Chondrodystrophy in calves associated with manganese deficiency

References

• Jubb , KVF and Kennedy , PC . 1985 . “ Bones and joints ” . In Pathology of Domestic Animals , 3rd Edtn , Edited by: Jubb , KVF , Kennedy , PC and Palmer , N . Volume 1 , 30 – 1 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Leach , RM and Gay , CV . 1987 . Role of epiphyseal cartilage in endochondral bone formation . Journal of Nutrition , 117 : 784 – 790 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neher , GM , Doyle , LP , Thrasher , DM and Plumlee , MP . 1956 . Radiographic and histopathological findings in the bones of swine deficient in manganese . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 17 : 121 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai , HC and Everson , GJ . 1967 . Effect of manganese deficiency on the acid mucopolysaccharides in cartilage of Guinea pigs . Journal of Nutrition , 91 : 447 – 452 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rojas , MA , Dyer , IA and Cassatt , WA . 1965 . Manganese deficiency in the bovine . Journal of Animal Science , 24 : 664 – 667 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council (USA) . 1978 . Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle , 5th Edtn , Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council .
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council (USA) . 1970 . Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle , 4th Edtn , Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council .
   Google Scholar
• Luna , LG. 1968 . Handbook of Histopathological Methods of the Armed , McGraw-Hill, , USA : Forces Institute of Pathology. .
   Google Scholar
• Millian , GC , Webster , DW and Burlingame , BA . 1988 . The New Zealand Food Composition Tables , Wellington : Departmen; of Scientific and Industrial Research .
   Google Scholar
• Cornforth , IS . 1984 . “ Plant analysis ” . In Fertilizer and Lime Recommendations for Pastures and Crops in New Zealand , Edited by: Cornforth , IS and Sinclair , AG . 40 – 42 . Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries .
   Google Scholar
• Miltimore , JE , Mason , EL and Ashby , DL . 1970 . Copper, zinc, manganese and iron variation in five feeds for ruminants . Canadian Journal of Animal Science , 50 : 293 – 300 .
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan-Smith , JG , Evans , E and Poluch , SO . 1975 . Mineral analyses of corn silage produced in Ontario . Canadian Journal of Animal Science , 54 : 253 – 256 .
   Google Scholar
• Dyer , IA and Rojas , MA . 1965 . Manganese requirements and functions in cattle . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 147 : 1393 – 1396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hidiroglou , M . 1979 . Manganese in ruminant nutrition . Canadian Journal of Animal Science , 59 : 217 – 236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart , GH , Guilbert , HR , Wagnon , KA and Goss , H . 1947 . “Acorn calves.” A nonhereditary congenital deformity due to maternal nutritional deficiency . Bulletin of the California Agricultural Experimental Station , 699 : 1 – 24 . Cited in reference (17)
   Google Scholar
• Barry , MR and Murphy , WJB . 1964 . Acorn calves in the Albury district of New South Wales . Australian Veterinary Journal , 40 : 195 – 198 .
   Google Scholar
• Ribble , CS , Janzen , ED and Proulx , JG . 1989 . Congenital joint laxity and dwarfism: A feed-associated congenital anomaly of beef calves in Canada . Canadian Veterinary Journal , 30 : 331 – 338 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leach , RM . 1971 . Role of manganese in mucopolysaccharide metabolism . Federation Proceedings , 30 : 991 – 994 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leach , RM . 1967 . Role of manganese in the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides . Federation Proceedings , 26 : 118 – 120 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leach , RM . 1968 . Effect of manganese upon the epiphyseal growth plate in the young chick . Poultry Science , 47 : 828 – 830 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrader , RE and Everson , GJ . 1967 . Anomalous development of otoliths associated with postural defects in manganese-deficient Guinea pigs . Journal of Nutrition , 91 : 453 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bovard , KP , Rumsey , TS , Oltjen , RR , Fontenot , JP and Priode , BM . 1977 . Supplementation of apple pomace with nonprotein nitrogen for gestating beef cows. II. Skeletal abnormalities of calves . Journal of Animal Science , 46 : 523 – 542 .
   Google Scholar
• Rumsey , TS . 1965 . Apple pomace plus urea, starch and trace minerals for pregnant heifers . Journal of Animal Science , 41 : 438 – 439 .
   Google Scholar
• Rumsey , TS , Bovard , KP , Fontenot , JP , Oltjen , RR and Priode , BM . 1977 . Supplementation of apple pomace with nonprotein nitrogen for gestating beef cows. IV. Pesticide accumulation in cows . Journal of Animal Science , 46 : 543 – 550 .
   Google Scholar
• Payne , JM . 1989 . Metabolic and Nutritional Diseases of Cattle , 106 – 107 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar