Antibiotic resistance among indicator bacteria isolated from healthy pigs in New Zealand

References

• Aarestrup , FM . 2004 . Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance among food animals: principles and limitations . Journal of Veterinary Medicine B , 51 : 380 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Aarestrup , FM , Seyfarth , AM , Emborg , H-D , Pedersen , K , Hendriksen , Rs and Bager , F . 2001 . Effect of abolishment of the use of antimicrobial agents for growth promotion on occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in fecal enterococci from food animals in Denmark . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , 45 : 2054 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1999 . Antibiotic Resistance and In-feed Use of Antibiotics in New Zealand , Wellington, NZ : Expert Panel Review . Anonymous tiAntibiotic Resistance and In-feed Use of Antibiotics in New Zealand
   Google Scholar
• 2000 a . Antibiotic Resistance Review , Wellington, NZ : Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines Group, Food Assurance Authority, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry . Anonymous
   Google Scholar
• 2000 b . Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests , Wayne PA, , USA : National Committee on Clinical Laboratory Standards . Anonymous Supplements M2-A7 and M100-S10
   Google Scholar
• 2007 . Index of Veterinary Specialities Annual , Auckland, NZ : CMPMedica (NZ) Ltd . Anonymous
   Google Scholar
• Bager , F , Aarestrup , FM and Wegener , HC . 2000 . Dealing with antimicrobial resistance — the Danish experience . Canadian Journal of Animal Science , 80 : 223 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Bywater , R , Deluyker , H , Deroover , E , de Jong , A , Marion , H , McConville , M , Rowan , T , Shryock , T , Shuster , D , Thomas , V , Valle , M and Walters , J . 2004 . A European survey of antimicrobial susceptibility among zoonotic and commensal bacteria isolated from food-producing animals . Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy , 54 : 744 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caprioli , A , Busani , L , Martel , JL and Helmuth , R . 2000 . Monitoring of antibiotic resistance in bacteria of animal origin: epidemiological and microbiological methodologies . International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents , 14 : 295 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlop , RH , McEwen , SA , Meek , AH , Black , WD , Friendship , RM and Clarke , RC . 1998 . Prevalences of resistance to seven antimicrobials among fecal Escherichia coli of swine on thirty-four farrow-to-fi nish farms in Ontario, Canada . Preventive Veterinary Medicine , 34 : 265 – 82 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellerbroek , L , Mac , KN , Peters , J and Hultquist , L. Hazard potential from antibiotic-resistant commensals like enterococci . 2004 . Journal of Veterinary Medicine B , 51 : 393 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Emborg , H-D , Andersen , Js , Seyfarth , AM , Andersen , SR , Boel , J and Wegener , HC . 2003 . Relations between the occurrence of resistance to antimicrobial growth promoters among Enterococcus faecium isolated from broilers and broiler meat . International Journal of Food Microbiology , 84 : 273 – 84 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emborg , H-D , Heuer , OE and Larsen , PB . 2005 . Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Programme Report 2004: Use of Antimicrobial Agents and Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria from Food Animals, Food and Humans in Denmark , 44 – 60 . Copenhagen, , Denmark : Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research .
   Google Scholar
• Farmer , JJ , Boatwright , KD and Janda , JM . 2007 . Manual of Clinical Microbiology , Edited by: Murray , PR , Baron , EJ , Jorgensen , JH , Landry , ML and Pfaller , MA . 649 – 69 . Washington DC, , USA : ASM Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gupta , A , Tauxe , RV and Angulo , FJ . 2005 . Fluoroquinolone use in food animals — response . Emerging Infectious Diseases , 11 : 1791 – 2 .
   Google Scholar
• Helmuth , R and Hensel , A . 2004 . Towards the rational use of antibiotics: results of the first international symposium on the risk analysis of antibiotic resistance . Journal of Veterinary Medicine B , 51 : 357 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Jensen , LB , Hammerum , AM , Aarestrup , FM , van den Bogaard , AE and Stobberingh , EE . 1998 . Occurrence of satA and vgb genes in streptogramin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates of animal and human origins in The Netherlands . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , 42 : 3330 – 1 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen , LB , Frimodt-Moller , N and Aarestrup , FM . 1999 . Presence of erm gene classes in Gram-positive bacteria of animal and human origin in Denmark . FEMS Microbiology Letters , 170 : 151 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leclerq , R and Courvalin , P . 1991 . Bacterial resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin antibiotics by target modification . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , 35 : 1267 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson , JM , Keis , S , Smith , JMB and Cook , GM . 2003 . A clonal lineage of VanA-type Enterococcus faecalis predominates in vancomycin-resistant Enterococci isolated in New Zealand . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , 47 : 204 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson , JM , Smith , JMB and Cook , GM . 2004 . Persistence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in New Zealand broilers after discontinuation of avoparcin use . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 70 : 5764 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathew , AG , Upchurch , WG and Chattin , SE . 1998 . Incidence of antibiotic resistance in fecal Escherichia coli isolated from commercial swine farms . Journal of Animal Science , 76 : 429 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien , TF . 2002 . Emergence, spread, and environmental effect of antimicrobial resistance: how use of an antimicrobial anywhere can increase resistance to any antimicrobial anywhere else . Clinical Infectious Diseases , 34 : S78 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plumb , DC . 2002 . Veterinary Drug Handbook , 4th Edtn. , Minnesota, , USA : Pharma Vet Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Poulsen , SM , Karlsson , M , Johansson , LB and Vester , B . 2001 . The pleuromutilin drugs tiamulin and valnemulin bind to the RNA at the peptidyl transferase centre on the ribosome . Molecular Microbiology , 41 : 1091 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shea , KM . 2004 . Nontherapeutic use of antimicrobial agents in animal agriculture: implications for pediatrics . Pediatrics , 114 : 862 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soltani , M , Beighton , D , Philpott-Howard , J and Woodford , N . 2000 . Mechanisms of resistance to quinupristin-dalfopristin among isolates of Enterococcus faecium from animals, raw meat, and hospital patients in Western Europe . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , 44 : 433 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vakulenko , SB and Mobashery , S . 2003 . Versatility of aminoglycosides and prospects for their future . Clinical Microbiology Reviews , 16 : 430 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Bogaard , AEJM , London , N and Stobberingh , EE . 2000 . Antimicrobial resistance in pig faecal samples from The Netherlands (five abattoirs) and Sweden . Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy , 45 : 663 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegener , HC . 2003 . Antibiotics in animal feed and their role in resistance development . Current Opinion in Microbiology , 6 : 439 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao , JDC and Moellering , RC . 2007 . Manual of Clinical Microbiology , Edited by: Murray , PR , Baron , EJ , Jorgensen , JH , Landry , ML and Pfaller , MA (eds) . 1077 – 113 . Washington DC, , USA : ASM Press . In
   Google Scholar