Advanced search
Publication Cover
Archaeological Journal Volume 174, 2017 - Issue 1
Submit an article Journal homepage
482
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

A Bronze Age Round Barrow Cemetery, Pit Alignments, Iron Age Burials, Iron Age Copper Working, and Later Activity at Four Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys

Tim HavardSenior Project Officer, Cotswold Archaeology, Building 11, Kemble Enterprise Park, Cirencester, GloucestershireGL7 6BQCorrespondence[email protected]
,
Timothy DarvillProfessor of Archaeology and Director of the Centre for Archaeology and Anthropology, Bournemouth University, Christchurch House C137, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BBCorrespondence[email protected]
&
Mary AlexanderPost-Excavation Manager, Cotswold Archaeology, Building 11, Kemble Enterprise Park, Cirencester, GloucestershireGL7 6BQCorrespondence[email protected]
Pages 1-67 | Published online: 14 Oct 2016

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANCIENT SOURCES

  • Tacitus, Ger. Tacitus, Germania (Trans. J. B. Rives), 1999, Oxford: Oxford University Press

SECONDARY SOURCES

  • Aufderheide, A. C. and Rodriguez-Martin, C. 2003. The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Human Paleopathology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Anon. 2013. Recent work on round barrows and cairns in Wales, Archaeol. Camb., 162, 19–32
  • Bass, W. 1995. Human Osteology: A Laboratory and Field Manual, Archaeological Society Special Publication No. 2, Columbia, Missouri: Missouri Archaeology Society
  • Barclay, A. and Halpin, C. 1999. Excavations at Barrow Hills, Radley, Oxfordshire. Volume I. The Neolithic and Bronze Age Monument Complex., Thames Valley Landscapes Monogr., 11, Oxford: Oxford Archaeological Unit
  • Barford, P. M., Owen, W. G. and Britnell, W. J. 1986. Iron spearhead and javelin from Four Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys, Medieval Archaeol., 30, 103–6
  • Beck, C. and Shennan, S. 1991 Amber in Prehistoric Britain, Oxbow Monogr., 8, Oxford: Oxbow
  • Bennett, K. D. 1994. Annotated Catalogue of Pollen and Pteridophyte Spore Types of the British Isles, unpublished report, Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge
  • BGS (British Geological Survey) http://maps.bgs.ac.uk viewed 14.12.11
  • Bourgeois, Q. 2013. Monuments on the Horizon. The Formation of the Barrow Landscape throughout the 3rd and 2nd Millennium BC. Leiden: Sidestone Press
  • Bowden, M., Soutar, S., Field, D. and Barber M. 2015. The Stonehenge Landscape: Analysing the Stonehenge World Heritage Site, Swindon: Historic England
  • Brickley, M. and McKinley, J. I. 2004. Guidelines to the Standards for Recording Human Remains, Southampton/Reading, BABAO/IFA Paper, No. 7
  • Britnell, W. 1982. The excavation of two Round Barrows at Trelystan, Powys, Proc. Prehist. Soc., 48, 133–201
  • Britnell, W. J. and Jones, N.W. 2012. Large late Neolithic and early Bronze Age ring ditches in Wales, Archaeol. Camb., 161, 165–98
  • Bronk Ramsey, C. 2005. OxCal version 3.10
  • Brothwell, D. R. 1981. Digging up Bones, Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Buikstra, J. E. and Ubelaker, D. H. 1994. Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains, Arkansas Archaeological Survey, No. 44, Fayetteville Arkansas Archaeologial Survey Research Series,
  • Bulleid, A. and Gray, H. G. 1917. The Glastonbury Lake Village, Taunton: Glastonbury Antiquarian Society
  • Cappers, T. R. J., Bekker, R. M. and Jans, J. E. A. 2006. Digitale Zadenatlas van Nederland: Digital Seed Atlas of the Netherlands, Groningen Archaeol. Stud., 4, Groningen: Barkhuis Publishing and Groningen University Library
  • Caseldine, A. 1990. Environmental Archaeology in Wales, Lampeter: Saint David’s University College
  • Caseldine, A. E. 2004. A Research Framework for the Archaeology of Wales: Nationals Seminar Paper, 4th September 2004 – Environmental Archaeology, Available from: http://www.cpat.org.uk/research/ns4env.htm, accessed July 2008
  • Caseldine A. E. 2013. Pollen analysis at Craig y Dullfan and Banc Wernwgan and other recent palaeoenvironmental studies in Wales, Archaeol. Camb., 162, 275–307
  • Caseldine, A. E., and Griffiths, C. J. 2013. Charred plant remains and charcoal, 53–9, in K. Murphy and F. Murphy, The excavation of two Bronze Age round barrows at Pany y Butler, Llangoedmor, Ceredigion, 2009–10, Archaeol. Camb., 162, 33–66
  • Chambers, F. M. 1982a. Environmental history of Cefn Gwernffrwd, near Rhandirmwyn, Mid-Wales, New Phytologist, 92, 607–15
  • Chambers, F. M. 1982b. Two radiocarbon-dated pollen diagrams from high altitude blanket peats in South Wales, J. Ecol., 70, 445–59
  • Cleal, R. 1999. Introduction: the what, where, when, and why of Grooved Ware, in R. Cleal and A. MacSween (eds) Grooved Ware in Britain and Ireland, Neolithic Studies Group Seminar Papers, 3, 1–8, Oxford: Oxbow
  • Colls, K. and Halsted, J. 2009. New evidence for monument reuse in Bronze Age Wales: archaeological excavation at Llanymynech, Powys, 2007, Archaeol. Camb., 158, 69–96
  • Cotswold Archaeology, 2007. Land at Domgay Lane, Four Crosses, Powys, Post-Excavation Assessment, Cotswold Archaeology unpublished report 06046
  • Darvill, T. 2010. Prehistoric Britain, Second edition, London: Routledge
  • Darvill, T. 2013. Monuments and monumentality in Bronze Age Europe, in H. Fokkens and A. Harding (eds) The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age, 140–58, Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Fleming, A. 1971. Territorial patterns in Bronze Age Wessex, Proc. Prehist. Soc., 37, 138–66
  • Fontijn, D., Louwen, A.J., van der Vaart, S. and Wentink, K. (eds) 2013. Beyond Barrows. Current Research on the Structuration and Perception of the Prehistoric Landscape through Monuments, Leiden: Sidestone Press
  • Gale, R. and Cutler, D. 2000. Plants in Archaeology, Otley/London: Westbury/Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
  • Gale, S. J. and Hoare, P. J. 1991. Quaternary Sediments: Petrographic Methods for the Study of Unlithified Rocks, London: Belhaven Press
  • Garrow, D., Meadows, J., Evans, C. and Tabor, J. 2014. Dating the dead: a high-resolution radiocarbon chronology of burial within an early Bronze Age barrow cemetery at Over, Cambridgeshire, Proc. Prehist. Soc., 80, 207–36
  • Garwood, P. 1999. Grooved Ware in southern Britain: chronology and interpretation, in R. Clealand A. MacSween (eds) Grooved Ware in Britain and Ireland, Neolithic Studies Group Seminar Papers, 3, 145–176, Oxford: Oxbow
  • Garwood, P. 2007a. Before the hills in order stood: chronology, time and history in the interpretation of Early Bronze Age round barrows, in J. Last (ed.), Beyond the Grave: New Perspectives on Barrows, 30–52, Oxford: Oxbow
  • Garwood, P. 2007b. Late Neolithic and early Bronze Age funerary monuments and burial traditions in the West Midlands, in P. Garwood (ed.) The Undiscovered Country. The Earlier Prehistory of the West Midlands, The Making of the West Midlands, 1, 134–65, Oxford: Oxbow,
  • Gibson, A. 1992. The excavation of a ring-ditch at Elmtree Farm, Llanymynech, Powys, Archaeol. Wales, 32, 15–17
  • Gibson, A. M. 1994. Excavations at the Sarn-y-bryn-caled cursus complex, Welshpool, Powys, and the timber circles of Great Britain and Ireland, Proc. Prehist. Soc., 60, 143–223
  • Gibson, A. M. 1999. The Walton Basin Project: Excavation and Survey in a Prehistoric Landscape 1993–1997, Counc. Brit. Archaeol. Res. Rep., 118, York: Council for British Archaeology and Cadw Welsh Historic Monuments
  • Gibson, A. 2002. Earlier prehistoric funerary and ritual sites in the upper Severn Valley. Montgomeryshire Coll., 90, 1–40
  • Gibson, A. 2010. Excavation and survey at Dyffryn Lane henge complex, Powys, and a reconsideration of the dating of henges, Proc. Prehist. Soc., 76, 213–48
  • Gibson, A. and Bayliss, A. 2009. Recent research at Duggleby Howe, North Yorkshire, Archaeol. J., 166, 39–78
  • Gibson, A. and Bayliss, A. 2010. Recent work on the Neolithic round barrows of the upper Great Wold Valley, Yorkshire, in J. Leary, T. Darvill and D. Field (eds) Round Mounds and Monumentality in the British Neolithic and Beyond, Neolithic Studies Group Seminar Papers, 10, 72–107, Oxford: Oxbow
  • Godwin, H. 1956. The History of the British Flora, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Grant, I. 2011. Four Crosses bypass, Archaeol. Wales, 50, 89 and 109
  • Grinsell, L. V. 1978. The Stonehenge Barrow Groups, Salisbury: Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum
  • Halsted, J. 2007. Four Crosses, Domgay Lane, Archaeol. Wales, 47, 133–4
  • Harding, J. and Healy, F. 2007. The Raunds Area Project. A Neolithic and Bronze Age landscape in Northamptonshire, London: English Heritage
  • Jacklin, H. A. 2005. A New, Fully Standardised Skeletal Recording Form Following BABAO and IFA Guidelines, Unpublished
  • Jones, A. P., Tucker, M. E. and Hart, J. K. 1999. Guidelines and recommendations, in A. P. Jones, M. E. Tucker and J. K. Hart (eds) The Description and Analysis of Quaternary Stratigraphic Field Sections, Quaternary Research Association Technical Guide, 7, Cambridge: Quaternary Research Association
  • Jones, N. W. 2002. Land off Domgay Road, Four Crosses, Powys: Archaeological Evaluation, Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust Report No. 487
  • Kaul, F. 1998. Ships on Bronzes. A Study in Bronze Age Religion and Iconography, Pub. Nat. Museum Stud. Archaeol. Hist., 3, Copenhagen: Nationalmuseet
  • Kaul, F. 2004. Bronzealderens religion. Studier af den nordiske bronzealders ikonografi, Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab
  • Kinnes, I. 1979. Round barrows and ring ditches in the British Neolithic, Occasional Paper, 7, London: British Museum
  • Kinnes, I., Schadla-Hall, T., Chardwick, P. and Dean, P. 1983. Duggleby Howe reconsidered, Archaeol. J., 140, 83–108
  • Kristiansen, K. and Larsson, T. B. 2005. The Rise of Bronze Age Society, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Last, J. 1998. Books of life: biography and memory in a Bronze Age barrow, Oxford J. Archaeol., 17(1), 43–53
  • Last, J. (ed.) 2007. Beyond the Grave. New Perspectives on Barrows, Oxford: Oxbow
  • Leary, J., Darvill, T. and Field, D. (eds) 2010. Round Mounds and Monumentality in the British Neolithic and Beyond, Neolithic Stud. Group Seminar Papers, 10, Oxford: Oxbow
  • Le Borgne, E. 1960. Influence du feu sur les propriétés magnétiques du sol et sur celles du schiste et du granite, Annals of Geophysics, 16, 159–195
  • Longworth, I. H. 1971. The Neolithic pottery, in Wainwright and Longworth 1971, 75–124
  • Lynch, F. M. 1993. Excavations in the Brenig Valley. A Mesolithic and Bronze Age Landscape in North Wales, Cambrian Archaeol. Assoc. Monogr., 5, Cardiff: Cambrian Archaeological Association
  • MacGregor, A. and Bolick, E. 1993. A Summary Catalogue of the Anglo-Saxon Collections (Non-Ferrous Metals) in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford: Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser., 230
  • Maher, B. A. 1986. Characterization of soils by mineral magnetic measurements, Physics of Earth and Planetary Interiors, 42, 76–92
  • Marches Archaeology. 2003. Land off Domgay Lane, Four Crosses, Powys: Report on an Archaeological Evaluation, Marches Archaeology Series 297
  • Martin, A. L. 1996. Barton-under-Needwood, Tucklesholme Farm (SK 208 188), West Midlands Archaeology, 39, Council for British Archaeology West Midlands, 66
  • Martin, A. 2011. The alien within: the forgotten sub-cultures of early Bronze Age Wessex, in A.M Jones and G. Kirkham (eds), Beyond the Core. Reflections on Regionality in Prehistory, 63–73, Oxford: Oxbow Books
  • McSloy, E. 2006.The metalwork and worked bone, 34, in D. Evans, N. Holbrook, and E. McSloy, A Later Iron Age Cemetery and Roman Settlement at Henbury School, Bristol: Excavations in 2004, 1–50, in M. Watts (ed.) Two Cemeteries from Bristol’s Northern Suburbs, Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Report, 4
  • McSloy, E. 2008. Metal and glass objects, 55–57, in A. Barber and M. Watts, Excavations at Saxon’s Lode Farm, Ryall Quarry, Ripple, 2001–2: Iron Age, Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon rural settlement in the Severn Valley, Trans. Worcestershire Archaeol. Soc., 3 ser. 21, 1–90
  • McKinley, J. L. 1994. Bone fragment size in British cremation burials and its implications for pyre technology and ritual, J. Archaeol. Sci., 21.3, 339–42
  • McKinley, J. L. 2000a. Putting cremated bone into context, in S. Roskams (ed.) Interpreting Stratigraphy; Site Evaluation, Recording Procedures and Stratigraphic Analysis, 135–40, Oxford: Brit. Archaeol. Rep., Int. Ser., 910
  • McKinley, J. L. 2000b. The analysis of cremated bone, in M. Cox and S. Mays (eds) Human Osteology, 403–21, Greenwich Medical Media: London
  • McKinley, J. L. and Bond, J. M. 2001. Cremated bone, in D. R. Brothwell and A. M. Pollard (eds) Handbook of Archaeological Sciences, 281–92, Wiley: Chichester
  • McKinley, J. L. and Roberts, C. A. 1993. Excavation and Post-Excavation Treatment of Cremated and Inhumed Human Remains, IFA Technical Paper. No. 13
  • Milles, A. 1986. Charred plant remains from a Beaker pit at Site 2, Four Crosses, in W. Warrilow, G. Owen, and W. J. Britnell, Eight ring ditches at Four Crosses, Llandysilo, Powys, 1981–85, Proc. Prehist. Soc., 52, Microfiche 10
  • Millson, D., Waddington, C. and Marshall, P. 2011. Towards a Sequence for Neolithic Ceramics in the Milfield Basin, and Northumberland, Archaeologia Aeliana, 5th ser., 40, 1–40
  • Mitchell, A. 1974. A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe. London: Collins
  • Mizoguchi, K. 1992. A historiography of a linear barrow cemetery: a structuralist’s point of view, Archaeol. Rev. Cambridge, 11(1), 39–49
  • Monckton, A. 2009. Charred plant remains, 156–9, in S. C, Palmer, Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon sites excavated on the Transco Churchover to Newbold Pacey gas pipeline in 1999, Trans. Birmingham Warwickshire Archaeol. Soc., 113, 1–174
  • Moore, P. D., Webb, J. A. and Collinson, M. E. 1991. Pollen Analysis, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
  • Mullin, D 2003. The Bronze Age Landscape of the Northern English Midlands, Oxford: Brit. Archaeol. Rep., Brit. Ser., 351
  • Murphy, K. 1992. Plas Gogerddan, Dyfed: a multi-period burial and ritual site, Archaeol. J., 44, 1–38
  • Munsell Color 2000. Munsell Soil Color Charts, New Windsor (NY): Munsel Color
  • Musson, C. R., Britnell, W. J., Northover, J. P. and Salter, C. J. 1992. Excavations and metal-working at Llwyn Bryn-Dinas Hillfort, Llangedwyn, Clwyd, Proc. Prehist. Soc., 58, 265–83
  • Musson, C. R. and Northover, J. P. 1989. Llanymynech hillfort, Powys and Shropshire: observations on construction work, 1981. Montgomeryshire Coll., 77, 15–26
  • Needham, S. 2005. Transforming Beaker culture in north-west Europe: processes of fusion and fission, Proc. Prehist. Soc., 71, 171–217.
  • Northover, J. P. 1991. Microfiche Appendix 13.4: Further comments on the composition of the Breiddin bronzes, in C. R. Musson, The Breiddin Hillfort: a later Prehistoric Settlement in the Welsh Marches, London, Council for British Archaeology
  • Ortner, D. J. 2003. Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains, Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, Natural Museum of Natural History Academic Press
  • Owen, G. and Britnell, W. 1989. Alignments at Four Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys, Montgomeryshire Coll., 77, 27–40
  • Peacock, D. P. S. 1967. Romano-British pottery production in the Malvern district of Worcestershire, Trans. Worcestershire Archaeol. Soc., 3 ser. 1, 15–28
  • Pearson, E. 2001. Palaeoenvironmental data, 12, in A. Martin and C. Allen, Two prehistoric ring ditches and an associated Bronze Age cremation cemetery at Tucklesholme Farm, Barton-under-Needwood, Staffordshire, Trans. Staffordshire Archaeol. Hist. Soc., 39, 1–15
  • Pearson, E. 2006. Assessment of Environmental Remains from Domgay Lane, Four Crosses, Powys, Worcestershire County Council, Historic Environment and Archaeology Service unpublished report, 1462
  • Pearson, E. 2012. Charred plant remains, 50–6, in P. Thompson and S. C. Palmer, Iron Age, Romano-British and medieval settlements excavated on the Transco Newbold Pacey to Honeybourne gas pipeline in 2000, Trans. Birmingham Warwickshire Archaeol. Soc., 116, 1–139
  • Petts, D. 2002. Cemeteries and boundaries in Western Britain, in S. Lucy and A. Reynolds (eds) Burial in Early Medieval England and Wales, Soc. Medieval Archaeol. Monogr. Ser., 17, 24–46, Leeds: Maney
  • Pollock, K. J. 2006. The Evolution and Role of burial Practice in Roman Wales, Oxford: Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser., 426
  • Ray, K. and Bapty, I. 2016. Offa’s Dyke: Landscape and Hegemony in Eighth-Century Britain, Oxford: Windgather
  • Reimer P. J., Baillie, M. G. L., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J. W., Bertrand, C., Blackwell, P. G., Buck, C. E., Burr, G., Cutler, K. B., Damon, P. E., Edwards, R. L., Fairbanks, R. G., Friedrich, M., Guilderson, T. P., Hughen, K. A., Kromer, B., McCormac, F. G., Manning, S., Bronk Ramsey, C., Reimer, R. W., Remmele, S. M., Southon, J. R., Stuiver, M., Talamo, S., Taylor, F. W., van der Plicht, J. and Weyhenmeyer, C. E. 2004. INTCAL04 Terrestrial radiocarbon age calibration, 0-26 CAL KYR BP, Radiocarbon, 46, 1029–58
  • Rogers, J. and Waldron, T. 1995. A Field Guide to Joint Disease in Archaeology, Oxford: John Wiley and Sons
  • Scheuer, L. and Black, S. 2000. Developmental Juvenile Osteology, London: Academic Press
  • Semple, S. 2013. Perceptions of the Prehistoric in Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Smith, W. 2002. A Review of Archaeological Wood Analyses in Southern England, English Heritage Centre for Archaeol. Lab. Rep. No. 75, London: English Heritage
  • Stace, C. 2001. New Flora of the British Isles, 2nd Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Stanford, S. 1982. Bromfield, Shropshire – Neolithic, Beaker and Bonze Age sites, 1966–79, Proc. Prehist. Soc., 48, 279–320
  • Stuiver, M. and Polach, H. A. 1977. Reporting of 14C data, Radiocarbon, 19, 355–63
  • Stuiver, M. and Reimer, P. J. 1993. Extended 14C database and revised CALIB 3.0 14C Age calibration program, Radiocarbon 35(1), 215–30
  • Taylor, A. F. and Woodward, P. J. 1985. A Bronze Age barrow cemetery, and associated settlement at Roxton, Bedfordshire, Archaeol. J., 142, 73–149
  • Thomas, C. 1981. Christianity in Roman Britain to 500 AD, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
  • Tomber, R. and Dore, J. 1998. The National Roman Fabric Reference Collection: A Handbook, London: Museum of London Archaeology Service
  • Tuck, M., Turner, R. G. and Penney S. 2003. Abernant, Kemmeys inferior, Archaeol. Wales, 43, 120–3
  • Tucker, M. E. 1982. Sedimentary Rocks in the Field, Chichester: Wiley
  • Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H. Tutin, T. G, Heywood, V. H., Burgess, N.A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. and Webb, D. A. 1964–80. Flora Europaea, 1–5, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • van der Veen, M. 1985. Plant remains, 146–7 in R. Miket, Ritual enclosures at Whitton Hill, Northumberland. Proc. Prehist. Soc., 51, 137–48
  • Wainwright, G. J. and Longworth, I. H. 1971. Durrington Walls: Excavations 1966–1968 London, Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London Report 37
  • Warrilow, W., Owen G. and Britnell, W. 1986. Eight Ring ditches at Four Crosses. Llandysilio, Powys, 1981–85, Proc. Prehist. Soc., 52, 53–88
  • Webster, P. V. 1976. Severn Valley ware: a preliminary study, Trans. Bristol Gloucestershire Archaeol. Soc., 94, 18–46
  • White, R. B. 1972. Excavations at Arfyn: Bodedern, long-cist cemeteries and the origins of Christianity in Britain, Angelsey Antiq. Soc. and Field Club, 19–45
  • Wigley, A. 2007. Pitted histories: early first millennium BC pit alignments in the central Welsh Marches, in C. Haselgrove and R. Pope (eds), The Earlier Iron Age in Britain and the Near Continent, Oxford: Oxbow Books, 119–34
  • Wilson, D. R. 1978. Pit alignments: distribution and function, in H. C. Bowen and P. J. Fowler (eds), Early Land Allotment, Oxford: British Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser., 12, 3–6
  • Woodward, A. 2000. British Barrows. A Matter of Life and Death, Stroud: Tempus

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.