Impacts of intensification of pastoral agriculture on soils: Current and emerging challenges and implications for future land uses

References

• Anonymous Land Use Capability Survey Handbook: A New Zealand Handbook for the Classification of Land Water and Soil Division, Ministry of Works Wellington, , NZ 1974
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous Growing for Good. Intensive Farming, Sustainability and the New Zealand Environment Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment Wellington, , NZ 2004
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous Living Beyond Our Means: Natural Assets and Human Well-Being Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005 http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.429.aspx.pdf (accessed 06 November 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous How Land Use Affects Taupo Regional Plan, Variation 5, Environment Waikato Hamilton, , NZ 2008 a http://www.ew.govt.nz/Policy-andplans/Protecting-Lake-Taupo/#Heading1 (accessed 06 November 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous Commodity Price Data World Bank Washington DC, , USA 2008 b http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTDAILYPROSPECTS/Resources/Pnk_1108.pdf (accessed 10 November 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous USGS. Mineral Industry Surveys US Department of the Interior and US Geological Survey Reston VA, , USA 2008 c http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/sulfur/mis-200807-sulfu.pdf (accessed 10 November 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Monitoring MAF Wellington, , NZ 2008 c http://www.maf.govt.nz/mafnet/rural-nz/statistics-and-forecasts/farm-monitoring/ (accessed 06 November 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Basher , LR . 1990 . Soil and landscape processes. Climate Change: Impacts on New Zealand; Implications for the Environment, Economy and Society , 34 – 37 . Wellington, , NZ : Ministry for the Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Beare , M , Curtin , D , Ghani , A , Mackay , A , Parfitt , R and Stevenson , B . 2007 . Current Knowledge on Soil Quality Indicators for Sustainable Production and Environmental Protection in New Zealand: A Discussion Document , NZ : Sustainable Landuse Research Initiative .
   Google Scholar
• Bellamy , PH , Loveland , PJ , Bradley , RI , Lark , RM and Kirk , GJD . 2005 . Carbon losses from all soils across England and Wales . Nature , 437 : 245 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betteridge , K , Mackay , AD , Shepherd , TG , Barker , DJ , Budding , PJ , Devantier , BP and Costall , DA . 1999 . Effect of cattle and sheep treading on surface configuration of a sedimentary hill soil . Australian Journal of Soil Research , 37 : 743 – 760 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betteridge , K , Mackay , AD , Pande , TN , Costall , DA , Budding , PJ , Valentine , I , Singleton , PL , Drewry , J , Finlayson , J , Boyes , M and Judge , A . 2002 . “ Cattle treading on wet soils. Implications for pasture growth and soil physical condition ” . In Dairy Farm Soil Management , Edited by: Currie , LD and Loganathan , P . 79 – 88 . Palmerston North, , NZ : Occasional Report No. 15, Fertilizer and Lime Research Centre, Massey University . In
   Google Scholar
• Betteridge , K , Drewry , J , Mackay , AD and Singleton , P . 2003 . Treading Booklet; Managing Treading Damage on Dairy and Beef farms in New Zealand , Wellington, , NZ : AgResearch Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Bouche , MB . 1987 . “ The subterranean behaviour of the earthworms ” . In On Earthworms , Edited by: Bonvicini , Pagliai A and Omodeo , P . 159 – 169 . Modena, , Italy : Mucchi . In
   Google Scholar
• Bowler , D . 1980 . The Drainage of Wet Soils , Auckland, , NZ : Hodder and Stoughton .
   Google Scholar
• Clothier , BE . 1997 . Can soil management be regulated to protect water quality? . Land Contaminants Reclamation , 5 : 337 – 342 .
   Google Scholar
• Clothier , BE , Green , SR and Deurer , M . 2008 a . Preferential flow and transport in soil: Progress and prognosis . European Journal of Soil Science , 59 : 2 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clothier , B , Mackay , AD , Mills , T and Parfitt , R . 2008 b . Natural capital, land-use planning and nutrient issues . New Zealand Journal of Forestry , 53 : 8 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Costanza , R , d'Arge , R , de Groot , R , Farber , S , Grasso , M , Hannon , B , Limburg , K , Naeem , S , O'Neill , RV , Pareulo , J , Raskin , RG , Sutton , P and van den Belt , M . 1997 . The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital . Nature , 387 : 253 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domes , K , Scheu , S and Maraun , M . 2007 . Resources and sex: Soil re-colonization by sexual and parthenogenetic oribatid mites . Pedobiologia , 51 : 1 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas , G , Dymond , J and McIvor , I . 2008 . Monitoring and Reporting of Whole Farm Plans as a Tool for Affecting Land Use Change , Hamilton : Envirolink .
   Google Scholar
• Drewry , JJ . 2006 . Natural recovery of soil physical properties from treading damage of pastoral soils in New Zealand and Australia: A review . Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment , 114 : 159 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drewry , JJ , Littlejohn , RP , Paton , RJ , Singleton , PL , Boyes , M , Judge , A , Monaghan , RM and Smith , LC . 2002 . “ Dairy pasture yield responses to macroporosity and soil physical properties, and variability of large and small samples ” . In Dairy Farm Soil Management , Edited by: Currie , LD and Loganathan , P . 61 – 78 . Palmerston North, , NZ : Occasional Report No. 15, Fertilizer and Lime Research Centre, Massey University . In
   Google Scholar
• Gillingham , AG , Gray , MH and Smith , DR . 1998 . Pasture response to phosphorus and nitrogen fertilisers on dry hill country . Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association , 60 : 135 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Haynes , RJ and Williams , PH . 1993 . Nutrient cycling and soil fertility in grazed pasture ecosystem . Advances in Agronomy , 49 : 119 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks , DL . 1995 . Control of Soil Erosion on Farmland: A Summary of Erosions' Impact on New Zealand Agriculture, and Farm Management Practices which Counteract it , Wellington, , NZ : MAF Policy Technical Paper 95/4, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry .
   Google Scholar
• Hicks , DL and Anthony , T . 2001 . Soil Conservation Technical Handbook , Wellington, , NZ : Ministry for the Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Jackman , RH . 1964 . Accumulation of organic matter in some New Zealand soils under permanent pasture. I. Patterns of change of organic carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 7 : 445 – 471 .
   Google Scholar
• Knight , TW , McMillan , WH , Kilgor , R , Hockey , H-U and Hall , DR . 1989 . Effect of slope of lambing site and lamb mortality . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 32 : 199 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lal , R . 2004 . Agricultural activities and the global carbon cycle . Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems , 70 : 103 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert , MG , Trustrum , NA and Costall , DA . 1984 . Effect of soil slip erosion on seasonally dry Wairarapa hill pastures . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 27 : 57 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laven , RA and Holmes , CW . 2008 . A review of the potential impact of increased use of housing on the health and welfare of dairy cattle in New Zealand . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 56 : 151 – 157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledgard , SF . 2001 . Nitrogen cycling in low input legume-based agriculture, with emphasis on legume/grass pastures . Plant and Soil , 228 : 43 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie , M , Aspin , M and Clark , H . 2008 . Greenhouse gas emissions from New Zealand agriculture: issues, perspectives and industry response . Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture , 48 : 1 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Loganathan , P , Hedley , MJ , Grace , ND , Lee , J , Cronin , SJ , Bolan , NS and Zanders , JM . 2003 . Fertiliser contaminants in New Zealand grazed pasture with special reference to cadmium and fluorine: a review . Australian Journal of Soil Research , 41 : 501 – 532 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackay , AD , Lambert , MG , Krausse , MK , Rhodes , AP , Wallace , BD and Scott , JS . 1999 . A Farmer-based Approach to Sustainable Land Management by Matching Enterprises with Land Capabilities and Managing Environmental Impacts , Palmerston North, , NZ : AgResearch .
   Google Scholar
• Manderson , A and Palmer , A . 2006 . Soil information for agricultural decision making: a New Zealand perspective . Soil Use and Management , 22 : 393 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manderson , AK , Mackay , AD and Palmer , AP . 2007 . Environmental whole farm management plans. Their character, diversity, and use as Agri-environmental indicators in New Zealand . Journal of Environmental Management , 82 : 319 – 331 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , B . 1993 . “ Recent MAF cadmium residue data ” . In Second Cadmium Research Liaison Meeting , Edited by: Lee , J . 2 – 6 . Palmerston North, , NZ : AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre . In
   Google Scholar
• McDowell , RW , Monaghan , RM and Wheeler , D . 2005 . Modelling phosphorus losses from pastoral farming systems in New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 48 : 131 – 141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menneer , JC , Ledgard , S , McLay , C and Silvester , W . 2005 . Animal treading during wet soil conditions reduces N2 fixation in mixed clover-grass pasture . Plant Soil , 275 : 317 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molloy , L . 1998 . Soils in the New Zealand Landscape: The Living Mantle , 2nd Edtn , Lincoln, , NZ : New Zealand Society of Soil Science .
   Google Scholar
• Monaghan , RM , de Klein , CAM and Muirhead , RW . 2008 . Prioritisation of farm scale remediation efforts for reducing losses of nutrients and faecal indicator organisms to waterways: A case study of New Zealand dairy farming . Journal of Environmental Management , 87 : 609 – 622 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , RI and Yule , IJ . 2007 . Developing variable rate application technology: scenario development and agronomic evaluation . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 50 : 53 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen , ML , Sheath , GW , Smith , CM and Cooper , AB . 1998 . Impact of cattle treading on hill land. 2. Soil physical properties and contaminant runoff . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 41 : 279 – 290 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pande , TN , Valentine , I , Betteridge , K , Horne , DJ , Mackay , AD and Hodgson , J . 2002 . “ Effect of canopy height and cattle treading on herbage regrowth parameters in dairy pasture ” . In Dairy Farm Soil Management , Edited by: Currie , LD and Loganathan , P . 89 – 93 . Palmerston North, , NZ : Occasional Report No. 15, Fertilizer and Lime Research Centre, Massey University . In
   Google Scholar
• Parfitt , R , Arnold , G , Baisden , T , Claydon , J , Dodd , M , Ross , C and Schipper , L . 2007 . “ Changes of C and N from NZ profiles under pasture over 20 years ” . In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Mechanisms of Organic Matter Stabilisation and Destabilisation in Soils and Sediments 82 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Pollock , KM . 1986 . Plant Materials Handbook for Soil Conservation. Part 3. Native Plants , Wellington, , NZ : Water & Soil Miscellaneous Publication 95, Water and Soil Directorate, Ministry of Works and Development .
   Google Scholar
• Russell , JR , Betteridge , K , Costall , DA and Mackay , AD . 2001 . Cattle treading effects on sediment loss and water infiltration . Journal of Range Management , 54 : 184 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Sanson , R , Cook , A and Fairweather , J . 2004 . A Study of Smallholdings and Their Owners , Wellington, , NZ : MAF Information Paper No. 53, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry .
   Google Scholar
• Schierlitz , C , Dymond , J and Shepherd , J . 2006 . Erosion/Sedimentation in the Manawatu Catchment Associated with Scenarios of Whole Farm Plans , Palmerston North, , NZ : Landcare Research .
   Google Scholar
• Schipper , LA , Baisden , WT , Parfitt , RL , Ross , C , Claydon , JJ and Arnold , GC . 2007 . Large losses of C and N from soil profiles under pasture in New Zealand during the past 20 years . Global Change Biology , 13 : 1138 – 1144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schon , NL , Mackay , AD , Minor , MA , Yeates , GW and Hedley , MJ . 2008 . Soil fauna in grazed New Zealand hill country pastures at two management intensities . Applied Soil Ecology , 40 : 218 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd , TG . 1992 . “ Sustainable soil-crop management and its economic implications for grain growers ” . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Land Management Edited by: Henriques , PR . 141 – 152 . In
   Google Scholar
• Singleton , PL , Boyes , M and Addison , B . 2000 . Effect of treading by dairy cattle on topsoil physical conditions for six contrasting soil types in Waikato and Northland, New Zealand, with implications for monitoring . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 43 : 559 – 567 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparling , GP and Schipper , LA . 2004 . Soil quality monitoring in New Zealand: Trends and issues arising from a broad-scale survey . Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment , 104 : 545 – 552 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparling , G , Lilburne , L and Vojvodic-Vukovic , M . 2003 . Provisional Targets for Soil Quality Indicators in New Zealand , Palmerston North, , NZ : Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Sparling , GRS , Wheeler , D , Vesely , E-T and Schipper , LA . 2005 . What is soil organic matter worth? . Journal of Environmental Quality , 343 : 129 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Springett , JA . 1992 . Distribution of Lumbricid earthworms in New Zealand . Soil Biology and Biochemistry , 24 : 1377 – 1381 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tate , KR , Giltrap , DJ , Claydon , JJ , Newsome , PF , Atkinson , IAE , Taylor , MD and Lee , R . 1997 . Organic carbon stocks in New Zealand's terrestrial ecosystems . Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 27 : 315 – 335 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Kraayenoord , CWS and Hathaway , RL . 1986 a . Plant Materials Handbook for Soil Conservation. Vol. 1. Principles and Practices , Wellington, , NZ : Water and Soil Miscellaneous Publication No. 93, National Water and Soil Conservation Authority .
   Google Scholar
• van Kraayenoord , CWS and Hathaway , RL . 1986 b . Plant Materials Handbook for Soil Conservation. Vol. 2. Introduced Plants , Wellington, , NZ : Water and Soil Miscellaneous Publication No. 94, National Water and Soil Conservation Authority .
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler , DM , Ledgard , SF , de Klein , CAM , Monaghan , RM , Carey , PL , McDowell , RW and Johns , KL . 2003 . OVERSEER® nutrient budgets — moving towards on-farm accounting . Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association , 65 : 191 – 194 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , ID , Ledgard , SF , Edmeades , GO and Densley , RJ . 2007 . Comparative environmental impacts of intensive all-grass and maize silage-supplemented dairy farm systems: a review . Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association , 69 : 137 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , AG . 1999 . Poplars and willows for soil erosion control in New Zealand . Biomass and Bioenergy , 16 : 263 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar