1,514
Views
105
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Invited Review

Clinical and subclinical infections with Cryptosporidium in animals

Pages 1-10 | Received 13 Dec 2011, Accepted 09 Sep 2012, Published online: 08 Nov 2012

References

  • Abbassi , H , Coudert , F , Chérel , Y , Dambrine , G , Brugère-Picoux , J and Naciri , M . 1999 . Renal cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium baileyi) in specific-pathogen-free chickens experimentally coinfected with Marek's disease virus . Avian Diseases , 43 : 738 – 44 .
  • Abbassi , H , Dambrine , G , Chérel , Y , Coudert , F and Naciri , M . 2000a . Interaction of Marek's disease virus and Cryptosporidium baileyi in experimentally infected chickens . Avian Diseases , 44 : 776 – 89 .
  • Abbassi , H , Coudert , F , Dambrine , G , Cherel , Y and Naciri , M . 2000b . Effect of Cryptosporidium baileyi in specific pathogen free chickens vaccinated (CVI988/Rispens) and challenged with HPRS-16 strain of Marek's . Avian Pathology , 29 : 623 – 34 .
  • Abe , N and Iseki , M . 2004 . Identification of Cryptosporidium isolates from cockatiels by direct sequencing of the PCR-amplified small subunit ribosomal RNA gene . Parasitology Research , 92 : 523 – 6 .
  • Abe , N , Sawano , Y , Yamada , K , Kimata , I and Iseki , M . 2002 . Cryptosporidium infection in dogs in Osaka, Japan . Veterinary Parasitology , 108 : 185 – 93 .
  • Alonso-Fresán , M U , García-Alvarez , A , Salazar-García , F , Vázquez-Chagoyán , J C , Pescador-Salas , N and Saltijeral-Oaxaca , J . 2005 . Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in asymptomatic sheep in family flocks from Mexico State . Journal of Veterinary Medicine B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health , 52 : 482 – 3 .
  • Alves , M , Xiao , L , Lemos , V , Zhou , L , Cama , V , da Cunha , M B , Matos , O and Antunes , F . 2005 . Occurrence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in mammals and reptiles at the Lisbon Zoo . Parasitology Research , 97 : 108 – 12 .
  • Anderson , B C . 1998 . Cryptosporidiosis in bovine and human health . Journal of Dairy Science , 81 : 3036 – 41 .
  • Angus , K W , Tzipori , S and Gray , E W . 1982 . Intestinal lesions in specific-pathogen-free lambs associated with a Cryptosporidium from calves with diarrhoea . Veterinary Pathology , 19 : 67 – 78 .
  • Antunes , R G , Sim[otilde]es , D C , Nakamura , A A and Meireles , M V . 2008 . Natural infection with Cryptosporidium galli in canaries (Serinuscanaria), in a cockatiel (Nymphicushollandicus), and in lesser seed-finches (Oryzoborusangolensis) from Brazil . Avian Diseases , 52 : 702 – 5 .
  • Baker , I K and Carbonell , P L . 1974 . Cryptosporidiumagni n. from lambs, and Cryptosporidium bovis n. from a calf, with observation on the oocyst . Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde , 44 : 289 – 98 .
  • Baldursson , S and Karanis , P . 2011 . Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks - an update 2004–2010 . Water Research , 45 : 6603 – 14 .
  • Ballweber , L R , Panuska , C , Huston , C L , Vasilopulos , R , Pharr , G T and Mackin , A . 2009 . Prevalence of and risk factors associated with shedding of Cryptosporidium felis in domestic cats of Mississippi and Alabama . Veterinary Parasitology , 160 : 306 – 10 .
  • Batchelor , D J , Tzannes , S , Graham , P A , Wastling , J M , Pinchbeck , G L and German , A J . 2008 . Detection of endoparasites with zoonotic potential in dogs with gastrointestinal disease in the UK . Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , 55 : 99 – 104 .
  • *Bergeland , M E . 1977 . Necrotic enteritis in nursing piglets . Proceedings of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians , 20 : 151 – 8 . *Non-peer-reviewed
  • Bidewell , C A and Cattell , J H . 1998 . Cryptosporidiosis in young alpacas . Veterinary Record , 142 : 287
  • Bjorneby , J M , Leach , D R and Perryman , L E . 1991 . Persistent cryptosporidiosis in horses with severe combined immunodeficiency . Infection and Immunity , 59 : 3823 – 6 .
  • Blagburn , B L , Lindsay , D S , Hoerr , F J , Atlas , A L and Toivio-Kinnucan , M . 1990 . Cryptosporidium spp. infection in the proventriculus of an Australian diamond firetail finch (Staganoplura bella: Passeriformes, Estrildidae) . Avian Diseases , 34 : 1027 – 30 .
  • Brook , E J , Anthony Hart , C , French , N P and Christley , R M . 2009 . Molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium subtypes in cattle in England . Veterinary Journal , 179 : 378 – 82 .
  • Brownstein , D G , Strandberg , J D , Montali , R J , Bush , M and Fortner , J . 1977 . Cryptosporidium in snakes with hypertrophic Gastritis . Veterinary Pathology , 14 : 606 – 17 .
  • Burton , A J , Nydam , D V , Dearen , T K , Mitchell , K , Bowman , D D and Xiao , L . 2010 . The prevalence of Cryptosporidium, and identification of the Cryptosporidium horse genotype in foals in New York State . Veterinary Parasitology , 174 : 139 – 44 .
  • Castro-Hermida , J A , Gonzalez-Losada , Y A , Mezo-Menendez , M and Ares-Mazas , E . 2002 . A study of cryptosporidiosis in a cohort of neonatal calves . Veterinary Parasitology , 106 : 11 – 17 .
  • Castro-Hermida , J A , Delafosse , A , Pors , I , Ares-Mazas , E and Chartier , C . 2005 . Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium parvum infections in adult goats and their implications for neonatal kids . Veterinary Record , 157 : 623 – 7 .
  • Castro-Hermida , J A , García-Presedo , I , González-Warleta , M , Mezo , M , Fenoy , S , Rueda , C and del Aguila , C . 2008 . Activity of an anti-inflammatory drug against cryptosporidiosis in neonatal lambs . Veterinary Parasitology , 155 : 308 – 13 .
  • Causapé , A C , Quilez , J , Sanchez-Acedo , C , del Cacho , E and Lopez-Bernad , F . 2002 . Prevalence and analysis of potential risk factors for Cryptosporidium parvum infection in lambs in Zaragoza (north-eastern Spain) . Veterinary Parasitology , 104 : 287 – 98 .
  • Cebra , C K , Mattson , D E , Baker , R J , Sonn , R J and Dearing , P L . 2003 . Potential pathogens in feces from unweaned llamas and alpacas with diarrhoea . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 223 : 1806 – 8 .
  • Chalmers , R M , Elwin , K , Reilly , W J , Irvine , H , Thomas , A L and Hunter , P R . 2002 . Cryptosporidium in farmed animals: the detection of a novel isolate in sheep . International Journal of Parasitology , 32 : 21 – 26 .
  • Chen , F and Huang , K . 2007 . Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium in pigs in eastern China . Zoonoses Public Health , 54 : 393 – 400 .
  • Chen , Z , Mi , R , Yu , H , Shi , Y , Huang , Y , Chen , Y , Zhou , P , Cai , Y and Lin , J . 2011 . Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in pigs in Shanghai, China . Veterinary Parasitology , 181 : 113 – 9 .
  • Coleman , S U , Klei , T R , French , D D , Chapman , M R and Corstvet , R E . 1989 . Prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. in equids in Louisiana . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 50 : 575 – 7 .
  • Current , W L , Upton , S J and Haynes , T B . 1986 . The life cycle of Cryptosporidium baileyi n. sp. (Apicomplexa, Cryptosporidiidae) infecting chickens . Journal of Protozoology , 33 : 289 – 96 .
  • Deming , C , Greiner , E and Uhl , E W . 2008 . Prevalence of cryptosporidium infection and characteristics of oocyst shedding in a breeding colony of leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) . Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine , 39 : 600 – 7 .
  • Denholm , K M , Haitjema , H , Gwynne , B J , Morgan , U M and Irwin , P J . 2001 . Concurrent Cryptosporidium and parvovirus infections in a puppy . Australian Veterinary Journal , 79 : 98 – 101 .
  • Díaz , P , Quílez , J , Chalmers , R M , Panadero , R , López , C , Sánchez-Acedo , C , Morrondo , P and Díez-Baños , P . 2010a . Genotype and subtype analysis of Cryptosporidium isolates from calves and lambs in Galicia (NW Spain) . Parasitology , 137 : 1187 – 93 .
  • Díaz , P , Quílez , J , Robinson , G , Chalmers , R M , Díez-Baños , P and Morrondo , P . 2010b . Identification of Cryptosporidium xiaoi in diarrhoeic goat kids (Capra hircus) in Spain . Veterinary Parasitology , 172 : 132 – 4 .
  • Ellis , A E , Brown , C A and Miller , D L . 2010 . Diagnostic exercise: chronic vomiting in a dog . Veterinary Pathology , 47 : 991 – 3 .
  • Enemark , H L , Ahrens , P , Bille-Hansen , V , Heegaard , P M , Vigre , H , Thamsborg , S M and Lind , P . 2003 . Cryptosporidium parvum: infectivity and pathogenicity of the ‘porcine' genotype . Parasitology , 126 : 407 – 16 .
  • Esteban , E and Anderson , B C . 1995 . Cryptosporidium muris: prevalence, persistency, and detrimental effect on milk production in a dry lot dairy . Journal of Dairy Science , 78 : 1068 – 72 .
  • *Fayer , R , Ernst , J V , Miller , R G and Leek , R G . 1985 . Factors contributing to clinical illness in calves experimentally infected with a bovine isolate of Cryptosporidium . Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington , 52 : 64 – 70 .
  • Fayer , R and Ungar , B L . 1986 . Cryptosporidium spp. and cryptosporidiosis . Microbiological Reviews , 50 : 458 – 83 .
  • Fayer , R , Gasbarre , L , Pasquali , P , Canals , A , Almeria , S and Zarlenga , D . 1998 . Cryptosporidium parvum infection in bovine neonates: dynamic clinical, parasitic and immunologic patterns . International Journal for Parasitology , 28 : 49 – 56 .
  • Fayer , R , Trout , J M , Xiao , L , Morgan , U M , Lal , A A and Dubey , J P . 2001 . Cryptosporidium canis n. from domestic dogs . Journal of Parasitology , 87 : 1415 – 22 .
  • Fayer , R , Santín , M and Xiao , L . 2005 . Cryptosporidium bovis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in cattle (Bos taurus) . Journal of Parasitology , 91 : 624 – 9 .
  • Fayer , R , Santín , M , Trout , J M and Dubey , J P . 2006 . Detection of Cryptosporidium felis and Giardia duodenalis Assemblage F in a cat colony . Veterinary Parasitology , 140 : 44 – 53 .
  • Fayer , R , Santín , M and Trout , J M . 2008 . Cryptosporidium ryanae n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in cattle (Bos taurus) . Veterinary Parasitology , 156 : 191 – 8 .
  • Fayer , R and Santín , M . 2009 . Cryptosporidium xiaoi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in sheep (Ovis aries) . Veterinary Parasitology , 164 : 192 – 200 .
  • Fayer , R , Santín , M and Macarisin , D . 2010 . Cryptosporidium ubiquitum n. sp. in animals and humans . Veterinary Parasitology , 172 : 23 – 32 .
  • FitzGerald , L , Bennett , M , Ng , J , Nicholls , P , James , F , Elliot , A , Slaven , M and Ryan , U . 2011 . Morphological and molecular characterisation of a mixed Cryptosporidium muris/Cryptosporidium felis infection in a cat . Veterinary Parasitology , 175 : 160 – 4 .
  • Fukushima , K and Helman , R G . 1984 . Cryptosporidiosis in a pup with distemper . Veterinary Pathology , 21 : 247 – 8 .
  • Gardiner , C H and Imes , G D Jr. 1984 . Cryptosporidium sp. in the kidneys of a black-throated finch . Journal of theAmerican Veterinary Medical Association , 185 : 1401 – 2 .
  • Garber , L P , Salman , M D , Hurd , H S , Keefe , T and Schlater , J L . 1994 . Potential risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in dairy calves . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 205 : 86 – 91 .
  • Geurden , T , Thomas , P , Casaert , S , Vercruysse , J and Claerebout , E . 2008 . Prevalence and molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in lambs and goat kids in Belgium . Veterinary Parasitology , 155 : 142 – 5 .
  • Giangaspero , A , Iorio , R , Paoletti , B , Traversa , D and Capelli , G . 2006 . Molecular evidence for Cryptosporidium infection in dogs in central Italy . Parasitology Research , 99 : 297 – 9 .
  • Giles , M , Chalmers , R , Pritchard , G , Elwin , K , Mueller-Doblies , D and Clifton-Hadley , F . 2009 . Cryptosporidium hominis in a goat and a sheep in the UK . Veterinary Record , 164 : 24 – 25 .
  • Goodwin , M A and Barsanti , J A . 1990 . Intractable diarrhoea associated with intestinal cryptosporidiosis in a domestic cat also infected with feline leukaemia virus . Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association , 26 : 365 – 8 .
  • Goodwin , M A , Brown , J , Resurreccion , R S and Smith , J A . 1996 . Respiratory coccidiosis (Cryptosporidium baileyi) among northern Georgia broilers in one company . Avian Diseases , 40 : 572 – 5 .
  • de Graaf , D C , Vanopdenbosch , E , Ortega-Mora , L M , Abbassi , H and Peeters , J E . 1999 . A review of the importance of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals . International Journal for Parasitology , 29 : 1269 – 87 .
  • Greene , C E , Jacobs , G J and Prickett , D . 1990 . Intestinal malabsorption and cryptosporidiosis in an adult dog . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 197 : 365 – 7 .
  • Griffin , C , Reavill , D R , Stacy , B A , Childress , A L and Wellehan , J F Jr. 2010 . Cryptosporidiosis caused by two distinct species in Russian tortoises and a pancake tortoise . Veterinary Parasitology , 170 : 14 – 19 .
  • Grinberg , A , Oliver , L , Learmonth , J J , Leyland , M , Roe , W and Pomroy , W E . 2003 . Identification of Cryptosporidium parvum “cattle” genotype from a severe outbreak of neonatal foal diarrhoea . Veterinary Record , 153 : 628 – 31 .
  • Grinberg , A , Pomroy , W E , Carslake , H B , Shi , Y , Gibson , I R and Drayton , B M . 2009 . A study of neonatal cryptosporidiosis of foals in New Zealand . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 57 : 284 – 9 .
  • Hajdušek , O , Ditrich , O and Slapeta , J . 2004 . Molecular identification of Cryptosporidium spp. in animal and human hosts from the Czech Republic . Veterinary Parasitology , 122 : 183 – 92 .
  • Hamnes , I S , Gjerde , B K , Forberg , T and Robertson , L J . 2007a . *Non-peer-reviewed Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in suckling piglets in Norway . Veterinary Parasitology , 144 : 222 – 33 .
  • Hamnes , I S , Gjerde , B K and Robertson , L J . 2007b . A longitudinal study on the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in dogs during their first year of life . Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica , 49 : 22
  • Hovda , L R , McGuirk , S M and Lunn , D P . 1990 . Total parenteral nutrition in a neonatal llama . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 196 : 319 – 22 .
  • Howerth , E W . 1981 . Bovine cryptosporidiosis . Journal of the South African Veterinary Association , 52 : 251 – 3 .
  • Hunter , P R and Thompson , R C . 2005 . The zoonotic transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium . International Journal for Parasitology , 35 : 1181 – 90 .
  • Imhasly , A , Frey , C F , Mathis , A , Straub , R and Gerber , V . 2009 . Cryptosporidiosis (C. parvum) in a foal with diarrhoea . Schweizer Archivfür Tierheilkunde , 151 : 21 – 26 .
  • Irwin , P J . 2002 . Companion animal parasitology: a clinical perspective . International Journal for Parasitology , 32 : 581 – 93 .
  • Iseki , M . 1979 . Cryptosporidium felis (Protozoa; Eimeriorina) from the domestic cat . Japanese Journal of Parasitology , 35 : 285 – 307 .
  • Johnson , E H , Muirhead , D E , Windsor , J J , King , G J , Al-Busaidy , R and Cornelius , R . 1999 . Atypical outbreak of caprine cryptosporidiosis in the Sultanate of Oman . Veterinary Record , 145 : 521 – 4 .
  • Johnson , J , Buddle , R , Reid , S , Armson , A and Ryan , U M . 2008 . Prevalence of Cryptosporidium genotypes in pre and post-weaned pigs in Australia . Experimental Parasitology , 119 : 418 – 21 .
  • Karanis , P , Plutzer , J , Halim , N A , Igori , K , Nagasawa , H , Ongerth , J and Liqing , M . 2007 . Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium from animal sources in Qinghai province of China . Parasitology Research , 101 : 1575 – 80 .
  • Kennedy , G A , Kreitner , G L and Strafuss , A C . 1977 . Cryptosporidiosis in three pigs . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 170 : 348 – 50 .
  • Kik , M J , van Asten , A J , Lenstra , J A and Kirpensteijn , J . 2011 . Cloaca prolapse and cystitis in green iguana (Iguana iguana) caused by a novel Cryptosporidium species . Veterinary Parasitology , 175 : 165 – 7 .
  • Koudela , B and Jiři , V . 1997 . Experimental cryptosporidiosis in kids . Veterinary Parasitology , 71 : 273 – 81 .
  • Koudela , B and Modrý , D . 1998 . New species of Cryptosporidium (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from lizards . Folia Parasitologica , 45 : 93 – 103 .
  • Kváč , M and Vítovec , J . 2003 . Prevalence and pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium andersoni in one herd of beef cattle . Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health , 50 : 451 – 7 .
  • Kváč , M , Kouba , M and Vítovec , J . 2006 . Age-related and housing-dependence of Cryptosporidium infection of calves from dairy and beef herds in South Bohemia, Czech Republic . Veterinary Parasitology , 137 : 202 – 9 .
  • Kváč , M , Sak , B , Kvetonová , D , Ditrich , O , Hofmannová , L , Modrý , D , Vítovec , J and Xiao , L . 2008 . Infectivity, pathogenicity, and genetic characteristics of mammalian gastric Cryptosporidium spp. in domestic ruminants . Veterinary Parasitology , 153 : 363 – 7 .
  • Kváč , M , Hanzlíková , D , Sak , B and Kvetonová , D . 2009 . Prevalence and age-related infection of Cryptosporidium suis, C. muris and Cryptosporidium pig genotype II in pigs on a farm complex in the Czech Republic . Veterinary Parasitology , 160 : 319 – 22 .
  • Lent , S F , Burkhardt , J E and Bolka , D . 1993 . Coincident enteric cryptosporidiosis and lymphosarcoma in a cat with diarrhoea . Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association , 29 : 492 – 6 .
  • Levy , MG , Ley , D H , Barnes , H J , Gerig , T M and Corbett , W T . 1988 . Experimental cryptosporidiosis and infectious bursal disease virus infection of specific-pathogen-free chickens . Avian Diseases , 32 : 803 – 11 .
  • Lindsay , D S , Blagburn , B L and Hoerr , F J . 1987 . Experimentally induced infections in turkeys with Cryptosporidium baileyi isolated from chickens . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 48 : 104 – 8 .
  • Lindsay , D S , Blagburn , B L , Sundermann , C A and Giambrone , J J . 1988 . Effect of broiler chicken age on susceptibility to experimentally induced Cryptosporidium baileyi infection . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 49 : 1412 – 4 .
  • *Lindsay , D S and Blagburn , B L . 1990 . “ Cryptosporidiosis in birds ” . In Cryptosporidiosis in man and animals , Edited by: Dubey , J P , Speer , C A and Fayer , R. 133 – 148 . Boca Raton , , FL, USA : CRC Press .
  • Lindsay , D S , Upton , S J , Owens , D S , Morgan , U M , Mead , J R and Blagburn , B L . 2000 . Cryptosporidium andersoni n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporiidae) from cattle, Bostaurus . The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology , 47 : 91 – 95 .
  • López-Urbina , M T , González , A E , Gomez-Puerta , L A , Romero-Arbizu , M A , Perales-Camacho , R A , Rojo-Vazquez , F A , Xiao , L and Cama , V . 2009 . Prevalence of neonatal cryptosporidiosis in andean alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Peru . The open Parasitology Journal , 3 : 9 – 13 .
  • Lorenz , I , Fagan , J and More , S J . 2011 . Calf health from birth to weaning. II. Management of diarrhoea in pre-weaned calves . Irish Veterinary Journal , 64 : 9
  • Lorino , T , Daudin , J J , Robin , S and Sanaa , M . 2005 . Factors associated with time to neonatal diarrhoea in French beef calves . Preventive Veterinary Medicine , 68 : 91 – 102 .
  • Lupo , P J , Langer-Curry , R C , Robinson , M , Okhuysen , P C and Chappell , C L . 2008 . Cryptosporidium muris in a Texas canine population . The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 78 : 917 – 21 .
  • Maddox-Hyttel , C , Langkjær , R B , Enemark , H L and Vigre , H . 2006 . Cryptosporidium and Giardia in different age groups of Danish cattle and pigs-occurrence and management associated risk factors . Veterinary Parasitology , 141 : 48 – 59 .
  • Majewska , A C , Werner , A , Sulima , P and Luty , T . 1999 . Survey on equine cryptosporidiosis in Poland and the possibility of zoonotic transmission . Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine , 6 : 161 – 5 .
  • Majewska , A C , Werner , A , Sulima , P and Luty , T . 2000 . Prevalence of Cryptosporidium in sheep and goats bred on five farms in west-central region of Poland . Veterinary Parasitology , 89 : 269 – 75 .
  • Majewska , A C , Solarczyk , P , Tamang , L and Graczyk , T K . 2004 . Equine Cryptosporidium parvum infections in western Poland . Parasitology Research , 93 : 274 – 8 .
  • Makino , I , Abe , N and Reavill , D R . 2010 . Cryptosporidium avian genotype III as a possible causative agent of chronic vomiting in peach-faced lovebirds (Agapornisroseicollis) . Avian Diseases , 54 : 1102 – 7 .
  • Marcé , C , Guatteo , R , Bareille , N and Fourichon , C . 2010 . Dairy calf housing systems across Europe and risk for calf infectious diseases . Animal , 4 : 1588 – 96 .
  • Mason , R W , Hartley , W J and Tilt , L . 1981 . Intestinal cryptosporidiosis in a kid goat . Australian Veterinary Journal , 57 : 386 – 8 .
  • Masuno , K , Yanai , T , Hirata , A , Yonemaru , K , Sakai , H , Satoh , M , Masegi , T and Nakai , Y . 2006 . Morphological and immunohistochemical features of Cryptosporidium andersoni in cattle . Veterinary Pathology , 43 : 202 – 7 .
  • McKenzie , D M and Diffay , B C . 2000 . Diarrhoea associated with cryptosporidial oocyst shedding in a quaeterhorse stallion . Australian Veterinary Journal , 78 : 27 – 28 .
  • McKenzie , E , Riehl , J , Banse , H , Kass , P H , Nelson , S Jr and Marks , S L . 2010 . Prevalence of diarrhoea and enteropathogens in racing sled dogs . Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine , 24 : 97 – 103 .
  • McLauchlin , J , Amar , C , Pedraza-Diaz , S and Nichols , G L . 2000 . Molecular epidemiological analysis of Cryptosporidium in the United Kingdom: results of genotyping Cryptosporidium in 1,705 fecal samples from humans and 105 fecal samples from livestock animals . Journal of Clinical Microbiology , 38 : 3984 – 90 .
  • Miller , D L , Liggett , A , Radi , Z A and Branch , L O . 2003 . Gastrointestinal cryptosporidiosis in a puppy . Veterinary Parasitology , 115 : 199 – 204 .
  • Molina-López , R A , Ramis , A , Martin-Vazquez , S , Gomez-Couso , H , Ares-Mazas , E , Caccio , S M , Leiva , M and Darwich , L . 2010 . Cryptosporidium baileyi infection associated with an outbreak of ocular and respiratory disease in otus owls (Otusscops) in a rehabilitation centre . Avian Pathology , 39 : 171 – 6 .
  • Monticello , T M , Levy , M G , Bunch , S E and Fairly , R A . 1987 . Cryptosporidiosis in a feline leukaemia virus-positive cat . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 191 : 705 – 6 .
  • Moon , H V and Bemrick , W J . 1981 . Fecal transmission of calf cryptosporidia between calves and pigs . Veterinary Pathology , 18 : 248 – 55 .
  • Morgan , U M , Sargent , K D , Desplazes , P , Forbes , D A , Spano , F , Hertzberg , H , Elliot , A and Thompson , R CA . 1998 . Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium from various hosts . Parasitology , 117 : 31 – 37 .
  • Morgan , U M , Xiao , L , Fayer , R , Graczyk , T K , Lal , A A , Deplazes , P and Thompson , R C . 1999 . Phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium isolates from captive reptiles using 18S rDNA sequence data and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis . Journal of Parasitology , 85 : 525 – 30 .
  • Mtambo , M M , Nash , A S , Blewett , D A , Smith , H V and Wright , S . 1991 . Cryptosporidium infection in cats: prevalence of infection in domestic and feral cats in the Glasgow area . Veterinary Record , 129 : 502 – 4 .
  • Mueller-Doblies , D , Giles , M , Elwin , K , Smith , R P , Clifton-Hadley , F A and Chalmers , R M . 2008 . Distribution of Cryptosporidium species in sheep in the UK . Veterinary Parasitology , 154 : 214 – 9 .
  • Muñoz , M , Alvarez , M , Lanza , I and Carmenes , P . 1996 . Role of enteric pathogens in the aetiology of neonatal diarrhoea in lambs and goat kids in Spain . Epidemiology and Infection , 117 : 203 – 11 .
  • Nakamura , K and Abe , F . 1988 . *Non-peer-reviewed Respiratory (especially pulmonary) and urinary infections of Cryptosporidium in layer chickens. 1988 . Avian Pathology , 17 : 703 – 11 .
  • Nash , A S , Mtambo , M MA and Gibbs , H A . 1993 . Cryptosporidium infection in farm cats in the Glasgow area . Veterinary Record , 133 : 576 – 7 .
  • Navarro-i-Martinez , L , da Silva , A J , Bornay-Llinares , F J , Moura , I N , del Aguila , C , Oleaga , A and Pieniazek , N J . 2007 . Detection and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium bovis-like isolate from a newborn lamb in Spain . Journal of Parasitology , 93 : 1536 – 8 .
  • Noordeen , F , Rajapakse , R P , Faizal , A C , Horadagoda , N U and Arulkanthan , A . 2000 . Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in goats in selected locations in three agroclimatic zones of Sri Lanka . Veterinary Parasitology , 93 : 95 – 101 .
  • Noordeen , F , Faizal , A C , Rajapakse , R P , Horadagoda , N U and Arulkanthan , A . 2001 . Excretion of Cryptosporidium oocysts by goats in relation to age and season in the dry zone of Sri Lanka . Veterinary Parasitology , 99 : 79 – 85 .
  • Noordeen , F , Horadagoda , N U , Faizal , A C , Rajapakse , R P , Razak , M A and Arulkanthan , A . 2002 . Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum isolated from asymptomatic adult goats to mice and goat kids . Veterinary Parasitology , 103 : 217 – 25 .
  • Núñez , A , McNeilly , F , Perea , A , Sánchez-Cordón , P J , Huerta , B , Allan , G and Carrasco , L . 2003 . Coinfection by Cryptosporidium parvum and porcine circovirus type 2 in weaned pigs . Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health , 50 : 255 – 8 .
  • O'Handley , R M , Cockwill , C , McAllister , T A , Jelinski , M , Morck , D W and Olson , M E . 1999 . Duration of naturally acquired giardiosis and cryptosporidiosis in dairy calves and their association with diarrhoea . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 214 : 391 – 6 .
  • Olson , M E , Guselle , N J , O'Handley , R M , Swift , M L , McAllister , T A , Jelinski , M D and Morck , D W . 1997 . Giardia and Cryptosporidium in dairy calves in British Columbia . Canadian Veterinary Journal , 38 : 703 – 6 .
  • Ortega-Mora , L M , Requejo-Fernández , J A , Pilar-Izquierdo , M and Pereira-Bueno , J . 1999 . Role of adult sheep in transmission of infection by Cryptosporidium parvum to lambs: confirmation of periparturient rise . International Journal for Parasitology , 29 : 1261 – 8 .
  • Pagès-Manté , A , Pagès-Bosch , M , Majó-Masferrer , N , Gómez-Couso , H and Ares-Mazás , E . 2007 . An outbreak of disease associated with cryptosporidia on a red-legged partridge (Alectorisrufa) game farm . Avian Pathology , 36 : 275 – 8 .
  • Panciera , R J , Thomassen , R W and Garner , F M . 1971 . Cryptosporidial infection in a calf . Veterinary Pathology , 8 : 479 – 84 .
  • Paoletti , B , Giangaspero , A , Gatti , A , Iorio , R , Cembalo , D , Milillo , P and Traversa , D . 2009 . Immunoenzymatic analysis and genetic detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in lambs from Italy . Experimental Parasitology , 122 : 349 – 52 .
  • Pasmans , F , Blahak , S , Martel , A and Pantchev , N . 2008 . Introducing reptiles into a captive collection: the role of the veterinarian . Veterinary Journal , 175 : 53 – 68 .
  • Paraud , C , Pors , I and Chartier , C . 2010 . Evaluation of oral tilmicosin efficacy against severe cryptosporidiosis in neonatal kids under field conditions . Veterinary Parasitology , 170 : 149 – 52 .
  • Pavlasek , I and Ryan , U . 2007 . The first finding of natural infection of Cryptosporidium muris in a cat . Veterinary Parasitology , 144 : 349 – 52 .
  • Pavlasek , I and Ryan , U . 2008 . Cryptosporidium varanii takes precedence over C. saurophilum . Experimental Parasitology , 118 : 434 – 7 .
  • Perrucci , S , Buggiani , C , Sgorbini , M , Cerchiai , I , Otranto , D and Traversa , D . 2011 . 2011. Cryptosporidium parvum infection in a mare and her foal with foal heat diarrhoea . Veterinary Parasitology , 182 : 333 – 6 .
  • Pritchard , G C , Marshall , J A , Giles , M , Chalmers , R M and Marshall , R N . 2007 . Cryptosporidium parvum infection in orphan lambs on a farm open to the public . Veterinary Record , 161 : 11 – 14 .
  • Qi , M , Wang , R , Ning , C , Li , X , Zhang , L , Jian , F , Sun , Y and Xiao , L . 2011 . Cryptosporidium spp. in pet birds: genetic diversity and potential public health significance . Experimental Parasitology , 128 : 336 – 40 .
  • Quílez , J , Sánches-Acedo , C , Clavel , A , del Cacho , E and López-Bernad , F . 1996 . Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infections in pigs in Aragón (north-eastern Spain) . Veterinary Parasitology , 67 : 83 – 88 .
  • Quílez , J , Torres , E , Chalmers , R M , Hadfield , S J , Del Cacho , E and Sánchez-Acedo , C . 2008 . Cryptosporidium genotypes and subtypes in lambs and goat kids in Spain . Applied Environmental Microbiology , 74 : 6026 – 31 .
  • Ralston , B , Thompson , R C , Pethick , D , McAllister , T A and Olson , M E . 2010 . Cryptosporidium andersoni in Western Australian feedlot cattle . Australian Veterinary Journal , 88 : 458 – 60 .
  • Rambozzi , L , Menzano , A , Mannelli , A , Romano , S and Isaia , M C . 2007 . Prevalence of cryptosporidian infection in cats in Turin and analysis of risk factors . Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery , 9 : 392 – 6 .
  • Randall , C J . 1986 . Renal and nasal cryptosporidiosis in a junglefowl (Gallus sonneratii) . Veterinary Record , 119 : 130 – 1 .
  • Robertson , L J , Gjerde , B K and Furuseth Hansen , E . 2010 . The zoonotic potential of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Norwegian sheep: a longitudinal investigation of 6 flocks of lambs . Veterinary Parasitology , 171 : 140 – 5 .
  • Ryan , U , Xiao , L , Read , C , Zhou , L , Lal , A A and Pavlasek , I . 2003a . Identification of novel Cryptosporidium genotypes from the Czech Republic . Applied Environmental Microbiology , 69 : 4302 – 7 .
  • Ryan , U M , Xiao , L , Read , C , Sulaiman , I M , Monis , P , Lal , A A , Fayer , R and Pavlasek , I . 2003b . A redescription of Cryptosporidium galli Pavlasek, 1999 (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from birds . Journal of Parasitology , 89 : 809 – 13 .
  • Ryan , U M , Bath , C , Robertson , I , Read , C , Elliot , A , Mcinnes , L , Traub , R and Besier , B . 2005 . Sheep may not be an important zoonotic reservoir for Cryptosporidium and Giardia parasites . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 71 : 4992 – 7 .
  • Ryan , U . 2010 . Cryptosporidium in birds, fish and amphibians . Experimental Parasitology , 124 : 113 – 20 .
  • Sanford , S E and Josephson , G K . 1982 . Bovine cryptosporidiosis: clinical and pathological findings in forty-two scouring neonatal calves . Canadian Veterinary Journal , 23 : 343 – 7 .
  • Santín , M , Trout , J M , Xiao , L , Zhou , L , Greiner , E and Fayer , R . 2004 . Prevalence and age-related variation of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in dairy calves . Veterinary Parasitology , 122 : 103 – 17 .
  • Santín , M , Trout , J M and Fayer , R . 2007 . Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species and genotypes in sheep in Maryland . Veterinary Parasitology , 146 : 17 – 24 .
  • *Santín , M and Trout , J M . 2008a . “ Livestock ” . In Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis , Edited by: Fayer , R and Xiao , L . 451 – 83 . Boca Raton, FL, USA : CRC Press .
  • *Santín , M and Trout , J M . 2008b . “ Companion animals ” . In Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis , Edited by: Fayer , R and Xiao , L . 437 – 50 . Boca Raton , , FL, USA : CRC Press .
  • Santín , M , Trout , J M and Fayer , R . 2008 . A longitudinal study of cryptosporidiosis in dairy cattle from birth to 2 years of age . Veterinary Parasitology , 155 : 15 – 23 .
  • Sari , B , Arslan , M O , Gicik , Y , Kara , M and Taşçi , G T . 2009 . The prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in diarrhoeic lambs in Kars province and potential risk factors . Tropical Animal Health and Production , 41 : 819 – 26 .
  • Schnyder , M , Kohler , L , Hemphill , A and Deplazes , P . 2009 . Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of nitazoxanide against Cryptosporidium parvum in experimentally challenged neonatal calves . Veterinary Parasitology , 160 : 149 – 54 .
  • Scorza , A V , Brewer , M M and Lappin , M R . 2003 . Polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in cat feces . Journal of Parasitology , 89 : 423 – 6 .
  • Sevinç , F , Şimşek , A and Uslu , U . 2005 . Massive Cryptosporidium parvum infection associated with an outbreak of diarrhoea in neonatal goat kids . Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , 29 : 1317 – 20 .
  • Shen , Y , Yin , J , Yuan , Z , Lu , W , Xu , Y , Xiao , L and Cao , J . 2011 . The identification of the Cryptosporidium ubiquitum in pre-weaned ovines from Aba Tibetan and Qiang autonomous prefecture in China . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences , 24 : 315 – 20 .
  • da Silva , D C , Homem , C G , Nakamura , A A , Teixeira , W F , Perri , S H and Meireles , M V . 2010 . Physical, epidemiological, and molecular evaluation of infection by Cryptosporidium galli in Passeriformes . Parasitology Research , 107 : 271 – 7 .
  • Singh , B B , Sharma , R , Kumar , H , Banga , H S , Aulakh , R S , Gill , J P and Sharma , J K . 2006 . Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in Punjab (India) and its association with diarrhoea in neonatal dairy calves . Veterinary Parasitology , 140 : 162 – 5 .
  • Slavin , D . 1955 . Cryptosporidium meleagridis (sp. nov.) . Journal of Comparative Pathology , 65 : 262 – 6 .
  • Snodgrass , D R , Angus , K W and Gray , W W . 1984 . Experimental cryptosporidiosis in germfree lambs . Journal of Comparative Pathology , 94 : 141 – 52 .
  • Snyder , S P , England , J J and McChesney , A E . 1978 . Cryptosporidiosis in immunodeficient Arabian foals . Veterinary Pathology , 15 : 12 – 17 .
  • Sréter , T , Varga , I and Békési , L . 1995 . Age-dependent resistance to Cryptosporidium baileyi infection in chickens . Journal of Parasitology , 81 : 827 – 9 .
  • Starkey , S R , Johnson , A L , Ziegler , P E and Mohammed , H O . 2007 . An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis among alpaca crias and their human caregivers . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 231 : 1562 – 7 .
  • Sturdee , A P , Bodley-Tickell , A T , Archer , A. and Chalmers , R M . 2003 . Long-term study of Cryptosporidium prevalence on lowland farm in the United Kingdom . Veterinary Parasitology , 116 : 97 – 113 .
  • Suárez-Luengas , L , Clavel , A , Quílez , J , Goñi-Cepero , M P , Torres , E , Sánchez-Acedo , C and del Cacho , E . 2007 . Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates from pigs in Zaragoza (north-eastern Spain) . Veterinary Parasitology , 148 : 231 – 5 .
  • Sweeny , J P , Ryan , U M , Robertson , I D , Yang , R , Bell , K and Jacobson , C . 2011a . Longitudinal investigation of protozoan parasites in meat lamb farms in southern Western Australia . Preventive Veterinary Medicine , 101 : 192 – 203 .
  • Sweeny , J P , Ryan , U M , Robertson , I D and Jacobson , C . 2011b . Cryptosporidium and Giardia associated with reduced lamb carcase productivity . Veterinary Parasitology , 182 : 127 – 39 .
  • Trampel , D W , Pepper , T M and Blagburn , B L . 2000 . Urinary tract *Non-peer-reviewed cryptosporidiosis in commercial laying hens . Avian Disease , 44 : 479 – 84 .
  • Trotz-Williams , L. A , Jarvie , B D , Martin , S W , Leslie , K E and Peregrine , A S . 2005 . Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in south western Ontario and its association with diarrhoea in neonatal dairy calves . Canadian Veterinary Journal , 46 : 349 – 51 .
  • Tůmová , E , Skrivan , M , Marounek , M , Pavlásek , I and Ledvinka , Z . 2002 . Performance and oocyst shedding in broiler chickens orally infected with Cryptosporidium baileyi and Cryptosporidium meleagridis . Avian Diseases , 46 : 203 – 7 .
  • Turnwald , G H , Barta , O , Taylor , H W , Kreeger , J , Coleman , S U and Pourciau , S S . 1988 . Cryptosporidiosis associated with immunosuppression attributable to distemper in a pup . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 192 : 79 – 81 .
  • Twomey , D F , Barlow , A M , Bell , S , Chalmers , R M , Elwin , K , Giles , M , Higgins , R J , Robinson , G and Stringer , R M . 2008 . Cryptosporidiosis in two alpaca (Lama pacos) holdings in the South-West of England . The Veterinary Journal , 175 : 419 – 22 .
  • Tyzzer , E E . 1912 . Cryptosporidium parvum (sp. nov.), a coccidium found in the small intestine of the common mouse . Archivfür Protistenkunde , 26 : 394 – 412 .
  • Tyzzer , E E . 1929 . Coccidiosis in gallinaceous birds . American Journal of Hygiene , 10 : 269 – 383 .
  • Tzipori , S , Angus , K W , Campbell , I and Gray , E W . 1980 . Cryptosporidium: evidence for a single-species genus . Infection and Immunity , 30 : 884 – 6 .
  • Tzipori , S , McCartney , E , Lawson , G H , Rowland , A C and Campbell , I . 1981 . Experimental infection of piglets with Cryptosporidium . Research in Veterinary Sciences , 31 : 358 – 68 .
  • Tzipori , S , Smith , M , Halpin , C , Angus , K W , Sherwood , D and Campbell , I . 1983 . Experimental cryptosporidiosis in calves: clinical manifestations and pathological findings . Veterinary Record , 112 : 116 – 20 .
  • Veronesi , F , Passamonti , F , Cacciò , S , Diaferia , M and PiergiliFioretti , D . 2010 . Epidemiological survey on equine Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in Italy and molecular characterization of isolates . Zoonoses Public Health , 57 : 510 – 7 .
  • Vieira , L S , Silva , M B , Tolentino , A C , Lima , J D and Silva , A C . 1997 . Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in dairy goats in Brazil . Veterinary Record , 140 : 427 – 8 .
  • Vitovec , J and Koudela , B . 1992 . Pathogenesis of intestinal cryptosporidiosis in conventional and gnotobiotic piglets . Veterinary Parasitology , 43 : 25 – 36 .
  • Vitovec , J , Hamadejová , K , Landová , L , Kváč , M , Kvetonová , D and Sak , B . 2006 . Prevalence and pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium suis in pre- and post-weaned pigs . Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health , 53 : 239 – 43 .
  • Waitt , L H , Cebra , C K , Firshman , A M , McKenzie , E C and Schlipf , J W Jr. 2008 . Cryptosporidiosis in 20 alpaca crias . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 233 : 294 – 8 .
  • Wang , R , Qi , M , Jingjing , Z , Sun , D , Ning , C , Zhao , J , Zhang , L and Xiao , L . 2011 . Prevalence of Cryptosporidium baileyi in ostriches (Struthiocamelus) in Zhengzhou, China . Veterinary Parasitology , 175 : 151 – 4 .
  • Whitehead , C E and Anderson , D E . 2006 . Neonatal diarrhoea in llamas and alpacas . Small Ruminant Research , 61 : 207 – 15 .
  • Willard , M D and Bouley , D . 1999 . Cryptosporidiosis, coccidiosis, and total colonic mucosal collapse in an immunosuppressed puppy . Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association , 35 : 405 – 9 .
  • Wilson , R B , Holscher , M A and Lyle , S J . 1983 . Cryptosporidiosis in a pup . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 183 : 1005 – 6 .
  • Xiao , L . 2010 . Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: an update . Experimental Parasitology , 124 : 80 – 89 .
  • Xiao , L and Herd , R P . 1994 . Epidemiology of equine Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections . Equine Veterinary Journal , 26 : 14 – 17 .
  • Xiao , L , Herd , R P and McClure , K E . 1994 . Periparturient rise in the excretion of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts as a source of infection for lambs . Journal of Parasitology , 80 : 55 – 59 .
  • Xiao , L , Ryan , U M , Graczyk , T K , Limor , J , Li , L , Kombert , M , Junge , R , Sulaiman , I M , Zhou , L , Arrowood , M J , Koudela , B , Modrý , D and Lal , A A . 2004 . Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in captive reptiles . Applied Environmental Microbiology , 70 : 891 – 9 .
  • Yang , R , Jacobson , C , Gordon , C and Ryan , U . 2009 . Prevalence and molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species in pre-weaned sheep in Australia . Veterinary Parasitology , 161 : 19 – 24 .
  • Yoshiuchi , R , Matsubayashi , M , Kimata , I , Furuya , M , Tani , H and Sasai , K . 2010 . Survey and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in owned companion animal, dogs and cats, in Japan . Veterinary Parasitology , 174 : 313 – 6 .
  • van Zeeland , Y R , Schoemaker , N J , Kik , M J and van der Giessend , J W . 2008 . Upper respiratory tract infection caused by Cryptosporidium baileyi in three mixed-bred falcons (Falco rusticolus x Falco cherrug) . Avian Disease , 52 : 357 – 63 .
  • Zintl , A , Neville , D , Maguire , D , Fanning , S , Mulcahy , G , Smith , H V and De Waal , T . 2007 . Prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in intensively farmed pigs in Ireland . Parasitology , 134 : 1575 – 82 .
  • Zylan , K , Bailey , T , Smith , H V , Silvanose , C , Kinne , J , Schuster , R K and Hyland , K . 2008 . An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in a collection of Stone curlews (Burhinusoedicnemus) in Dubai . Avian Pathology , 37 : 521 – 6 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.