–334. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
- McCaleb, A. 2015. “China’s Automobile Industry: Development, Policies, Internationalization.” Gdansk Journal of East Asian Studies 8: 163–172.
- METI. 2020. “Green Growth Strategy for 2050 Carbon Neutrality.” METI website, December 25. Accessed January 10, 2023. https://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2020/1225_001.html.
- METI. 2021. “White Paper on International Economy and Trade.” June 29. Accessed January 10, 2023. https://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2021/pdf/0629_001b.pdf.
- METI. 2023a. “基本方針 経済安全保障推進法” [Basic Policy for the Promotion of the Economic Security Law]. METI website. Accessed October 12, 2023. https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/economy/economic_security/index.html.
- METI. 2023b. “半導体・デジタル産業戦略検討会議” [Semiconductor/Digital Industry Strategy Review Conference]. METI website, August 28. Accessed October 12. 2023. https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/mono_info_service/joho/conference/semicon_digital.html.
- Neilson, J., B. Pritchard, and H. Yeung. 2014. “Global Value Chains and Global Production Networks in the Changing International Political Economy: An Introduction.” Review of International Political Economy 21 (1): 1–8.
- NeV. 2017. “次世代自動車振興センター(NeV)の 補助事業について (クリーンエネルギー自動車、充電インフラ)” [About the Subsidised Projects of the Next Generation Vehicle Promotion Center (NeV) (Clean Energy Vehicles, Charging Infrastructure)]. Next Generation Vehicle Promotion Center, February 20. Accessed July 16, 2024. https://slidesplayer.net/slide/16388925/.
- NIES. 2016. “環境技術解説 電気自動車 (EV)” [Explanation of Environmental Terminology: Electric Vehicle (EV)]. National Institute for Environmental Studies website, October 25. Accessed July 16, 2024. https://tenbou.nies.go.jp/science/description/detail.php?id=22.
- Ohno, K. 2018. The History of Japanese Economic Development: Origins of Private Dynamism and Policy Competence. New York: Routledge.
- OICA. 2023. “Production Statistics.” International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Accessed October 20, 2023. https://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2022-statistics/.
- Okina, Y. 2020. “Japan after Abenomics.” East Asia Forum, November 5. Accessed January 27, 2023. https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2020/11/05/japan-after-abenomics/.
- Pietrobelli, C. 2021. “New Industrial Innovation Policies in a World of Global Value Chains.” In The Challenges of Technology and Economic Catch-up in Emerging Economies, edited by J. Lee, K. Lee, S. Radosevic, and N. Vonortas, 436–458. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Ponte, S. 2021. “Orchestrating Environmental Sustainability in a World of Global Value Chains.” In Rethinking Value Chains Tackling the Challenges of Global Capitalism, edited by F. Palpacuer and A. Smith, 56–79. Bristol: Policy Press.
- Ponte, S., T, Sturgeon, and M. Dallas. 2019. “Governance and Power in Global Value Chains.” In Handbook on Global Value Chains, edited by S. Ponte, G. Gereffi, and G. Raj-Reichert, 120–137. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
- Schwabe, J. 2020. “From ‘Obligated Embeddedness’ to ‘Obligated Chineseness’? Bargaining Processes and Evolution of International Automotive Firms in China’s New Energy Vehicle Sector.” Growth and Change 51 (3): 1102–1123.
- Shim, J., and M. Lee. 2008. The Korean Economic System: Governments, Big Business and Financial Institutions. Aldershot: Ashgate.
- SMMT. n.d. “Connected and Autonomous Vehicles: The Global Race to Market.” SMMT website. Accessed July 16, 2024. https://www.smmt.co.uk/reports/connected-and-autonomous-vehicles-the-global-race-to-market/.
- SMMT. 2019. “Connected and Autonomous Vehicles. The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders.” SMMT website. Accessed April 8, 2022. https://www.smmt.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/SMMT-CONNECTED-REPORT-2019.pdf.
- Statista. 2023. “Revenue of Leading Automakers Worldwide in 2022.” Statista website, August 29. Accessed October 26, 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/232958/revenue-of-the-leading-car-manufacturers-worldwide/.
- Toyota. 2020. “BYD, Toyota Launch BYD TOYOTA EV TECHNOLOGY Joint Venture to Conduct Battery Electric Vehicle R&D.” Toyota website. Accessed July 16, 2024. https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/corporate/32126024.html.
- Toyota. 2021. “Toyota Motor Corporation Unveils Full Global Battery Electric Line-up.” Toyota website, December 14. Accessed July 18, 2024. https://newsroom.toyota.eu/toyota-motor-corporation-unveils-full-global-battery-electric-line-up/.
- UNESCAP. 2021, “Strengthening Energy Security and Building Resilience in the Asia-Pacific.” UNESCAP. Accessed May 9, 2023. https://www.unescap.org/kp/2021/strengthening-energy-security-and-building-resilience-asia-pacific.
- WIPO. 2023. “Patentscope.” World Intellectual Property Organization website. Accessed October 20, 2023. https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/search.jsf.
- Wu, Y. 2023. “China’s Electric Vehicle Supply Chain and Its Future Prospects.” China Briefing. August 10. Accessed October 15, 2023. https://www.china-briefing.com/news/chinas-electric-vehicle-supply-chain-and-its-future-prospects/.
- Yeung, H. 2014. “Governing the Market in a Globalizing Era: Developmental States, Global Production Networks and Inter-firm Dynamics in East Asia.” Review of International Political Economy 21 (1): 70–101.
- Yeung, G. 2019. “‘Made in China 2025’: The Development of a New Energy Vehicle Industry in China.” Area Development and Policy 4 (1): 39–59.
- Zhong, Y., and W. Hwang. 2016. “Pollution, Institutions and Street Protests in Urban China.” Journal of Contemporary China 25 (98): 216–232.