Lead concentrations in the blood and eggs of backyard laying hens

References

• *Anonymous. The Environmental Case Management of Lead-exposed Persons: Guidelines for Public Health Units. https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/environmental-case-management-lead-exposed-persons-revised-feb2012.pdf (accessed 8 December 2018). Ministry of Health, Wellington, NZ, 2012
   Google Scholar
• *Anonymous. Animal Products Notice: Contaminants Specifications https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/1202/send (accessed 8 December 2018). Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, NZ, 2016
   Google Scholar
• *Anonymous. Renovate: The Technical Resource for Industry. https://www.renovate.org.nz/ (accessed 20 November 2018). Building Research Association of New Zealand, Porirua, NZ. 2017
   Google Scholar
• Bakalli RI, Pesti GM, Ragland WL. The magnitude of lead toxicity in broiler chickens. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 37, 15–19, 1995
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beyer WN, Connor EE, Gerould S. Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife. Journal of Wildlife Management 58, 375–82, 1994 doi: 10.2307/3809405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger J. Heavy metals in avian eggshells: another excretion method. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 41, 207–20, 1994 doi: 10.1080/15287399409531837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Campbell TW, Ellis C. Avian and Exotic Hematology and Cytology 3rd Edtn. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Ames, IO, USA, 2007
   Google Scholar
• Cade TJ. Exposure of California condors to lead from spent ammunition. Journal of Wildlife Management 71, 2125–33, 2007 doi: 10.2193/2007-084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Carpenter J. Exotic Animal Formulary (4th Edn.). Elsevier/Saunders, St Louis, MO, USA, 2012
   Google Scholar
• De Francisco N, Ruiz Troya JD, Agüera EI. Lead and lead toxicity in domestic and free living birds. Avian Pathology 32, 3–13, 2003 doi: 10.1080/0307945021000070660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Dumonceaux G, Harrison GJ. Toxins. In: Ritchie BW, Harrison L, and Harrison GJ. (eds). Avian Medicine: Principles and Applications. Wingers Publishing, Lake Worth, FL, USA, 1994
   Google Scholar
• Edelstein S, Fullmer CS, Wasserman RH. Gastrointestinal absorption of lead in chicks: involvement of the cholecalciferol endocrine system. Journal of Nutrition 114, 692–700, 1984 doi: 10.1093/jn/114.4.692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreyra H, Beldomenico PM, Marchese K, Romano M, Caselli A, Correa AI, Uhart M. Lead exposure affects health indices in free-ranging ducks in Argentina. Ecotoxicology 24, 735–45, 2015 doi: 10.1007/s10646-015-1419-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González F, López I, Suarez L, Moraleda V, Rodríguez C. Levels of blood lead in Griffon vultures from a wildlife rehabilitation center in Spain. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 143, 143–50, 2017 doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grace EJ, MacFarlane GR. Assessment of the bioaccumulation of metals to chicken eggs from residential backyards. Science of the Total Environment 563, 256–60, 2016 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory NG, Robins JK. A body condition scoring system for layer hens. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 41, 555–9, 1998 doi: 10.1080/00288233.1998.9513338
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson O, Lilja C. Eggshell structure, mode of development and growth rate in birds. Zoology 111, 494–502, 2008 doi: 10.1016/j.zool.2007.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J, Oh J-M. Trace element concentrations in eggshells and egg contents of blacktailed gull (Larus crassirostris) from Korea. Ecotoxicology 23, 1147–52, 2014 doi: 10.1007/s10646-014-1256-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockhart CY, Stevenson MA, Rawdon TG. A cross-sectional study of ownership of backyard poultry in two areas of Palmerston North, New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 58, 155–9, 2010 doi: 10.1080/00480169.2010.65654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazliah J, Barron S, Bental E, Rogowski Z, Coleman R, Silbermann M. The effects of long-term lead intoxication on the nervous system of the chicken. Neuroscience Letters 101, 253–7, 1989 doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(89)90541-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLelland JM, Reid C, McInnes K, Roe WD, Gartrell BD. Evidence of lead exposure in a free-ranging population of kea (Nestor notabilis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 46, 532–40, 2010 doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-46.2.532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mora MA. Heavy metals and metalloids in egg contents and eggshells of passerine birds from Arizona. Environmental Pollution 125, 393–400, 2003 doi: 10.1016/S0269-7491(03)00108-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan GW, Edens FW, Thaxton P, Parkhurst CR. Toxicity of dietary lead in Japanese Quail. Poultry Science 54, 1636–42, 1975 doi: 10.3382/ps.0541636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Puschner B, Bautista A. Poultry Science: A Question of Lead. https://ucanr.edu/sites/poultry/files/234977.pdf (accessed 8 December 2018). School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of California, Davis, CA, USA, 2014
   Google Scholar
• Roegner A, Giannitti F, Woods L, Mete A, Puschner B. Public health implications of lead poisoning in backyard chickens and cattle: four cases. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports 4, 11–20, 2013
   Google Scholar
• Roodbergen, M, Klok C, van der Hout A. Transfer of heavy metals in the food chain earthworm black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa): comparison of a polluted and a reference site in The Netherlands. Science of Total Environment 406, 407–12, 2008 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Rosenwax A. Lead in Sydney chickens. Conference Proceedings of the Association of Avian Veterinarians, Australasian Committee 23, 91–3, 2015
   Google Scholar
• Salisbury RM, Staples ELJ, Sutton M. Lead poisoning of chickens. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 6, 2–7, 1958 doi: 10.1080/00480169.1958.33279
   Google Scholar
• *Samour J. Diagnostic value of hematology. In: Harrison GJ and Lightfoot T. (eds.), Clinical Avian Medicine (Vol. 2). Pp 608–11. Spix Publishing, Palm Beach, FL, USA, 2006
   Google Scholar
• Scheuhammer AM. The chronic toxicity of aluminium, cadmium, mercury, and lead in birds: a review. Environmental Pollution 46, 263–95, 1987 doi: 10.1016/0269-7491(87)90173-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swaileh KM, Sansur R. Monitoring urban heavy metal pollution using the house Sparrow (Passer domesticus). Journal of Environmental Monitoring 8, 209–13, 2006 doi: 10.1039/B510635D
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trainer DO, Hunt RA. Lead poisoning of waterfowl in Wisconsin. Journal of Wildlife Management 29, 95–103, 1965 doi: 10.2307/3798637
   Google Scholar
• Trampel DW, Imerman PM, Carson TL, Kinker JA, Ensley SM. Lead contamination of chicken eggs and tissues from a small farm flock. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 15, 418–22, 2003 doi: 10.1177/104063870301500503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vannoort RW, Thomson BM. 2009 Total Diet Study: Agricultural Compounds, Residues, Selected Contaminant and Nutrient Element. https://www.foodsafety.govt.nz/elibrary/industry/total-diet-study.pdf (accessed 8 December 2018). Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Wellington, NZ, 2011
   Google Scholar
• Van Overmeire I, Pussemier L, Hanot V, De Temmerman L, Hoenig M, Goeyens L. Chemical contamination of free-range eggs from Belgium. Food Additives and Contaminants 23, 1109–22, 2006 doi: 10.1080/02652030600699320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vodela JK, Renden JA, Lenz SD, McElhenney WH, Kemppainen BW. Drinking water contaminants (arsenic, cadmium, lead, benzene, and trichloroethylene). 1. Interaction of contaminants with nutritional status on general performance and immune function in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 76, 1474–92, 1997 doi: 10.1093/ps/76.11.1474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waegeneers N, De Steur H, De Temmerman L, Van Steenwinkel S, Gellynck X, Viaene J. Transfer of soil contaminants to home-produced eggs and preventive measures to reduce contamination. Science of the Total Environment 407, 4438–46, 2009 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.12.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ, Schalm OW. Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, IA, USA, 2010
   Google Scholar
• *Non-peer-reviewed
   Google Scholar