Osteochondrosis, skeletal abnormalities and enzootic ataxia associated with copper deficiency in a farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) herd

References

• Familton , AS , Freudenberger , DO and Sykes , AR . 1985 . Trace elements in deer . Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association Course No 2 , : 32 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Harrison , TJ and Familton , AS . 1992 . Evaluation of “Copacaps” in deer. Deer . Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association Course No 9 , : 163 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Killorn , KS and Wilson , PR . 1990 . Copper: a review. Deer Branch of the New . Zealand Veterinary Association Course No 7 , : 183 – 195 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , PR , Killorn , KJ and Morris , RS . 1993 . “ Copper and the productive performance of deer ” . In Trace elements : Roles, Risks and Remedies , 100 – 105 . New Zealand : Trace Elements Group .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , PR , Orr , MB and Key , EL . 1979 . Enzootic ataxia in red deer . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 27 : 252 – 254 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackintosh , CG , Orr , MB and Turner , K . 1986 . Enzootic ataxia in wapiti . Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association Course No 3 , : 165 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , KG , Audige , L , Arthur , DG , Julian , AF , Orr , MB , McSporran , KD and Wilson , PR . 1994 . Osteochondrosis associated with copper deficiency in young farmed red deer and wapiti/red hybrids . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 42 ( 137 ) : 43 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Fox , SM and Walker , AM . 1993 . The etiopathogenesis of osteochondrosis . Veterinary Medicine , 88 ( 116 ) : 22 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Pitt , M , Fraser , J and Thurley , DC . 1980 . Molybdenum toxicity in sheep: epiphysiolysis, exostoses and biochemical changes . Journal of Comparative Pathology , 90 : 567 – 576 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , BP , Fisher , GL , Poulos , PW and Irwin , MR . 1975 . Abnormal bone development and lameness associated with secondary copper deficiency in young cattle . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 166 : 682 – 688 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suttle , NF and Angus , KW . 1978 . Effects of experimental copper deficiency on the skeleton of the calf . Journal of Comparative Pathology , 88 : 137 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pond , WG , Krook , LP and Klevay , LM . 1990 . Bone pathology without cardiovascular lesions in pigs fed high zinc and low copper diet . Nutrition Research , 10 : 871 – 885 .
   Google Scholar
• Gunson , DE , Kowalczyk , DE , Shoop , CR and Ramberg , CF . 1982 . Environmental zinc and cadmium pollution associated with generalized osteochondrosis, osteoporosis and nephrocalcinosis in horses . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 183 : 295 – 299 .
   Google Scholar
• Bridges , CH , Womack , JE , Harris , ED and Scrutchfield , WL . 1984 . Considerations of copper metabolism in osteochondrosis of suckling foals . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 185 ( 173 ) : 8 – 178 .
   Google Scholar
• Bridges , CH and Moffitt , PG . 1990 . Influence of variable content of dietary zinc and copper metabolism of weanling foals. American Journal of BrooksSP . Research , 51 : 275 – 280 .
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , SP . 1984 . Workshop Trace elements . Deer Branch of the New Thompson Veterinary Association Course No 1 , : 140 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , KG . 1993 . Osteochondrosis associated with copper deficiency in deer . Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association Course No 10 , : 57 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Audige , L , Wilson , PR and Morris , RS . 1993 . Deer herd health and production profiling: the method . Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association Course No 10 , : 78 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Grace , ND . 1983 . “ Copper (Cu) ” . In The mineral requirements of grazing ruminants 56 – 66 . Hamilton : New Zealand Society of Animal Production, . Occasional Publication No 9
   Google Scholar
• Bridges , CH and Harris , ED . 1988 . Experimentally induced cartilaginous fractures (osteochondritis dissecans) in foals fed low-copper diet . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 193 : 215 – 221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , BSW and Wright , H . 1975 . Copper: Molybdenum interaction. Effect of dietary molybdenum on the binding of copper to plasma proteins in sheep . Journal of Comparative Pathology , 85 : 299 – 305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McTaggart , HS , Lowe , VPW , Barden , PJ and Gellatly , JBM . 1981 . Copper status of red deer on the island of Rhum . Veterinary Record , 109 : 155 – 157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , RG and Hepburn , JD . 1986 . Deer liver and serum copper levels . Surveillance , 13 : 11 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Mackintosh , CG , Wilson , PR , Beatson , NS , Turner , K and Johnstone , P . 1986 . Preliminary report of the livenserum copper relationship in red deer . Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association Course No 3 , : 156 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Harrison , TJ , Sykes , AR and Familton , AS . 1989 . Efficacy of Coprin in deer and sheep: an evaluation and comparative study . Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production , 49 : 11 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Suttle , NF . 1986 . Problems in the diagnosis and anticipation of trace element deficiencies in grazing livestock . Veterinary Record , 119 : 148 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid , TC , McAllum , HJF and Johnstone , PD . 1980 . Liver copper concentrations in red deer (Cervus elaphus) and wapiti (C. canadensis) in New Zealand . Research in Veterinary Science , 28 : 261 – 262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason , J , Williams , S , Harrington , R and Sheahan , B . 1984 . Some preliminary studies on the metabolism of 99Mo labelled compounds in deer . Irish Veterinary Journal , 38 : 171 – 175 .
   Google Scholar
• Freudenberger , DO , Familton , AS and Sykes , AR . 1987 . Comparative aspects of copper metabolism in silage-fed sheep and deer (Cervus elaphus) . Journal of Agriculture Science (Cambridge) , 108 : 1 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman , NHI and Sykes , AR . 1989 . Comparative effects of dietary molybdenum concentration on distribution of copper in plasma in sheep and red deer (Cervus elaphus) . Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production , 49 : 151 – 159 .
   Google Scholar
• Gooneratne , SR , Buckley , WT and Christensen , DA . 1989 . Review of copper deficiency and metabolism in ruminants . Canadian Journal of Animal Science , 69 : 819 – 845 .
   Google Scholar
• Eamens , GL , Macadam , JF and Laing , EA . 1984 . Skeletal abnormalities in young horses associated with zinc toxicity and hypocuprosis . Australian Veterinary Journal , 61 : 205 – 207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight , DA , Weisbrode , SE , Schmall , LM , Reed , SM , Gabel , AA , Bramlage , LR and Tyznik , WI . 1990 . The effects of copper supplementation on the prevalence of cartilage lesions in foals . Equine Veterinary Journal , 22 : 426 – 432 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar