Welfare of farmed deer in New Zealand. 1. Management practices

References

• Abeyesinghe , SM and Goddard , PJ . 1998 . The preferences and behaviour of farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the presence of other farmed species . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 56 : 59 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abeyesinghe , SM , Goddard , PJ and Cockram , MS . 1997 . The behavioural and physiological responses of farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) penned adjacent to other species . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 55 : 163 – 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander , GL and Segiura , T . 1990 . Pasture dry matter and drinking water intake of grazing red deer stags and steers . Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production , 50 : 55 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous . 1994 . Code of Recommendations and Minimum Standards for the Welfare of Animals Transported Within New Zealand – Code of Animal Welfare No 15 , Wellington : National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee, New Zealand Government Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries .
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous . 1998 . DeerQA On-Farm Programme , 14 – 18 . Wellington : New Zealand Game Industry Board .
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous . 2001 . DeerQA Transport Programme , 17 – 17 . Wellingt : New Zealand Game Industry Board .
   Google Scholar
• Arman , P , Kay , RNB , Goodall , ED and Sharman , GAM . 1974 . The composition and yield of milk from captive red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) . Journal of Reproduction and Fertility , 37 : 67 – 84 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asher , GW and Pearse , AJ . 2002 . “ Managing reproductive performance of farmed deer ” . In The key to productivity , 99 – 112 . Austin, Texas : Proceedings of the 3rd World Deer Farming Congress .
   Google Scholar
• Asher , GW , Berg , DK and Evans , G . 2000 . Storage of semen and artificial insemination in deer . Animal Reproduction Science , 62 : 195 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audigé , LJM . 1995 . Deer herd health and production profiling , Palmerston North : Massey University . PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Audigé , L , Wilson , PR and Morris , RS . 2001a . Disease and mortality on red deer farms in New Zealand . Veterinary Record , 148 : 334 – 340 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audigé , L , Wilson , PR and Morris , RS . 2001b . Risk factors for dystocia and farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) . Australian Veterinary Journal , 79 : 352 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrell , GK and Topp , DF . 1989 . Water intake of red deer stags consuming dryland pasture or indoors on concentrated feeds . Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production , 49 : 21 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Barry , TN , Wilson , PR and Kemp , PD . 1999 . A review of forage grazing systems to produce venison according to market signals . Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production , 59 : 140 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Beatson , NS , Judson , HG , Campbell , AC , Stevens , DR and Drew , KR . 2000 . Recommendations for improving performance in deer production systems: Improving weaning liveweight and weaner liveweight gain . Proceedings of a Deer Course for Veterinarians, No. 17, Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association , : 19 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Blackmore , DK , Cook , CJ , Devine , CE , Gilbert , KV , Tavener , A , Langdon , S , Isaacs , S and Maasland , SA . 1993 . Electrical stunning of red deer . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 41 : 126 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanc , F and Theriez , M . 1998 . Effects of stocking density on the behaviour and growth of farmed red deer hinds . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 56 : 297 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan , C . 1992 . Quality image and marketing . Proceedings of a Deer Course for Veterinarians, No. 9, Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association , : 1 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , AC . 1993 . Implementation of the velvet harvesting code of conduct . Proceedings of a Deer Course for Veterinarians, No. 10, Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association , : 17 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Carragher , JF , Ingram , JR and Matthews , LR . 1997 . Effects of yarding and handling procedures on stress responses of red deer stags (Cervus elaphus) . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 51 : 143 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Church , JS and Hudson , RJ . 1999 . Comparison of the stress of abrupt and interval weaning of farmed wapiti calves (Cervus elaphus) . Small Ruminant Research , 32 : 119 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowie , GM , Moore , GH , Fisher , MW and Taylor , MJ . 1985 . Calving behaviour of farmed red deer . Proceedings of a Deer Course for Veterinarians, No. 2, Deer Branch of the New ZealandVeterinary Association , : 143 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Diverio , S , Goddard , PJ , Gordon , IJ and Elston , DA . 1993 . The effect of management practices on stress in farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) and its modulation by long-acting neuroleptics: behavioural responses . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 36 : 363 – 376 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diverio , S , Goddard , PJ and Gordon , IJ . 1996 . Use of long-acting neuroleptics to reduce the stress response to management practices in red deer . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 49 : 83 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher , TJ . 1998 . “ The first new domesticant for 5000 years ” . In A Tribute to World Deer Farming — Proceedings of the 2nd World Deer Farming Congress , Edited by: Elliot , J . 5 – 14 . Limerick : Federation of European Deer Farmers Associations – Irish Deer Farmers Association .
   Google Scholar
• Goddard , PJ . 1998 . The welfare of deer , Edited by: Zomborsky , Z . 301 – 306 . Kaposvar, , Hungary : Advances in Deer Biology — Proceedings of the 4th International Deer Biology Congress .
   Google Scholar
• Goddard , PJ and Matthews , LR . “ Stress and animal welfare ” . In Recent Developments in Deer Biology — Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on the Biology of Deer , Edited by: Milne , JA . 336 – 346 . Edinburgh : Moredun Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Griffin , JFT , Bisset , LR and Fisher , MW . 1988 . Influence of management stress on immunity in farmed deer . Proceedings of a Deer Course for Veterinarians, No. 5, Deer Branch of the New ZealandVeterinary Association , : 145 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Grigor , PN , Goddard , PJ and Littlewood , CA . 1997a . The movement of farmed deer through raceways . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 52 : 171 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigor , PN , Goddard , PJ , Cockram , AJ , Rennie , SC and MacDonald , AJ . 1997b . The effects of some factors associated with transportation on the behavioural and physiological reactions of farmed red deer . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 52 : 179 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigor , PN , Goddard , PJ , MacDonald , AJ , Brown , SN , Fawcett , AR , Deakin , DW and Warriss , PD . 1997c . Effects of the duration of lairage following transportation on the behaviour and physiology of farmed red deer . Veterinary Record , 140 : 8 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigor , PN , Goddard , PJ and Littlewood , CA . 1998a . The relative aversiveness to farmed red deer of transport, physical restraint, human proximity and social isolation . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 56 : 255 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigor , PN , Goddard , PJ , Littlewood , CA and MacDonald , AJ . 1998b . The behavioural and physiological reactions of farmed red deer to transport: effects of road type and journey time . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 56 : 263 – 279 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigor , PN , Goddard , PJ and Littlewood , CA . 1998c . The behavioural and physiological reactions of farmed red deer to transport: effects of sex, group size, space allowance and vehicular motion . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 56 : 281 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigor , PN , Goddard , PJ , Littlewood , CA and Deakin , DW . 1998d . Pre-transport loading of farmed red deer: effects of previous overnight housing environment, vehicle illumination and shape of loading race . Veterinary Record , 142 : 265 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haigh , JC , Stookey , JM , Bowman , P and Wlatz , C . 1997 . A comparison of weaning techniques in farmed Wapiti (Cervus elaphus) . Animal Welfare , 6 : 255 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanlon , AJ , Rhind , SM , Reid , HW , Burrells , C and Lawrence , AB . 1995 . Effects of repeated changes in group composition on immune response, behaviour, adrenal activity and liveweight gain in farmed red deer yearlings . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 44 : 57 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargreaves , AL and Matthews , LR . 1995 . The effect of water deprivation and subsequent access to water on plasma electrolytes, haematocrit and behaviour in red deer . Livestock Production Science , 42 : 73 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Hediger , H . 1964 . Wild Animals in Captivity , New York : Dover Publications Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , S , Pearse , T and Mackintosh , C . 2002 . Review of calving losses in an intensively managed deer herd . Proceedings of a Deer Course for Veterinarians, No. 19, Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association , : 89 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Jago , JG , Matthews , LR , Hargreaves , AL and Eeken , F Van . 1993 . Preslaughter handling of red deer: implications for welfare and carcass quality . Proceedings of a Deer Course for Veterinarians, No. 10, Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association , : 27 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Jago , JG , Hargreaves , AL , Harcourt , RG and Matthews . 1996 . Risk factors associated with bruising at a commercial slaughter plant . Meat Science , 44 : 181 – 191 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jago , JG , Harcourt , RG and Matthews , LR . 1997 . The effect of road type and distance transported on behaviour, physiology and carcass quality of farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 52 : 129 – 141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay , RNB , Sharman , GAM , Hamilton , WJ , Goodall , ED , Pennie , K and Coutts , AGP . 1981 . Carcass characteristics of young red deer farmed on hill pasture . Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge , 96 : 79 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , RW and Drew , KR . 1976 . Shelter seeking and sucking behaviour of the red deer calf (Cervus elaphus) in a farmed situation . Applied Animal Ethology , 2 : 101 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , RW and Whately , JA . 1975 . Observations on the calving of red deer (Cervus elaphus) run in confined areas . Applied Animal Ethology , 1 : 293 – 300 .
   Google Scholar
• Killorn , KJ and Heath , C . 1993 . Welfare concerns at a DSP . Proceedings of a Deer Course for Veterinarians, No. 10, Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association , : 23 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd , K . 2002 . Welfare of deer at deer slaughter premises . Proceedings of a Deer Course for Veterinarians, No. 19, Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association , : 57 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Loudon , ASI , Darroch , AD and Milne , JA . 1984 . The lactation performance of red deer on hill and improved species of pasture . Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge , 102 : 149 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loza , MJ . 2002a . Quality Assurance - a marketing tool . Proceedings of the 3rd World Deer Farming Congress, Austin, Texas, USA , : 205 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Loza , MJ . 2002b . Sensitive issues for the deer industry . Proceedings of a Deer Course for Veterinarians, No. 19, Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association , : 37 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• MacDougall , DB , Shaw , BG , Nute , GR and Rhodes , DN . 1979 . Effect of pre-slaughter handling on the quality and microbiology of venison from farmed young red deer . Journal of Science, Food and Agriculture , 30 : 1160 – 1167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackintosh , CG , Griffin , JFT and Wilson , PR . 2001 . The effects of maternal antibody and stress on responses to “Yersiniavax” in red deer calves . Proceedings of a Deer Course for Veterinarians, No. 18, Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association , : 23 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Matthews , LR . 2000 . “ Deer handling and transport ” . In Livestock Handling and Transport , Edited by: Grandin , T . 331 – 362 . Wallingford : CAB International .
   Google Scholar
• McAllum , HJF . 1985 . “ Stress and post-capture myopathy in red deer ” . In Biology of Deer Production , Edited by: Fennessy , PF and Drew , KR . 65 – 72 . Wellington : Bulletin 22, Royal Society of New Zealand .
   Google Scholar
• McInerney , JP . 2002 . Animal welfare: Ethics, economics and productivity . Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production , 62 : 340 – 347 .
   Google Scholar
• McKendry , B . 1992 . The Game Industry Board quality assurance programme. . Proceedings of a Deer Course for Veterinarians, No. 9, Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association , : 6 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Mellor , DJ and Stafford , KJ . 2001 . Integrating practical, regulatory and ethical strategies for enhancing farm animal welfare . Australian Veterinary Journal , 79 : 762 – 768 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milne , J . 1993 . Managing the weaned calf and its welfare implications - an EC project . Deer Farming , 42 : 5 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Milne , J . 1994 . Lighting up their lives . Deer Farmer , 111 : 27 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Moen , AN . 1985 . “ Energy metabolism of deer in relation to environmental variables ” . In Biology of Deer Production , Edited by: Fennessy , PF and Drew , KR . 439 – 45 . Wellington : Bulletin 22, Royal Society of New Zealand .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , GH , Cowie , GM and Bray , AR . 1985 . “ Herd management of farmed red deer ” . In Biology of Deer Production , Edited by: Fennessy , PF and Drew , KR . 343 – 355 . Wellington : Bulletin 22, Royal Society of New Zealand .
   Google Scholar
• Parkinson , TJ . 2001 . Photoperiod, appetite and growth in farmed red deer . Proceedings of a Deer Course for Veterinarians, No. 17, Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association , : 164 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Pearse , AJ and Drew , KR . 1998 . Ecologically sound management: Aspects of modern sustainable deer farming systems . Acta Veterinaria Hungarica , 46 : 315 – 328 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard , J . 2001 . Providing shade and shelter . New Zealand Deer Farming Annual , : 36 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Pollard , JC and Drewry , J . 2002 . Calving environments for farmed red deer: A review of current knowledge and a pilot study on soil quality . Proceedings of a Deer Course for Veterinarians, No. 19, Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association , : 97 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Pollard , JC and Littlejohn , RP . 1994 . Behavioural effects of light conditions on red deer in a holding pen . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 41 : 127 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard , JC and Littlejohn , RP . 1995a . Effects of lighting on heart rate and positional preferences during confinement in farmed red deer . Animal Welfare , 4 : 329 – 337 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard , JC and Littlejohn , RP . 1995b . Consistency in avoidance of humans by red deer . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 45 : 301 – 308 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard , JC and Littlejohn , RP . 1996 . The effects of pen size on the behaviour of farmed red deer stags confined in yards . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 47 : 247 – 253 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard , JC and Littlejohn , RP . 1998 . Effects of winter housing, exercise, and dietary treatments on the behaviour and welfare of red deer (Cervus elaphus) . Animal Welfare , 7 : 45 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard , JC and Littlejohn , RP . 1999 . Activities and social relationships of red deer at pasture . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 47 : 83 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard , JC and Littlejohn , RP . 2000 . Effects of management at weaning on behaviour and weight gain of farmed red deer calves . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 67 : 151 – 157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard , JC , Suttie , JM , Littlejohn , RP , Johnstone , P , Laas , FJ and Corson , ID . 1991 . Measurement of behaviour and heart rate to assess the aversiveness of handling treatments used for red deer . Proceedings of a Deer Course for Veterinarians, No. 8, Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association , : 109 – 119 .
   Google Scholar
• Pollard , JC , Littlejohn , RP and Suttie , JM . 1992 . Behaviour and weight change of red deer calves during weaning . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 35 : 23 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard , JC , Littlejohn , RP and Suttie , JM . 1993 . Effects of isolation and mixing of social groups on heart rate and behaviour of red deer stags . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 38 : 311 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard , JC , Littlejohn , RP and Suttie , JM . 1994 . Responses of red deer to restraint in a Y-maze preference test . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 39 : 63 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard , JC , Grant , A and Littlejohn , RP . 1998 . Fence line pacing in farmed red deer hinds at calving . Animal Welfare , 7 : 283 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard , JC , Stevenson-Barry , JM and Littlejohn , RP . 1999 . Factors affecting behaviour, bruising and pHu in a deer slaughter premises . Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production , 59 : 148 – 151 .
   Google Scholar
• Pollard , JC , Littlejohn , RP and Asher , GW . 2002a . Weaning date affects calf growth rates and hind conception dates in farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) . Animal Science , 74 : 111 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Pollard , JC , Littlejohn , RP , Asher , GW , Pearse , AJT , Stevenson-Barry , J , McGregor , SK , Manley , TR , Duncan , SJ , Sutton , CM , Pollock , KL and Prescott , J . 2002b . A comparison of biochemical and meat quality variables in red deer (Cervus elaphus) following either slaughter at pasture or killing at a deer slaughter plant . Meat Science , 60 : 85 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price , S , Sibly , RM and Davies , MH . 1993 . Effects of behaviour and handling on heart rate in farmed red deer . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 37 : 111 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , I , Selwyn , P and Hathaway , S . 2000 . Alternative techniques for AI/ET programmes . Proceedings of a Deer Course for Veterinarians, No. 17, Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association , 38 : 191 – 194 . 94 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , RF and Dobson , H . 1990 . Effect of pre-slaughter handling experience on behaviour, plasma cortisol and muscle pH in farmed red deer . Veterinary Record , 126 : 155 – 158 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stafford , KJ , Mellor , DJ and Gregory , NG . 2002 . Advances in animal welfare in New Zealand . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 50 ( Supplement ) : 17 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suttie , JM . 1985 . Social dominance in farmed red deer stags . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 14 : 191 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suttie , JM , Webster , JR and Corson , ID . 1996 . Indoor wintering of deer for venison production . Proceedings of a Deer Course for Veterinarians, No. 13, Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association , : 141 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• Waas , JR , Ingram , JR and Matthews , LR . 1997 . Physiological responses of red deer (Cervus elaphus) to conditions experienced during road transport . Physiology and Behaviour , 61 : 931 – 938 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waas , JR , Ingram , JR and Matthews , LR . 1999 . Real-time physiological responses of red deer to translocations . Journal of Wildlife Management , 63 : 1152 – 1162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallis , T and Hunn , R . 1982 . “ Helicopter live capture ” . In The Farming of Deer: World Trends and Modern Techniques , Edited by: Yerex , D . 84 – 89 . Wellington : Agricultural Promotion Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Webster , AJF . 1997 . Heat exchanges and energy balances of grazing animals . Scottish Forestry , 51 : 218 – 221 .
   Google Scholar
• Weeks , CA . 2000 . Transport of deer: a review with particular relevance to red deer (Cervus elaphus) . Animal Welfare , 9 : 63 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weilburg , V . 1996 . The prevention of antler growth in deer , Palmerston North : Massey University . MSc thesis
   Google Scholar
• Wilcockson , IW . 1986 . Ante and post mortem inspection of slaughtered farmed deer . Proceedings of a Deer Course for Veterinarians, No. 3, Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association , : 35 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , PR . 1993 . Principles of deer health , Edited by: Woodhouse , I . 155 – 157 . Christchurch : A Salute to World Deer Farming – Proceedings of the 1st World Deer Congress .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , PR . 2002 . Advances in health and welfare of farmed deer in New Zealand . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 50 ( Supplement ) : 105 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , PR and Anderson , LJ . 1985 . Hospitalisation, anaesthesia, orthopaedics . Proceedings of a Deer Course for Veterinarians, No. 2, Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association , : 20 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , PR and Stafford , KJ . 2002 . Welfare of farmed deer in New Zealand. 2. Velvet antler removal . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 50 : 221 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar