References and notes
- Beecher , Catharine . 1841 . A Treatise on Domestic Economy 28 Boston New York, 1858),
- Sklar , Kathryn Kish . 1973 . Catharine Beecher: A Study in American Domesticity New Haven Beecher, 37. For an excellent analysis of the cult of true womanhood in America, 1840–1880, ese
- Billington , Ray Allen . 1949 . Westward Expansion New York The two standard texts on western development which I use here are
- Riegel , Robert E. and Athearn , Robert G. 1930 . America Moves West New York ; 1967) and 1971
- Lavender , David . 1963 . Westward Vision: the Story of the Cregon Trail 349 – 350 . 365 New York These percentages are only rough estimates. See
- Stewart , George R. 1962 . The California Trail: an Epic with Many Heroes 8 54 – 55 . 85 147 187 195 232 303 310 New York
- Read , Georgia Willis . 1944–45 . “Women and children on the Oregan‐California trail in the Gold‐Rush years,” . Missouri Historical Review , 34 : 6 In 1849, the emigrants were 92% male; 1850, 97% 1852, 70%. See
- Clappe , Louisa Amelia K. 1949 . The Shirley Letters from the California Mines 1851–52 New York For a striking view of the Rush from a woman's perspective, see
- Eblen , Jack . 1965 . “An analysis of nineteenth century frontier populations,” . Demography , : 399 – 413 .
- Sanford , Mollie . 1959 . Mollie: the Journal of Mollie Dorsey Sanford in Nebraska and Colorado Territories 1857–66, , Edited by: Danker , Donald F. 12 Lincoln : Nebraska .
- Billington , Ray Allen . 1956 . The Far Western Frontier, 1830–1860 237 New York
- Webb , Walter Prescott . 1931 . The Great Plains 505 New York
- Billington . The Far Western Frontier 104
- Dick , Everett . 1937 . The Sod‐House Frontier 1854–1890 334 New York
- Brown , Dee . 1958 . The Gentle Tamers: Women of the Old Wild West , Lincoln : Nebraska .
- Sprague , William Forrest . 1940 . Women and the West: a Short Social History Boston
- Billington . Westward Expansion 706 – 710 .
- Johnny Faragher and Christine Stansell, “Women and their families on the overland trail to California and Oregan,” unpublished manuscript.
- Most of the American emigrants came to the Plains from the Mississippi Valley, and many from farms, not from the genteel North‐eastern town and urban households in which Beecher staged her idealized domestic scenarios. I know of no systematic research on the extent to which women in Midwestern towns and on Midwestern farms shared the social roles and expectations of their urban sisters. My own reading and research lead me to believe that in the post‐bellum decades “womanhood,” with regional variations and class modifications became national.
- Dick, 131.
- Webb, 506.
- Dick, 233.
- Riegel and Athcarn, 518.
- Dick, 234.
- Quoted in Dick, 232.
- Dick's chapter on “Women and children on the frontier,” 232–243, includes an informative account of Plains housing. See also Riegel and Atheams, 517–518.
- Billington . Westward Expansion 711
- Dick, 303.
- Ibid., 304.
- Willard , Frances . 1893 . Woman and Temperance 235 Hartford
- Dick, 334.
- Sandoz , Mari . 1959 . Hostiles and Friendlies: Selected Short Writings , 67 Lincoln : Nebraska . for a description of the effect of a religious revival
- Sandoz . 1959 . Old Jules , 82 – 83 . Lincoln : Nebraska .
- Sandoz . Hostiles and Friendlies 59
- Garland , Hamlin . 1928 . A Son of the Middle Border 23 New York
- Ibid., 138.
- Sanford, 40, 58, 59.
- Sandoz . Hostiles and Friendlies 59
- Ibid.
- Sandoz . Old Jules 44
- Garland, 123.
- Sandoz . Old Jules 44
- Sanford, 33.
- Ibid., 38.
- Ibid., 50.
- Ibid.
- Ibid., 49.
- Ibid., 44.
- Ibid., 58.
- Ibid., 53.
- Ibid.
- Webb, 506.
- Rolvaag , O. E. 1927 . Giants in the Earth 29 New York
- Royce , Sarah . 1932 . A Frontier Lady: Recollections of the Gold Rush and Early California 4 New Haven
- Dick, 233.
- Sandoz . Hostiles and Friendlies 59
- Sandoz . Old Jules 83
- Ibid., 105.
- Garland, 416.