106
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Archaeological research in the northern Lake Manyara Basin, Tanzania 2003–2004

Pages 41-67 | Published online: 29 Jul 2009

References

  • Ambrose , S. H. 1982 . “ ‘Archaeology and Linguistic Reconstructions of History in East Africa’ ” . In The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstructions of African History Edited by: Ehret , C. and Posnansky , M. 104 – 157 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • Ambrose , S. H. 1984 . “ ‘The Introduction of Pastoral Adaptations to the Highlands of East Africa’ ” . In From Hunter to Farmers: The causes and consequences of food production in Africa Edited by: Clark , J. D. and Brandt , S. A. 212 – 239 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • Ambrose , S. H. 1985 . ‘Excavations at Masai Gorge Rockshelter, Naivasha’ . Azania , 20 : 29 – 67 .
  • Ambrose , S. H. 2002 . ‘Small Things Remembered: Origins of microlithic industries in Sub-Saharan Africa’ . Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association no. , 12 : 9 – 29 .
  • Binford , L. R. 1979 . ‘Organization and Formation Processes: Looking at curated technologies’ . Journal of Anthropological Research , 35 : 255 – 73 .
  • Binford , L. R. 1980 . ‘Willow Smoke and Dog's Tails: Hunter-gatherer settlement systems and archaeological site formation’ . American Antiquity , 45 : 4 – 20 .
  • Binneman , J. N.F. and Mitchell , P. J. 1997 . ‘Usewear analysis of Robberg Bladelets from Sehonghong Shelter, Lesotho’ . South African Field Archaeology , 6 : 42 – 9 .
  • Bisson , M. S. 1990 . ‘Lithic Reduction Sequences as an Aid to the Analysis of Late Stone Age Quartz Assemblages from the Luano Spring, Chingola, Zambia’ . The African Archaeological Review , 8 : 103 – 38 .
  • Bleed , P. 1986 . ‘The Optimal Design of Hunting Weapons: Maintainability and reliability’ . American Antiquity , 51 : 737 – 47 .
  • Bleed , P. and Meier , M. 1980 . ‘An Objective Test of the Effects of Heat Treatment on Flakeable Stone’ . American Antiquity , 45 : 502 – 07 .
  • Bordes , F. and Crabtree , D. 1969 . ‘The Corbiac Blade Technique and other Experiments’ . Tebiwa , 12 : 1 – 21 .
  • Bousman , C. B. 1993 . ‘Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations, Economic Risk and Tool Design’ . Lithic Technology , 18 : 59 – 86 .
  • Bower , J. R.F. 1973 . ‘Seronera: Excavations at a stone bowl site in the Serengeti National Park’ . Azania , 8 : 131 – 40 .
  • Bower , J. R.F. 1974 . ‘Notes on an Archaeological Reconnaissance of Mt. Elgon, Kenya’ . Azania , 9 : 223 – 5 .
  • Bower , J. R.F. and Chadderdon , T. J. 1986 . ‘Further Excavations of Pastoral Neolithic Sites in Serengeti’ . Azania , 21 : 129 – 33 .
  • Bower , J. R.F. and Gogan-Porter , P. 1981 . Prehistoric Cultures of the Serengeti National Park: initial archaeological studies of an undisturbed African ecosystem. (Papers in Anthropology No. 3) Iowa : Iowa State University .
  • Callahan , E. 1987 . An Evaluation of the Lithic Technology in Middle Sweden during the Mesolithic and Neolithic. (Aun 8). Uppsala: Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis
  • Childe , V. G. 1936 . Man Makes Himself. London : Watts .
  • Christiansson , C. 1988 . ‘Degradation and Rehabilitation of Agropastoral Land. Perspectives on Environmental change in semi-arid Tanzania’ . Ambio , 17 : 144 – 52 .
  • Clark , J. D. 1974 . Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Vol. II. Cambridge : CUP .
  • Clark , J. D. 1977 . ‘Interpretations of Prehistoric Technology from Ancient Egyptian and other Sources. Part II: Prehistoric arrow forms in Africa as shown by surviving examples of the traditional arrows of the San Bushmen’ . Paleorient , 3 : 127 – 50 .
  • Clark , J. D. 1980 . ‘Raw Material and African Lithic Technology’ . Man and Environment , 4 : 44 – 45 .
  • Clark , J. D. and Prince , G. R. 1978 . ‘Use-wear on Later Stone Age Microliths from Laga Oda, Haraghi, Ethiopia, and Possible Functional Interpretations’ . Azania , 13 : 101 – 110 .
  • Conard , N. J. , Soressi , M. , Parkington , J. E. , Wurz , S. and Yates , R. 2004 . ‘A Unified Lithic Taxonomy Based on Patterns of Core Reduction’ . South African Archaeological Bulletin , 59 : 12 – 16 .
  • Cornelissen , E. 2003 . ‘On Microlithic Quartz Industries at the End of the Pleistocene in Central Africa: The Evidence from Shum Laka (NW Cameroon)’ . African Archaeological Review , 20 : 1 – 24 .
  • Dawson , J. B. 1964 . ‘Geology of the Monduli area’ . Geological Survey of Tanzania, Quarter Degree Sheet , 54
  • Deacon , J. 1990 . “ ‘Hidden History’ ” . In A History of African Archaeology Edited by: Robetshaw , P. 39 – 58 . London : James Currey .
  • Dickson , D. B. and Gang , G.-Y. 2002 . ‘Evidence of the Emergence of “Modern” Behavior in the Middle and Later Stone Age Lithic Assemblages at Shurmai Rockshelter (GnJm1) and Kakwa Lelash Rockshelter (GnJm2) in the Mukogodo Hills of North-Central Kenya’ . African Archaeological Review , 19 : 1 – 26 .
  • Domanski , M. and Webb , J. A. 1992 . ‘Effect of Heat Treatment on Siliceous Rocks used in Prehistoric Lithic Technology’ . Journal of Archaeological Science , 19 : 601 – 14 .
  • Dominguez-Rodrigo , M. , Serralonga , J. , Juan-Treserras , J. , Alcala , L. and Luque , L. 2001 . ‘Wood Working Activities by Early Humans: A plant residue analysis on Acheulian stone tools from Peninj, Tanzania’ . Journal of Human Evolution , 40 : 289 – 99 .
  • Ehret , C. 1998 . An African Classical age: Eastern and Southern Africa in world history, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400. Oxford : James Currey .
  • Eriksen , B. V. 1997 . “ ‘Implications of the Thermal Pre-Treatment of Chert in the German Mesolithic’ ” . In Man and Flint: Proceedings of the VIIth International Flint Symposium Edited by: Schild , R. and Sulgostowska , Z. 325 – 329 . Warszawa : Ostrowiec .
  • Fagan , B. and Yellen , J. 1968 . ‘Ivuna: Ancient salt-working in southern Tanzania’ . Azania , 3 : 1 – 43 .
  • Gang , G.-Y. 2001 . The Middle and Later Stone Ages in the Mukogodo Hills of Central Kenya. (Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology) Oxford : B.A.R. International Series 964 .
  • Goodwin , A. J.H. 1953 . Method in Prehistory. Claremont : South African Archaeological Society Handbook .
  • Gramly , R. M. 1970 . ‘Lithics of Bottleglass found near Nairobi’ . Azania , 7 : 179 – 82 .
  • Gramly , R. M. 1976 . ‘Upper Pleistocene Archaeological Occurrences at site GvJM/22, Lukenya Hill, Kenya’ . Man , 11 : 320 – 44 .
  • Inskeep , R. R. 1962 . “ ‘The Age of Kondoa Rock Paintings in the Light of Recent Excavations at Kisese II rock shelter’ ” . In Actes du 4ème Congrès Panafricain de Préhistoire et de l'étude du quaternaire, Léopoldville, 1959 , Annales no. 40, Série Sciences Humaines Edited by: Mortelmans , G. and Nenquin , J. 249 – 56 . Tervuren : Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale .
  • Isaac , G. Ll. 1965 . ‘The Stratigraphy of the Peninj Beds and the Provenance of the Natron Australopithecine Mandible’ . Quaternia , 7 : 101 – 30 .
  • Jacobson , L. 1984 . “ ‘Hunting versus Gathering in an Arid Ecosystem: The evidence from the Namib Desert’ ” . In Frontiers: Southern African Archaeology Today Edited by: Hall , M. , Avery , G. , Avery , D. M. , Wilson , M. L. and Humpreys , A. 75 – 79 . Oxford : B.A.R. International Series 207 .
  • Keller , C. M. , Hansen , C. and Alexander , C. S. 1975 . ‘Archaeology and Paleoenvironments in the Manyara and Engaruka Basins, Northern Tanzania’. . The Geographical Review , 65 : 364 – 76 .
  • Kent , P. E. 1942 . ‘A Note on Pleistocene Deposits near Lake Manyara, Tanganyika’ . Geol. Mag. , 79 : 72 – 77 .
  • Knutsson , K. 1988 . Making and Using stone tools. The analysis of the lithic assemblages from Middle Neolithic sites with flint in Västerbotten, northern Sweden. (Aun 10) Uppsala : Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis .
  • Kusimba , S. B. 1999 . ‘Hunter-Gatherer Land Use Patterns in Later Stone Age East Africa’ . Journal of Anthropological Archaeology , 18 : 165 – 200 .
  • Kusimba , S. B. 2001 . ‘The Pleistocene Later Stone Age in East Africa: excavations and lithic assemblages from Lukenya Hill’ . African Archaeological Review , 18 : 77 – 123 .
  • Lane , P. 2004 . ‘The ‘moving frontier’ and the Transition to Food Production in Kenya’ . Azania , 39 : 243 – 64 .
  • Laulumaa , V. , Koponen , M. and Seitsonen , O. 2003 . A report of the archaeological survey in the Manyara and Arusha regions. University of Helsinki team, from 9th September to 10th October 2003. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Archaeology, Institute for Cultural Studies, University of Helsinki
  • Laulumaa , V. , Koponen , M. , Seitsonen , O. and Seitsonen , O. 2004 . A preliminary report of the archaeological investigations in Arusha Region in 2004, by the University of Helsinki team, from 5th October to 4th November 2004. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Archaeology, Institute for Cultural Studies, University of Helsinki
  • Lavento , M. 2000 . “ ‘Kohdennetun inventoinnin suunnittelu, tyypit ja menetelmät’ ” . In Arkeologinen inventointi—Opas inventoinnin suunnitteluun ja toteuttamiseen Edited by: Maaranen , P. and Kirkinen , T. 17 – 32 . Helsinki : Gummerus .
  • 1935 . “ ‘Lifting the Veil from the Past’ ” . In Tanganyika Standard, Leakey, L. S.B. 6th September 2
  • Leakey , L. S.B. 1936 . Stone Age Africa. Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Leakey , M. D. 1936 . ‘Excavation of Burial Mounds in Ngorongoro Crater’ . Tanzania Notes and Records , 66 : 1 – 13 .
  • Leakey , M. D. , Hay , R. L. , Thurber , D. L. , Protsch , R. and Berger , R. 1972 . ‘Stratigraphy, Archaeology, and Age of the Ndutu and Naisiusiu Beds, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania’ . World Archaeology , 3 : 329 – 43 .
  • Leakey , M. D. and Leakey , L. S.B. 1950 . Excavations at the Njoro River Cave. Oxford : Clarendon Press .
  • Mehlman , M. J. 1977 . ‘Excavations at Nasera Rock’ . Azania , 7 : 111 – 18 .
  • Mehlman , M. J. 1979 . ‘Mumba-Höhle Revisited: The relevance of a forgotten excavation to some current issues in East African prehistory’ . World Archaeology , 11 : 80 – 94 .
  • Merrick , H. V. and Monaghan , M. C. 1984 . ‘The Date of the Cremated Burials in Njoro River Cave’ . Azania , 19 : 7 – 12 .
  • Merrick , H. V. , Brown , F. H. and Nash , W. P. 1994 . “ ‘Use and Movement of Obsidian in the Early and Middle Stone Ages of Kenya and Northern Tanzania’ ” . In Society, Culture and Technology in Africa. (Research Paper in Science and Archaeology, Museum Applied Science Center for Archaeology, vol Edited by: Childs , S. T. Vol. 11 , 29 – 44 .
  • Mitchell , P. J. 1995 . “ ‘“Stories in Stone”: A review of Southern African lithic research’ ” . In Lithics in Context: Suggestions for the Future Direction of Lithic Studies Edited by: Schofield , A. J. 73 – 89 . London : Lithic Studies Society .
  • Mitchell , P. J. 2000 . ‘The Organization of Later Stone Age Lithic Technology in the Caledon Valley, Southern Africa’ . African Archaeological Review , 17 : 141 – 76 .
  • Mturi , A. A. 1986 . ‘The Pastoral Neolithic of West Kilimanjaro’ . Azania , 21 : 53 – 63 .
  • Nelson , C. M. 1980 . “ ‘The Elmenteitan Industry’ ” . In Proceedings of the 8th Panafrican Congress of Prehistory and Quaternary Studies, Nairobi 1977 Edited by: Leakey , R. E.F. and Ogot , B. A. 275 – 78 . Nairobi : The International Louis Leakey Memorial .
  • Nelson , C. M. 1991 . ‘Harpoon evolution on the spit (GaJi12) at Koobi Fora, Lake Turkana, Kenya’ . Nyame Akuma , 36 : 10 – 14 .
  • Nordman , C. A. 1915 . ‘Till frågan om den förhistoriska arkeologins metod’ . Nya Argus , 1915:1 19
  • Nordman , C. A. 1968 . Archaeology in Finland before 1920. Helsinki : Societas scientiarum Fennica .
  • O'Brien , T. P. 1939 . The Prehistory of Uganda Protectorate. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Odner , K. 1971 . ‘An Archaeological Survey of Iramba, Tanzania’ . Azania , 6 : 151 – 98 .
  • Phillipson , D. W. 1976 . The Prehistory of Eastern Zambia. (BIEA Memoir no. 6) Nairobi : British Institute in Eastern Africa .
  • Pickering , R. 1965 . ‘Geology of the Ngorongoro area’ . Geological Survey of Tanzania, Quarter Degree Sheet , 53
  • Pickering , R. 1993 . ‘Ngorongoro's Geological History’ . Ngorongoro Conservation Area Booklets, no. , 2
  • Pälsi , S. 1915 . Riukjärven ja Piiskunsalmen kivikautiset asuinpaikat Kaukolassa. (SMYA28:1) Helsinki : K.F. Puromiehen kirjapaino .
  • Pälsi , S. 1916 . Kulttuurikuvia kivikaudelta. Helsinki : Otava .
  • Reck , H. 1926 . ‘Praehistorische grab- und menschenfunde und ihre beziehungen zur pluvialzeit in Ostafrika: Das graeberfeld von Engaruka’ . Mitteilungen aus den Deutschen Schutzgebieten , 34 : 56 – 58 .
  • Robbins , L. H. , McFarlin , S. , Bower , J. R.F. and Hoffman , A. 1977 . ‘Rangi: A Late Stone Age site in Karamoja District, Uganda’ . Azania , 12 : 209 – 33 .
  • Robertshaw , P. 1986 . ‘Engaruka Revisited: Excavation of 1982’ . Azania , 21 : 1 – 20 .
  • Robertshaw , P. 1990a . Early Pastoralists of South-western Kenya. (BIEA Memoir no. 11) Nairobi : British Institute in Eastern Africa .
  • Robertshaw , P. 1990b . “ ‘The Development of archaeology in East Africa’ ” . In A History of African Archaeology Edited by: Robertshaw , P. 78 – 94 . London : James Currey, Portsmouth: Heinemann .
  • Robertshaw , P. 1991 . ‘Gogo Falls: A complex site east of Lake Victoria’ . Azania , 27 : 63 – 196 .
  • Rohde , R. and Hilhorst , T. 2001 . A Profile of Environmental Change in the Lake Manyara Basin, Tanzania. (Drylands Issue Paper E109) London : IIED . available at www.ntz.info/docs/b00833-dry ip109eng.pdf
  • Sassoon , H. 1966 . ‘Engaruka: Excavations during 1964’ . Azania , 1 : 79 – 99 .
  • Sassoon , H. 1968 . ‘Excavations of a Burial mound in Ngorongoro Crater’ . Tanzania Notes and Records , 69 : 15 – 32 .
  • Schultz , H.-P. 1990 . ‘On the Mesolithic quartz Industry in Finland’ . Iskos , 9 : 7 – 23 .
  • Seitsonen , O. 2004 . Lithics after Stone Age in East Africa—Wadh Lang'o case study. Unpublished M.A. dissertation, Department of Archaeology, Institute for Cultural Studies, University of Helsinki, available at http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/hum/kultt/pg/seitsonen/
  • Seitsonen , O. 2005a . Stone Age sequence, lithic technology and ancient lake level changes in the North Tanzanian Rift Valley area. Unpublished Licentiate of Philosophy dissertation, Department of Archaeology, Institute for Cultural Studies, University of Helsinki, available at http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/hum/kultt/lt/seitsonen/
  • Seitsonen , O. 2005b . ‘Stone Age Observations in the Engaruka area’ . Nyame Akuma , 63 : 27 – 32 .
  • 2005c . ‘Mesoliittinen ja neoliittinen kiviteknologia Räisälä Juoksemajärvi Westend—asuinpaikalla’. . Muinaistutkija , 4/2005 : 15 – 31 .
  • Seitsonen , O. “ ‘Stone Age Studies and Ancient Lake Level Changes in the Engaruka Area’ ” . press.,to be published in The 12th Congress of the Pan African Archaeological Association for Prehistory and Related Studies (PAA), 3 to 10 July 2005. Gaborone, Botswana.
  • Seitsonen , O. and Laulumaa , V. 2004 . Stone Age studies in the Sonjo Land, Engaruka and Manyara regions in 2004. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Archaeology, Institute for Cultural Studies, University of Helsinki
  • 1973 . ‘The Gumba and Athi of Central Kenya: Archaeology and Oral Traditions’ . Suomen Museo , 1973 : 105 – 117 .
  • Siiriäinen , A. 1974 . ‘Quartz, Chert and Obsidian: A comparison of raw materials in a Late Stone Age aggregate in Kenya’ . Finskt Museum , 1974 : 15 – 29 .
  • Siiriäinen , A. 1977a . ‘Later Stone Age Investigation in the Laikipia Highlands, Kenya: A preliminary report’ . Azania , 12 : 161 – 86 .
  • Siiriäinen , A. 1977b . ‘A Later Stone Age Arrowpoint from Kenya’ . Acta Archaeologica , 48 : 207 – 12 .
  • Siiriäinen , A. 1977c . ‘Pieces in Vertical Movement—A model for rockshelter archaeology’ . Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , 43 : 349 – 53 .
  • Siiriäinen , A. 1984 . Excavation in Laikipia. An archaeological study of the recent prehistory in the Eastern Highlands of Kenya. (Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistyksen aikakauskirja 86) Helsinki : Vammalan kirjapaino .
  • Siiriäinen , A. , Laulumaa , V. , Koponen , M. and Seitsonen , O. 2002 . Engaruka 2002 — Report of the archaeological investigations. University of Helsinki team, from 26th September to 25th October 2002. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Archaeology, Institute for Cultural Studies, University of Helsinki
  • Soper , R. 1976 . ‘Archaeological Sites in the Chyulu Hills, Kenya’ . Azania , 11 : 83 – 91 .
  • Sutton , J. E.G. 1964 . ‘A Review of Pottery from Kenya Highlands’ . South African Archaeological Bulletin , 19 : 27 – 35 .
  • Sutton , J. E.G. 1973 . The Archaeology of the Western Highlands of Kenya. (BIEA Memoir no. 3) Nairobi : British Institute in Eastern Africa .
  • Sutton , J. E.G. 1977 . ‘The African acqualithic’ . Antiquity , 51 : 25 – 34 .
  • Sutton , J. E.G. 1978 . ‘Engaruka and its Waters’ . Azania , 8 : 37 – 48 .
  • Sutton , J. E.G. 1990 . ‘Sonjo and Engaruka: Further signs of continuity’ . Azania , 25 : 91 – 93 .
  • Sutton , J. E.G. 2000 . Engaruka: An irrigation agricultural community in Northern Tanzania before the Maasai. (Archaeological Sites of Eastern Africa, reprint from Azania 33)
  • Tallgren , A. M. 1934 . ‘Oman itsensä kanssa painiskeleva muinaistiede’ . Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja , 14 : 200 – 211 .
  • Tallgren , A. M. 1937 . ‘The Method of Prehistoric Archaeology’ . Antiquity , 11 : 152 – 61 .
  • Wadley , L. and Binneman , J. N.F. 1995 . ‘Arrowheads or Pen Knives? A microwear analysis of mid-Holocene stone segments from Jubilee Shelter, Transvaal’ . South African Journal of Science , 91 : 153 – 55 .
  • White , F. 1983 . ‘The Vegetation of Africa: A descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa’ . UNESCO Natural Resources Research , 20 UNESCO
  • Yellen , J. E. 1998 . ‘Barbed Bone Points: Tradition and Continuity in Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa’ . African Archaeological Review , 15 : 173 – 98 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.