203
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Tusk and transformation in southern African San rock art: an iconographic analysis of WAR2

ORCID Icon &
Pages 341-368 | Received 26 Jun 2017, Accepted 09 Apr 2018, Published online: 27 Sep 2018

References

  • Arbousset, T. and Daumas, F. 1842. Relation d'un Voyage d'Exploration au Nord-Est de la Colonie du Cap de Bonne-Espérance: Entrepris dans les Mois de Mars, Avril et Mai 1836. Paris: Arthus Bertrand.
  • Battiss, W. 1948. The Artists of the Rocks (Art in South Africa.). Pretoria: Red Fawn Press.
  • Biesele, M. 1975. “Folklore and ritual of !Kung hunter-gatherers.” PhD diss., Harvard University.
  • Bleek, D.F. 1929. “Bushman folklore.” Africa 2: 302–313. doi: 10.2307/1155763
  • Bloomer, P. 1997. “Order Hyracoidea.” In The Complete Book of Southern African Mammals, edited by G. Mills and L. Hes, 228. Cape Town: Struik.
  • Blundell, G. 2004. Nqabayo’s Nomansland: San Rock Art and the Somatic Past. Uppsala: Uppsala University Press.
  • Bowland, J.M. and Bowland, A.E. 1997. “Bushpig.” In The Complete Book of Southern African Mammals, edited by G. Mills and L. Hes, 245. Cape Town: Struik.
  • Campbell, C. 1987. “Art in crisis: contact period rock art in the south-eastern mountains of southern Africa.” MSc diss., University of the Witwatersrand.
  • Challis, S. 2005. “The men with rhebok's heads; they tame elands and snakes': incorporating the rhebok antelope in the understanding of southern African rock art.” South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 9: 11–20.
  • Challis, S., Mitchell, P.J. and Orton, J.D. 2008. “Fishing in the rain: control of rain-making and aquatic resources at a previously undescribed rock art site in highland Lesotho.” Journal of African Archaeology 6: 203–218. doi: 10.3213/1612-1651-10111
  • Chen, P.Y., Lin, A.Y.M., Lin, Y.S., Seki, Y., Stokes, A.G., Peyras, J., Olevsky, E.A., Meyers, M.A. and McKittrick, J. 2008. “Structure and mechanical properties of selected biological materials.” Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 1: 208–226. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2008.02.003
  • d’Errico, F., Backwell, L., Villa, P., Degano, I., Lucejko, J.J., Bamford, M.K., Higham, T.F., Colombini, M.P. and Beaumont, P.B. 2012. “Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109: 13214–13219. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1204213109
  • d’Huart, J. and Grubb, P., 2005. “A photographic guide to the differences between the common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) and the desert warthog (Ph. aethiopicus).” Suiform Soundings 5: 4–8.
  • Davis, R. 1997. “Rock dassie.” In The Complete Book of Southern African Mammals, edited by G. Mills and L. Hes, 229. Cape Town: Struik.
  • Deregowski, J.B. 1995. “Perception — depiction — perception, and communication: a skeleton key to rock art and its significance.” Rock Art Research 12: 3–22.
  • Dowson, T.A. 2007. “Debating shamanism in southern African rock art: time to move on … ”. South African Archaeological Bulletin 62: 49–61.
  • Dowson, T.A. 2009. “Re-animating hunter-gatherer rock-art research.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 19: 378–387. doi: 10.1017/S0959774309000560
  • Dowson, T.A. and Holiday, A.L. 1989. “Zigzags and eland: an interpretation of an idiosyncratic combination.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 44: 46–48. doi: 10.2307/3888319
  • Eltringham, S.K. 1999. The Hippos: Natural History and Conservation. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Estes, R. 1991. The Behavior Guide to African Mammals. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Grine, F.E. and Klein, R.G. 1993. “Late Pleistocene human remains from the Sea Harvest site, Saldanha Bay, South Africa.” South African Journal of Science 89: 145–145.
  • Grubb, P. and d'Huart, J.P. 2010. “Rediscovery of the Cape warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus: a review.” Journal of East African Natural History 99: 77–102. doi: 10.2982/028.099.0204
  • Hall, S.L. 2000. “Burial and sequence in the Later Stone Age of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 55: 137–146. doi: 10.2307/3888962
  • Hall, S.L. and Binneman, J.N.F. 1987. “Later Stone Age burial variability in the Cape: a social interpretation.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 42: 140–152. doi: 10.2307/3888740
  • Hall-Martin, A. 1997. “African elephant.” In The Complete Book of Southern African Mammals, edited by G. Mills and L. Hes, 222–227. Cape Town: Struik.
  • Henry, L. 2005. “Refitting rock art: contextualising the WAR2 removals.” BA (Hons) diss., University of the Witwatersrand.
  • Hollmann, J.C. 2005. “Using behavioural postures and morphology to identify hunter-gatherer rock paintings of therianthropes in the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces, South Africa.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 60: 84–95.
  • Hollmann, J.C. and Lewis-Williams, J.D. 2006. “Species and supernatural potency: an unusual rock painting from the Motheo District, Free State province, South Africa.” South African Journal of Science 102: 509–512.
  • Jones, A.M. 2017. “Rock art and ontology.” Annual Review of Anthropology 46: 167–181. doi: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041354
  • Katz, R. 1982. Boiling Energy: Community Healing among the Kalahari Kung. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Klein, R.G. 1978. “A preliminary report on the larger mammals from the Boomplaas Stone Age cave site, Cango Valley, Oudtshoorn District, South Africa.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 33: 66–75. doi: 10.2307/3888252
  • Leach, E.R. 1958. “Magical hair.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 88: 147–164. doi: 10.2307/2844249
  • Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1977. “Believing and seeing: an interpretation of symbolic meanings in southern San rock paintings.” PhD diss., University of Natal.
  • Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1981. Believing and Seeing: Symbolic Meanings in Southern San Rock Art. London: Academic Press.
  • Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1987. “A dream of eland: an unexplored component of San shamanism and rock art.” World Archaeology 19: 165–177. doi: 10.1080/00438243.1987.9980032
  • Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1988. “Reality and non-reality in San rock art.” Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
  • Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1996. “'A Visit to the Lion's House': the structure, metaphors and sociopolitical significance of a nineteenth-century Bushmen myth.” In Voices from the Past: /Xam Bushmen and the Bleek and Lloyd Collection, edited by J. Deacon and T.A. Dowson, 122–141. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
  • Lewis-Williams, J.D. 2011. San Rock Art. Athens: Ohio University Press.
  • Lewis-Williams, J.D., Blundell, G., Challis, W. and Hampson, J. 2000. “Threads of light: re-examining a motif in southern African San rock art.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 55: 123–136. doi: 10.2307/3888961
  • Lewis-Williams, J.D. and Dowson, T.A. 1988. “The signs of all times: entoptic phenomena in Upper Palaeolithic art.” Current Anthropology 29: 201–245. doi: 10.1086/203629
  • Lewis-Williams, J.D. and Loubser, J.H.N. 2014. “Bridging realms: towards ethnographically informed methods to identify religious and artistic practices in different settings.” Time and Mind 7: 109–139. doi: 10.1080/1751696X.2014.926154
  • Lewis-Williams, J.D. and Pearce, D.G. 2004. “Southern African San rock painting as social intervention: a study of rain-control images.” African Archaeological Review 21: 199–228. doi: 10.1007/s10437-004-0749-2
  • Loubser, J.H.N. and Brink, J.S. 1992. “Unusual paintings of wildebeest and a zebra-like animal from north-western Lesotho.” Southern African Field Archaeology 1: 103–107.
  • Low, C. 2014. “Khoe-San ethnography, ‘new animism’ and the interpretation of southern African rock art.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 69: 164–172.
  • Macdonald, D.W. (ed.). 2006. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File Inc.
  • Maggs, T.M.O’C. and Sealy, J.C. 1983. “Elephants in boxes.” South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 4: 44–48.
  • Marshall, L. 1999. Nyae Nyae !Kung Beliefs and Rites. Cambridge: Peabody Museum Press.
  • McGranaghan, M. 2014. “‘He who is a devourer of things’: monstrosity and the construction of difference in |Xam Bushman oral literature.” Folklore 125: 1–21. doi: 10.1080/0015587X.2013.865302
  • McGranaghan, M., Challis, S. and Lewis-Williams, J.D. 2013. “Joseph Millerd Orpen’s ‘A glimpse into the mythology of the Maluti Bushmen’: a contextual introduction and republished text.” Southern African Humanities 25: 137–166.
  • Orpen, J.M. 1874. “A glimpse into the mythology of the Maluti Bushmen.” Cape Monthly Magazine 9 (July): 1–13.
  • Ouzman S. 1996. “Thaba Sione: place of rhinoceroses and rain-making.” African Studies 55: 31–59. doi: 10.1080/00020189608707839
  • Pager, H. 1975. Stone Age Myth and Magic. Graz: Akademische Druckund Verlagsanstalt.
  • Pinto, L. 2013. “A cautionary tale of snakes and warthogs.” The Digging Stick 30(3): 1–3.
  • Plug, I. 1981. “Some research results on the late Pleistocene and early Holocene deposits of Bushman Rock Shelter, eastern Transvaal.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 36: 14–21. doi: 10.2307/3888014
  • Porr, M. and Bell, H.R. 2012. “‘Rock-art’, ‘animism’ and two-way thinking: towards a complementary epistemology in the understanding of material culture and ‘rock-art’ of hunting and gathering people.” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 19: 161–205. doi: 10.1007/s10816-011-9105-4
  • Prothero, D.R. and Schoch, R.M. 2002. Horns, Tusks, and Flippers: The Evolution of Hoofed Mammals. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Roca, A.L., Georgiadis, N., Pecon-Slattery, J. and O'Brien, S.J. 2001. “Genetic evidence for two species of elephant in Africa.” Science 293: 1473–1477. doi: 10.1126/science.1059936
  • Schaller, G.B. 1972. The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator-Prey Relations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Schoonraad, M. 1971. “Flying buck.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 26: 2.
  • Senter, P. and Moch, J.G., 2015. “A critical survey of vestigial structures in the postcranial skeletons of extant mammals.” PeerJ, 3, p.e1439. doi:https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1439.
  • Somers, M.J. 1997. “Warthog.” In The Complete Book of Southern African Mammals, edited by G. Mills and L. Hes, 247. Cape Town: Struik.
  • Tambiah, S. 1969. “Animals are good to think and good to prohibit.” Ethnology 8: 423–459. doi: 10.2307/3772910
  • Taylor, R. 1997. “Hippopotamus.” In The Complete Book of Southern African Mammals, edited by G. Mills and L. Hes, 248–249. Cape Town: Struik.
  • Vinnicombe, P.V. 1976. People of the Eland. Pietermaritzburg: Natal University Press.
  • Wadley, L. 2015. “Those marvellous millennia: the Middle Stone Age of Southern Africa.” Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 50: 155–226. doi: 10.1080/0067270X.2015.1039236
  • Whitley, D.S. 1994. “Shamanism, natural modeling and the rock art of Far Western North American hunter-gatherers.” In Shamanism and Rock Art in North America, edited by S. Turpin, 1–44. San Antonio: Rock Art Foundation.
  • Woodhouse, H.C. 1987. “Creatures with tusks in the rock paintings of southern Africa.” South African Journal of Art History 2: 40–46.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.