References
- Ashour ML, Wink M. (2011). Genus Bupleurum: a review of its phytochemistry, pharmacology and modes of action. J Pharm Pharmacol 63:305–21.
- Bae EA, Han MJ, Choo MK, et al. (2002). Metabolism of 20(S)- and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 by human intestinal bacteria and its relation to in vitro biological activities. Biol Pharm Bull 25:58–63.
- Chen F, Wen Q, Jiang J, et al. (2016). Could the gut microbiota reconcile the oral bioavailability conundrum of traditional herbs? J Ethnopharmacol 179:253–64.
- Chen MY, Shao L, Zhang W, et al. (2018). Metabolic analysis of Panax notoginseng saponins with gut microbiota-mediated biotransformation by HPLC-DAD-Q-TOF-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 150:199–207.
- Cheng JT, Tsai CL. (1986). Anti-inflammatory effect of saikogenin A. Biochem Pharmacol 35:2483–7.
- Commission of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. (2015). Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. Beijing: China Medical Science Press, Vol. I, 281 p.
- Feng R, Shou JW, Zhao ZX, et al. (2015). Transforming berberine into its intestine-absorbable form by the gut microbiota. Sci Rep 5:12155.
- Fujiwara K, Ogihara Y. (1986). Pharmacological effects of oral saikosaponin A may differ depending on conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. Life Sci 39:297–301.
- Guo Y, Zhang Y, Huang W, et al. (2016). Dose-response effect of berberine on bile acid profile and gut microbiota in mice. BMC Complement Altern Med 16:394.
- Huang HQ, Zhang X, Xu ZX, et al. (2009). Fast determination of saikosaponins in Bupleurum by rapid resolution liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 49:1048–55.
- Kida H, Akao T, Meselhy MR, Hattori M. (1997). Enzymes responsible for the metabolism of saikosaponins from Eubacterium sp. A-44, a human intestinal anaerobe. Biol Pharm Bull 20:1274–8.
- Kida H, Akao T, Meselhy MR, Hattori M. (1998). Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of orally administered saikosaponin b1 in conventional, germ-free and Eubacterium sp. A-44-infected gnotobiote rats. Biol Pharm Bull 21:588–93.
- Kumazawa Y, Kawakita T, Takimoto H, Nomoto K. (1990). Protective effect of saikosaponin A, saikosaponin D and saikogenin D against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in mice. Int J Immunopharmacol 12:531–7.
- Li X, Li X, Huang N, et al. (2018). A comprehensive review and perspectives on pharmacology and toxicology of saikosaponins. Phytomedicine 50:73–87.
- Liu G, Tian Y, Li G, et al. (2013). Metabolism of saikosaponin A in rats: diverse oxidations on the aglycone moiety in liver and intestine in addition to hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds. Drug Metab Dispos 41:622–33.
- Liu JP, Zou WL, Chen SJ, et al. (2016). Effects of different diets on intestinal microbiota and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease development. World J Gastroenterol 22:7353–64.
- Liu X, Latkolik S, Atanasov AG, et al. (2017). Bupleurum chinense roots: a bioactivity-guided approach toward saponin-type NF-κB inhibitors. Planta Med 83:1242–50.
- Meselhy M. (2000). Human intestinal bacteria responsible for the metabolism of saikosaponins. J Tradition Med 17:1–11.
- Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Koskinen K, Moissl-Eichinger C, Bauer R. (2017). A combined LC-MS metabolomics- and 16S rRNA sequencing platform to assess interactions between herbal medicinal products and human gut bacteria in vitro: a pilot study on willow bark extract. Front Pharmacol 8:893
- Qin J, Li R, Raes J, et al. (2010). A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature 464:59–65.
- Qiu D, Xia Z, Jiao X, et al. (2018). Altered gut microbiota in myasthenia gravis. Front Microbiol 9:2627.
- Schmidt TSB, Raes J, Bork P. (2018). The human gut microbiome: from association to modulation. Cell 172:1198–215.
- Shen X, Wang R, Xiong X, et al. (2019). Metabolic reaction network-based recursive metabolite annotation for untargeted metabolomics. Nat Commun 10:1516.
- Shimizu K, Amagaya S, Ogihara Y. (1984). Quantitative analysis of the metabolites of saikosaponin A using high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 307:488–92.
- Shimizu K, Amagaya S, Ogihara Y. (1985). Structural transformation of saikosaponins by gastric juice and intestinal flora. J Pharmacobiodyn 8:718–25.
- Tang YH, Zhang YY, Zhu HY, Huang CG. (2007). A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for saikosaponin A quantification in rat plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 21:458–62.
- Xu J, Chen HB, Li SL. (2017). Understanding the molecular mechanisms of the interplay between herbal medicines and gut microbiota. Med Res Rev 37:1140–85.
- Xu L, Song R, Tian JX, et al. (2012). Analysis of saikosaponins in rat plasma by anionic adducts-based liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Biomed Chromatogr 26:808–15.
- Yang F, Dong X, Yin X, et al. (2017). Radix Bupleuri: a review of traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. Biomed Res Int 2017:7597596.
- Yu K, Chen F, Li C. (2012). Absorption, disposition, and pharmacokinetics of saponins from Chinese medicinal herbs: what do we know and what do we need to know more? Curr Drug Metab 13:577–98.
- Yu KU, Jang IS, Kang KH, et al. (1997). Metabolism of saikosaponin c and naringin by human intestinal bacteria. Arch Pharm Res 20:420–4.
- Yuan B, Yang R, Ma Y, et al. (2017). A systematic review of the active saikosaponins and extracts isolated from Radix Bupleuri and their applications. Pharm Biol 55:620–35.
- Zhou R, Fan X, Schnabl B. (2019). Role of the intestinal microbiome in liver fibrosis development and new treatment strategies. Transl Res 209:22–38.
- Zhu J, Luo C, Wang P, et al. (2013). Saikosaponin A mediates the inflammatory response by inhibiting the MAPK and NF-κB pathways in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Exp Ther Med 5:1345–50.