Prevalence of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis and S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus in a sample of healthy dogs, cats and horses

References

• Abbott Y, Acke E, Khan S, Muldoon EG, Markey BK, Pinilla M, Leonard FC, Steward K, Waller A. Zoonotic transmission of Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus from a dog to a handler. Journal of Medical Microbiology 59, 120–3, 2010 doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.012930-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acke E, Abbott Y, Pinilla M, Markey BK, Leonard FC. Isolation of Streptococcus zooepidemicus from three dogs in close contact with horses. Veterinary Record 167, 102–3, 2010 doi: 10.1136/vr.c3207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailie WE, Stowe EC, Schmitt AM. Aerobic bacterial flora of oral and nasal fluids of canines with reference to bacteria associated with bites. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 7, 223–31, 1978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barquero N, Chanter N, Laxton R, Wood JLN, Newton JR. Molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus zooepidemicus isolated from the respiratory tracts of Thoroughbred racehorses in training. Veterinary Journal 183, 348–51, 2010 doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.12.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biberstein EL, Brown C, Smith T. Serogroups and biotypes among beta-hemolytic Streptococci of canine origin. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 11, 558–61, 1980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum S, Elad D, Zukin N, Lysnyansky I, Weisblith L, Perl S, Netanel O, David D. Outbreak of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infections in cats. Veterinary Microbiology 144, 236–9, 2010 doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt CM, Spellerberg B. Human infections due to Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 49, 766–72, 2009 doi: 10.1086/605085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britton AP, Davies JL. Rhinitis and meningitis in two shelter cats caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus. Journal of Comparative Pathology 143, 70–4, 2010 doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer MC, Kasanmoentalib ES, Opstelten FWJ, van der Ende A, van de Beek D. A horse bite to remember. Lancet 376, 1194, 2010 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60965-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byun JW, Yoon SS, Woo GH, Jung BY, Joo YS. An outbreak of fatal hemorrhagic pneumonia caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in shelter dogs. Journal of Veterinary Science 10, 269–71, 2009 doi: 10.4142/jvs.2009.10.3.269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalker VJ, Brooks HW, Brownlie J. The association of Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus with canine infectious respiratory disease. Veterinary Microbiology 95, 149–56, 2003 doi: 10.1016/S0378-1135(03)00155-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Cowan ST, Steel KJ. Characters of Gram positive bacteria. In: Barrow GI, Feltham RKA (eds). Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. 3rd Edtn. Pp 60–1. Cambridge University Press, London, UK, 2003
   Google Scholar
• Devriese LA, Colque JIC, Deherdt P, Haesebrouck F. Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and Streptococcal flora of dogs and cats. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 73, 421–5, 1992 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb04998.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elsayed S, Hammerberg O, Massey V, Hussain Z. Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (Lancefield group C) meningitis in a child. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 9, 869–72, 2003 doi: 10.1046/j.1469-0691.2003.00663.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erol E, Locke SJ, Donahoe JK, Mackin MA, Carter CN. Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus spp. from horses: a retrospective study (2000–2010). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 24, 142–7, 2012
   Google Scholar
• Eyre DW, Kenkre JS, Bowler ICJW, McBride SJ. Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus meningitis-a case report and review of the literature. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 29, 1459–63, 2010 doi: 10.1007/s10096-010-1037-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garnett NL, Eydelloth RS, Swindle MM, Vonderfecht SL, Strandberg JD, Luzarraga MB. Hemorrhagic streptococcal pneumonia in newly procured research dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 181, 1371–4, 1982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden MTG, Heather Z, Paillot R, Steward KF, Webb K, Ainslie F, Jourdan T, Bason NC, Holroyd NE, Mungall K, et al. Genomic evidence for the evolution of Streptococcus equi: host restriction, increased virulence, and genetic exchange with human pathogens. PloS Pathogens 5, e1000346, 2009 doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolley KA, Maiden MCJ. BIGSdb: Scalable analysis of bacterial genome variation at the population level. BMC Bioinformatics 11, 595–605, 2010 doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-11-595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jovanovic M, Stevanovic G, Tosic T, Stosovic B, Zervos MJ. Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus meningitis. Journal of Medical Microbiology 57, 373–5, 2008 doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.47487-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MK, Jee H, Shin SW, Lee BC, Pakhrin B, Yoo HS, Yoon JH, Kim DY. Outbreak and control of haemorrhagic pneumonia due to Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus in dogs. Veterinary Record 161, 528–30, 2007 doi: 10.1136/vr.161.15.528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladlow J, Scase T, Waller A. Canine strangles case reveals a new host susceptible to infection with Streptococcus equi. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 44, 2664–5, 2006 doi: 10.1128/JCM.00571-06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamm CG, Ferguson AC, Lehenbauer TW, Love BC. Streptococcal infection in dogs: A retrospective study of 393 cases. Veterinary Pathology 47, 387–95, 2010 doi: 10.1177/0300985809359601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laus F, Preziuso S, Spaterna A, Beribe F, Tesei B, Cuteri V. Clinical and epidemiological investigation of chronic upper respiratory diseases caused by beta-haemolytic Streptococci in horses. Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 30, 247–60, 2007 doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavoie JP, Couture L, Higgins R, Laverty S. Aerobic bacterial isolates in horses in a university hospital, 1986–1988. Canadian Veterinary Journal-Revue Veterinaire Canadienne 32, 292–4, 1991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindahl SB, Aspan A, Baverud V, Paillot R, Pringle J, Rash NL, Soderlund R, Waller AS. Outbreak of upper respiratory disease in horses caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus ST-24. Veterinary Microbiology 166, 281–5, 2013 doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Vaquero P, da Costa RC, Daniels JB. Presumptive meningoencephalitis secondary to extension of otitis media/interna caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus in a cat. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 13, 606–9, 2011 doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2011.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matz-Rensing K, Winkelmann J, Becker T, Burckhardt I, van der Linden M, Kondgen S, Leendertz F, Kaup FJ. Outbreak of Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus infection in a group of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Journal of Medical Primatology 38, 328–34, 2009 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2009.00359.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messam LLM, Branscum AJ, Collins MT, Gardner, IA. Frequentist and Bayesian approaches to prevalence estimation using examples from Johne's disease. Animal Health Research Reviews 9, 1–23, 2008 doi: 10.1017/S1466252307001314
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newton JR, Laxton R, Wood JLN, Chanter N. Molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection in naturally occurring equine respiratory disease. Veterinary Journal 175, 338–45, 2008 doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.02.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North SE, Wakeley PR, Mayo N, Mayers J, Sawyer J. Development of a real-time PCR to detect Streptococcus equi subspecies equi. Equine Veterinary Journal 46, 56–9, 2014 doi: 10.1111/evj.12088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan W. Akaike's information criterion in generalized estimating equations. Biometrics, 57, 120–5, 2001 doi: 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2001.00120.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pesavento PA, Hurley KF, Bannasch MJ, Artiushin S, Timoney JF. A clonal outbreak of acute fatal hemorrhagic pneumonia in intensively housed (shelter) dogs caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Veterinary Pathology 45, 51–3, 2008 doi: 10.1354/vp.45-1-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popescu GA, Fuerea R, Benea E. Meningitis due to an unusual human pathogen: Streptococcus equi subspecies equi. Southern Medical Journal 99, 190–1, 2006 doi: 10.1097/01.smj.0000198265.82867.a3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preziuso S, Laus F, Tejeda AR, Valente C, Cuteri V. Detection of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis in equine nasopharyngeal swabs by PCR. Journal of Veterinary Science 11, 67–72, 2010 doi: 10.4142/jvs.2010.11.1.67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preziuso S, Pinho MD, Attili AR, Melo-Cristino J, Acke E, Midwinter AC, Cuteri V, Ramirez M. PCR based differentiation between Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis strains isolated from humans and horses. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 37, 169–72, 2014 doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2014.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priestnall S, Erles K. Streptococcus zooepidemicus: An emerging canine pathogen. Veterinary Journal 188, 142–8, 2011 doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.04.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priestnall SL, Erles K, Brooks HW, Cardwell JM, Waller AS, Paillot R, Robinson C, Darby AC, Holden MT, Schoniger S. Characterization of pneumonia due to Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in dogs. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, 1790–6, 2010 doi: 10.1128/CVI.00188-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JE. The aerobic bacteria of the nose and tonsils of healthy dogs. Journal of Comparative Pathology 71, 428–33, 1961 doi: 10.1016/S0368-1742(61)80047-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegelhalter DJ, Thomas A, Best NG. Computation on Bayesian graphical models. Bayesian Statistics, 5, 407–25, 1996
   Google Scholar
• Timoney JF. The pathogenic equine streptococci. Veterinary Research 35, 397–409, 2004 doi: 10.1051/vetres:2004025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandamme P, Pot B, Falsen E, Kersters K, Devriese LA. Taxonomic study of Lancefield Streptococcal groups C, G, and L (Streptococcus dysgalactiae) and proposal of S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis subsp. nov. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 46, 774–8, 1996 doi: 10.1099/00207713-46-3-774
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Webb K, Jolley KA, Mitchell Z, Robinson C, Newton JR, Maiden MCJ, Waller A. Development of an unambiguous and discriminatory multilocus sequence typing scheme for the Streptococcus zooepidemicus group. Microbiology-Sgm 154, 3016–24, 2008 doi: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/018911-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb K, Barker C, Harrison T, Heather Z, Steward KF, Robinson C, Newton JR, Waller A. Detection of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi using a triplex qPCR assay. Veterinary Journal 195, 300–4, 2013 doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson EB. Probable inference, the law of succession, and statistical inference. Journal of the American Statistical Association 22, 209–12, 1927 doi: 10.1080/01621459.1927.10502953
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar