The Diepkloof Rock Shelter foodplant fitness landscape, Western Cape, South Africa

References

• Altolaguirre, Y., Schulz, M., Gibert, L. and Bruch, A.A. 2021. “Mapping Early Pleistocene environments and the availability of plant food as a potential driver of early Homo presence in the Guadix-Baza Basin (Spain).” Journal of Human Evolution 155: 102986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arranz-Otaegui, A., Pedersen, P.N., Schmidt, A.F., Jörgensen-Lindahl, A., Roe, J., Villemoes, J., Pantos, G.A. and Killackey, K. 2023. “Identifying the chaîne opératoire of club-rush (Bolboschoenus glaucus (Lam.) SG Sm) tuber exploitation during the Early Natufian in the Black Desert (northeastern Jordan).” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 47: 103677.
   Google Scholar
• Baxter, A.J. and Davies, B.R. 1994. “Palaeoecological insights for the conservation of aquatic ecosystems in dryland environments: a case study of the Verlorenvlei system, South Africa.” Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 4: 255–271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleek, W.H.I. and Lloyd, L.C. (eds). 1911. Specimens of Bushman Folklore. London: George Allen and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Botha, M.S., Cowling, R.M., Esler, K.J., de Vynck, J.C., Cleghorn, N.E. and Potts, A.J. 2020. “Return rates from plant foraging on the Cape south coast: understanding early human economies.” Quaternary Science Reviews 235: 106129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botha, M.S., Cowling, R.M., Esler, K.J., De Vynck, J. and Potts, A.J. 2019. “Have humans living within the Greater Cape Floristic Region used the same plant species through time?” South African Journal of Botany 122: 11–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredenkamp, G.J., Spada, F. and Kazmierczak, E. 2002. “On the origin of northern and southern hemisphere grasslands.” Plant Ecology 163: 209–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruyns, P.V., Klak, C. and Hanáček, P. 2011. “Age and diversity in Old World succulent species of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae).” Taxon 60: 1717–1733.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruyns, P.V., Klak, C. and Hanáček, P. 2015. “Recent radiation of Brachystelma and Ceropegia (Apocynaceae) across the Old World against a background of climatic change. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 90: 49–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartwright, C.R. 2013. “Identifying the woody resources of Diepkloof Rock Shelter (South Africa) using scanning electron microscopy of the MSA wood charcoal assemblages.” Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 3463–3474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartwright, C.R., Porraz, G. and Parkington, J.E. 2016. “The wood charcoal evidence from renewed excavations at Elands Bay Cave, South Africa.” Southern African Humanities 29: 249–258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, J.A., Carr, A.S., Schefuß, E., Boom, A. and Sealy, J. 2017. “Investigation of organic matter and biomarkers from Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa: insights into Middle Stone Age site usage and palaeoclimate.” Journal of Archaeological Science 85: 51–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowling, R.M., Cartwright, C.R., Parkington, J.E. and Allsopp, J.C. 1999. “Fossil wood charcoal assemblages from Elands Bay Cave, South Africa: implications for Late Quaternary vegetation and climates in the winter-rainfall Fynbos Biome.” Journal of Biogeography 26: 367–378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, T.J., Daru, B.H., Bezeng, B.S., Charles-Dominique, T., Hempson, G.P., Kabongo, R.M., Maurin, O., Muasya, A.M., van der Bank, M. and Bond, W.J. 2020. “Savanna tree evolutionary ages inform the reconstruction of the paleoenvironment of our hominin ancestors.” Scientific Reports 10(1): 1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dayaram, A., Rebelo, T., Skowno, A. and Powrie, L. 2017. “Vegetation map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland 2009 and 2012: a description of changes from 2006.” Bothalia-African Biodiversity & Conservation 47: 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Dayet, L., Le Bourdonnec, F.X., Daniel, F., Porraz, G. and Texier, P.J. 2016. “Ochre provenance and procurement strategies during the Middle Stone Age at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa.” Archaeometry 58: 807–829.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dayet, L., Texier, P.J., Daniel, F. and Porraz, G. 2013. “Ochre resources from the Middle Stone Age sequence of Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Western Cape, South Africa.” Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 3492–3505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deacon, H.J. and Geleijnse, V.B. 1988. “The stratigraphy and sedimentology of the main site sequence, Klasies River, South Africa.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 43: 5–14.
   Google Scholar
• De Vynck, J.C., Cowling, R.M., Potts, A.J. and Marean, C.W. 2016a. “Seasonal availability of edible underground and aboveground carbohydrate resources to human foragers on the Cape south coast, South Africa.” PeerJ 4(3–4): e1679
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Vynck, J.C., van Wyk, B.E., Cowling, R.M. 2016b. “Indigenous edible plant use by contemporary Khoe-San descendants of South Africa’s Cape South Coast.” South African Journal of Botany 102: 60–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupont, L.M., Zhao, X., Charles, C., Faith, J.T. and Braun, D. 2022. “Continuous vegetation record of the Greater Cape Floristic Region (South Africa) covering the past 300 000 years (IODP U1479).” Climate of the Past 18(1): 1–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hély, C. and Lézine, A.M. 2014. “Holocene changes in African vegetation: trade-off between climate and water availability.” Climate of the Past 10(2): 681–686.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, A.G., Hutschenreuther, A., Paine, O.C., Leichleiter, J., Codron, D., Codron, J., Loudon, J., Adolph, S. and Sponheimer, M. 2019. “Influences on plant nutritional variation and their potential effects on hominin diet selection.” Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 261: 18–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerardino, A. 2012. “Large shell middens and hunter-gatherer resource intensification along the West Coast of South Africa: the Elands Bay case study.” Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 7: 76–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerardino, A. 2021. “Coastal foraging on the west coast of South Africa in the midst of mid-Holocene climate change.” Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 17: 585–605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, J. and Fitchett, J.M. 2021. “Place, space and time: resolving Quaternary records.” South African Journal of Geology 124: 1107–1114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larbey, C., Mentzer, S.M., Ligouis, B., Wurz, S. and Jones, M.K. 2019. “Cooked starchy food in hearths ca. 120 kya and 65 kya (MIS 5e and MIS 4) from Klasies River Cave, South Africa.” Journal of Human Evolution 131: 210–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombard, M. 2022. “Sedge foodplants growing in the Cradle of Humankind, South Africa, and Cyperus esculentus tubers (Patrysuintjies) as a C4 superfood.” Open Quaternary 8(5): 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Lombard, M., Lotter, M.G. and Caruana, M.V. 2021. “Wonderboompoort, South Africa: a natural game funnel for meat harvesting during the later Acheulean.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 39: 103193.
   Google Scholar
• Lombard, M. and van Aardt, A.C. 2022. “Taking stock of foodplants growing in the Cradle of Humankind fossil hominin site, South Africa.” African Archaeological Review 39: 59–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombard, M. and van Aardt, A. 2023. “Method for generating foodplant fitness landscapes: with a foodplant checklist for southern Africa and its application to Klasies River Main Site.” Journal of Archaeological Science 149: 105707.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackay, A. 2016. “Three arcs: observations on the archaeology of the Elands Bay and northern Cederberg landscapes.” Southern African Humanities 29: 1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mucina, L. and Rutherford, M.C. (eds) 2006. The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Nesbitt, M. 2012. “Grains.” In The Cultural History of Plants, edited by G. Prance and M. Nesbitt, 50–65. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Neumann, F.H. and Bamford, M.K. 2015. “Shaping of modern southern African biomes: Neogene vegetation and climate changes.” Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 70: 195–212.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolson, S.W. 2022. “Sweet solutions: nectar chemistry and quality.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 377(1853): 20210163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkington, J.E. 2016. “Elands Bay Cave: keeping an eye on the past.” Southern African Humanities 29: 17–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkington, J.E., Cartwright, C., Cowling, RM, Baxter, A. and Meadows, M. 2000. “Palaeovegetation at the Last Glacial Maximum in the Western Cape, South Africa: wood charcoal and pollen evidence from Elands Bay Cave.” South African Journal of Science 96: 543–546.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkington, J.E. and Porraz, G.E. 2016 (eds). Elands Bay Cave and the Stone Age of the Verlorenvlei, South Africa. Southern African Humanities 29: 1–306.
   Google Scholar
• Parkington, J.E., Rigaud, J.P., Poggenpoel, C., Porraz, G. and Texier, P.J. 2013. “Introduction to the project and excavation of Diepkloof Rock Shelter (Western Cape, South Africa): a view on the Middle Stone Age.” Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 3369–3375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partridge, T.C., Werdelin, L. and Sanders, W.J. 2010. “Tectonics and geomorphology of Africa during the Phanerozoic.” In Cenozoic Mammals of Africa edited by L. Werdelin and W.J. Sanders, 3–26. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pemberton, R.W. 1998. “Waterblommetjie, an unusual aquatic food plant, new crop and cultural symbol in the Cape of South Africa.” In Fish: Food from the Waters edited by H. Walker, 223–228. London: Prospect Books
   Google Scholar
• Pemberton, R.W. 2000. “Waterblommetjie (Aponogeton distachyos, Aponogetonaceae), a recently domesticated aquatic food crop in Cape South Africa with unusual origins.” Economic Botany 54: 144–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, C. R., O’Brien, E. M. and Drummond, R. B. 1992. Edible Wild Plants of Sub-Saharan Africa. London: Kew Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Pieterse, E., Millan, E. and Schönfeldt, H.C. 2022. “Consumption of edible flowers in South Africa: nutritional benefits, stakeholders’ views, policy and practice implications.” British Food Journal ahead-of-print: https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-10-2021-1091
   Google Scholar
• Porraz, G., Parkington, J.E., Rigaud, J.P., Miller, C.E., Poggenpoel, C., Tribolo, C., Archer, W., Cartwright, C.R., Charrié-Duhaut, A., Dayet, L. and Igreja, M. 2013. “The MSA sequence of Diepkloof and the history of southern African Late Pleistocene populations.” Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 3542–3552.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porraz, G., Parkington, J.E., Schmidt, P., Bereiziat, G., Brugal, J.P., Dayet, L., Igreja, M., Miller, C.E., Schmid, V.C., Tribolo, C. and Val, A. 2021. “Experimentation preceding innovation in a MIS5 Pre-Still Bay layer from Diepkloof Rock Shelter (South Africa): emerging technologies and symbols.” Peer Community Journal 1: e20.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, D.L., Matthews, T., Herries, A.I., Boulter, C., Scott, L., Dondo, C., Mtembi, P., Browning, C., Smith, R.M., Haarhoff, P. and Bateman, M.D. 2011. “Regional and global context of the Late Cenozoic Langebaanweg (LBW) palaeontological site: west coast of South Africa.” Earth-Science Reviews 106: 191–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, P., Porraz, G., Bellot-Gurlet, L., February, E., Ligouis, B., Paris, C., Texier, P.J., Parkington, J.E., Miller, C.E., Nickel, K.G. and Conard, N.J. 2015. “A previously undescribed organic residue sheds light on heat treatment in the Middle Stone Age.” Journal of Human Evolution 85: 22–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, L. 1995. “Pollen evidence for vegetational and climate change during the Neogene and Quaternary in Southern Africa.” In Paleoclimate and Evolution with Emphasis on Human Origins edited by E. Vrba, D. Denton, T.C. Partridge and L.H. Burckle, 65–76. New Haven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, L. and Neumann, F.H. 2018. “Pollen-interpreted palaeoenvironments associated with the Middle and Late Pleistocene peopling of Southern Africa.” Quaternary International 495: 169–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singels, E., Potts, A.J., Cowling, R.M., Marean, C.W., De Vynck, J. and Esler, K.J. 2016. “Foraging potential of underground storage organ plants in the southern Cape, South Africa.” Journal of Human Evolution 101: 79–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smit, E. 1815 [1956]. “Dag verhaal van eerw. Erasmus Smit, 1815: Wilde Boesmans en die kerk.” Hertzog-annale 1956 (Jaarboek III Desember) 5(8): 67–117.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, C.A. 1966. Common Names of South African Plants. Pretoria: South African Government Printer.
   Google Scholar
• Steele, T.E. and Klein, R.G. 2013. “The Middle and Later Stone Age faunal remains from Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Western Cape, South Africa.” Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 3453–3462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Texier, P.J., Porraz, G., Parkington, J.E., Rigaud, J.P., Poggenpoel, C.A. and Tribolo, C. 2013. “The context, form and significance of the MSA engraved ostrich eggshell collection from Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Western Cape, South Africa.” Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 3412–3431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tylén, K., Fusaroli, R., Rojo, S., Heimann, K., Fay, N., Johannsen, N.N., Riede, F. and Lombard, M. 2020. “The evolution of early symbolic behavior in Homo sapiens.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117: 4578–4584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Val, A. 2019. “New data on avifaunal remains associated with the Middle Stone Age layers from Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Western Cape, South Africa.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 26: 101880.
   Google Scholar
• Val, A., Porraz, G., Texier, P.J., Fisher, J.W. and Parkington, J.E. 2020. “Human exploitation of nocturnal felines at Diepkloof Rock Shelter provides further evidence for symbolic behaviours during the Middle Stone Age.” Scientific Reports 10: 6424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Wijk, Y.E., Rust, R., Uithaler, E.M. and Wurz, S. 2019. “Ethnobotanical research at Klasies River linking past, present, and future.” Ethnobotany Research and Applications 18: 34: 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• van Wijk, Y., Tusenius, M.L., Rust, R., Cowling, R.M. and Wurz, S. 2017. “Modern vegetation at the Klasies River archaeological sites, Tsitsikamma coast, south-eastern Cape, South Africa: A reference collection.” Plant Ecology and Evolution 150: 13–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Wyk, B.E., Heerden, F.V. and Oudtshoorn, B.V. 2005. Poisonous Plants of South Africa. Pretoria: Briza Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Von Koenen, E. 1996. Medicinal, Poisonous and Edible Plants in Namibia Volume 2. Windhoek: Klaus Hess Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Wadley, L., Backwell, L., d’Errico, F. and Sievers, C. 2020. “Cooked starchy rhizomes in Africa 170 thousand years ago.” Science 367: 87–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welcome, A.K. and van Wyk, B.E. 2019. “An inventory and analysis of the food plants of southern Africa.” South African Journal of Botany 122: 136–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wink, M. and van Wyk, B.E. 2008. Mind-Altering and Poisonous Plants of the World. Portland: Timber Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wollstonecroft, M.M., Ellis, P.R., Hillman, G.C. and Fuller, D.Q. 2008. “Advances in plant food processing in the Near Eastern Epipalaeolithic and implications for improved edibility and nutrient bioaccessibility: an experimental assessment of Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla (sea club-rush).” Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 17: 19–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wollstonecroft, M.M., Hroudová, Z., Hillman, G.C. and Fuller, D.Q. 2011. “Bolboschoenus glaucus (Lam.) SG Smith, a new species in the flora of the ancient Near East.” Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 20: 459–470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar