Does blood contamination of urine compromise interpretation of the urine protein to creatinine ratio in dogs?

References

• Bagley RS, Center SA, Lewis RM, Shin S, Dougherty SA, Randolph JF, Erb H. The effect of experimental cystitis and iatrogenic blood contamination on the urine protein/creatinine ratio in the dog. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 5, 66–70, 1991 doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1991.tb00933.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels H, Bohmer M, Heierli C. Serum creatinine determination without protein precipitation. Clinica Chimica Acta 37, 193–7, 1972 doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(72)90432-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatrice L, Nizi F, Callegari D, Paltrinieri S, Zini E, D'Ippolito P, Zatelli A. Comparison of urine protein-to-creatinine ratio in urine samples collected by cystocentesis versus free catch in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 236, 1221–4, 2010 doi: 10.2460/javma.236.11.1221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown LD, Cai TT, DasGupta A. Interval estimation for a binomial proportion. Statistical Science 16, 101–17, 2001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunker J. Protein-losing nephropathy. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 27, 686–94, 2005
   Google Scholar
• Center SA, Wilkinson E, Smith CA, Erb H, Lewis RM. 24-hour urine protein creatinine ratio in dogs with protein-losing nephropathies. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 187, 820–4, 1985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cianciolo R, Hokamp J, Nabity M. Advances in the evaluation of canine renal disease. Veterinary Journal 215, 21–9, 2016 doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.04.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grauer GF. Canine glomerulonephritis: new thoughts on proteinuria and treatment. Journal of Small Animal Practice 46, 469–78, 2005 doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2005.tb00275.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grauer GF, Thomas CB, Eicker SW. Estimation of quantitative proteinuria in the dog, using the urine protein-to-creatinine ratio from a random, voided sample. American Journal of Veterinary Research 46, 2116–9, 1985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn-Christie RG, Flatland B, Friedrichs KR, Szladovits B, Harr KE, Ruotsalo K, Knoll JS, Wamsley HL, Freeman KP. Asvcp quality assurance guidelines: control of preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical factors for urinalysis, cytology, and clinical chemistry in veterinary laboratories. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 41, 18–26, 2012 doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2012.00412.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harley L, Langston C. Proteinuria in dogs and cats. Canadian Veterinary Journal-Revue Veterinaire Canadienne 53, 631–8, 2012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwata J, Nishikaze O. New micro-turbidimetric method for determination of protein in cerebrospinal fluid and urine. Clinical Chemistry 25, 1317–9, 1979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob F, Polzin DJ, Osborne CA, Neaton JD, Kirk CA, Allen TA, Swanson LL. Evaluation of the association between initial proteinuria and morbidity rate or death in dogs with naturally occurring chronic renal failure. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 226, 393–400, 2005 doi: 10.2460/javma.2005.226.393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen BS, Lumsden JH. Sensitivity of routine tests for urine protein to hemoglobin. Canadian Veterinary Journal 26, 221–3, 1985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jepson RE. Current understanding of the pathogenesis of progressive chronic kidney disease in cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 46, 1015–48, 2016
   Google Scholar
• Jergens AE, McCaw DL, Hewett JE. Effects of collection time and food-consumption on the urine protein creatinine ratio in the dog. American Journal of Veterinary Research 48, 1106–9, 1987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lees GE, Brown SA, Elliott J, Grauer GE, Vaden SL. Assessment and management of proteinuria in dogs and cats: 2004 ACVIM forum consensus statement (small animal). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 19, 377–85, 2005 doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02713.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luxton RW, Patel P, Keir G, Thompson EJ. A micro-method for measuring total protein in cerebrospinal-fluid by using benzethonium chloride in microtiter plate wells. Clinical Chemistry 35, 1731–4, 1989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marynissen SJJ, Willems AL, Paepe D, Smets PMY, Picavet P, Duchateau L, Daminet S. Proteinuria in apparently healthy elderly dogs: persistency and comparison between free catch and cystocentesis urine. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 31, 93–101, 2017 doi: 10.1111/jvim.14635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCaw DL, Knapp DW, Hewett JE. Effect of collection time and exercise restriction on the prediction of urine protein excretion, using urine protein creatinine ratio in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 46, 1665–9, 1985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Stockham S, Scott M. Urinary system. In: Fundamental of Veterinary Clinical Pathology. 2nd Edtn. Pp 415–94. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA, USA, 2008
   Google Scholar
• Vaden SL, Elliott J. Management of proteinuria in dogs and cats with chronic kidney disease. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 46, 1115–30, 2016
   Google Scholar
• Vaden SL, Pressler BM, Lappin MR, Jensen WA. Effects of urinary tract inflammation and sample blood contamination on urine albumin and total protein concentrations in canine urine samples. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 33, 14–9, 2004 doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2004.tb00343.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilhena HCR, Santos RR, Sargo TJ, Lima TB, Dias SS, Pastorinho MR, Queiroga FL, Silvestre-Ferreira AC. Urine protein-to-creatinine concentration ratio in samples collected by means of cystocentesis versus manual compression in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 246, 862–7, 2015 doi: 10.2460/javma.246.8.862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White JV, Olivier NB, Reimann K, Johnson C. Use of protein-to-creatinine ratio in a single urine specimen for quantitative estimation of canine proteinuria. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 185, 882–5, 1984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• * Non-peer-reviewed
   Google Scholar