Exploring personhood and identity marking: paintings of lions and felines in San rock art sites from the southern Maloti-Drakensberg and northeastern Stormberg, South Africa.

References

• /Xam narratives. 1870–1890. In The Bleek and Lloyd Collection. http://lloydbleekcollection.cs.uct.ac.za/ Site accessed 5 August 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Alaimo, S. and Hekman, S. (eds.) 2008. Material Feminisms. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bank, A. 2006. Bushmen in a Victorian World: The Remarkable Story of the Bleek-Lloyd Collection of Bushman Folklore. Cape Town: Double Storey.
   Google Scholar
• Barad, K. 1998. “Getting real: technoscientific practices and the materialization of reality.” Differences 10(2): 87–128.
   Google Scholar
• Barad, K. 2007. Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barad, K. 2008. “Posthumanist performativity: toward an understanding of how matter comes to matter.” In Material Feminisms, edited by S. Alaimo and S. Hekman, 120–156. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barnard, A. 1992. Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa: A Comparative Ethnography of the Khoisan Peoples. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Biesele, M. 1993. Women like Meat: The Folklore and Foraging Ideology of the Kalahari Ju/’hoan. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bird-David, N. 1999. “‘Animism’ revisited: personhood, environment, and relational epistemology.” Current Anthropology 40(Supplement): S67–S91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleek, D.F. 1956. A Bushman Dictionary. New Haven: American Oriental Society.
   Google Scholar
• Blundell, G. 2004. Nqabayo’s Nomansland: San Rock Art and the Somatic Past. Stockholm: Elanders Gotab.
   Google Scholar
• Bonneau, A., Pearce, D.G., Mitchell, P.J., Staff, R., Arthur, C., Mallen, L., Brock, F. and Higham, T.F.G. 2017a. “The earliest directly dated rock paintings from southern Africa: new AMS radiocarbon dates.” Antiquity 91: 322–333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonneau, A., Staff, R.A., Higham, T.F.G., Brock, F., Pearce, D.G. and Mitchell, P.J. 2017b. “Successfully dating rock art in southern Africa using improved sampling methods and new characterization and pretreatment protocols.” Radiocarbon 59: 659–677.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, J. 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, J. 1993. Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of ‘Sex’. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, J. 2018. Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Challis, S. 2005. “‘The men with rhebok’s heads; they tame eland and snakes’: incorporating the rhebok antelope in the understanding of southern African rock art.” South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 9: 11–20.
   Google Scholar
• Challis, S. 2019. “High and mighty: a San expression of excess potency control in the high-altitude hunting grounds of southern Africa.” Time and Mind 12: 169–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Challis, S. and Sinclair-Thomson, B. 2022. “The impact of contact and colonization on Indigenous worldviews, rock art, and the history of southern Africa: ‘the disconnect’.” Current Anthropology 63(Supplement 25): S91–S127.
   Google Scholar
• Challis, S. and Skinner, A. 2021. “Art and influence, presence and navigation in southern African forager landscapes.” Religions 12: 1099.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deacon, J. 1986. “‘My place is the Bitterpits’: the home territory of Bleek and Lloyd’s /Xam San informants.” African Studies 45: 135–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deacon, J. 1992. “Arrows as agents of belief among the /Xam Bushmen.” Cape Town: South African Museum.
   Google Scholar
• Deacon, J. 1998. Some Views on Rock Paintings in the Cederberg. Cape Town: National Monuments Council.
   Google Scholar
• Deacon, J. 2014. “Men and lions: engraved forever on Brinkkop hills.” In The Courage of //Kabbo: Celebrating the 100th Anniversary of the Publication of Specimens of Bushman Folklore, edited by J. Deacon and P. Skotnes, 211–224. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press.
   Google Scholar
• Deacon, J. and Skotnes, P. (eds). 2014. The Courage of //Kabbo: Celebrating the 100th Anniversary of the Publication of Specimens of Bushman Folklore. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press.
   Google Scholar
• De Castro, E.V., 1998. “Cosmological deixis and Amerindian perspectivism.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 4: 469–488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Prada-Samper, J.M., Du Plessis, M., Hollmann, J., Weintroub, J., Wintjes, J. and Wright, J.B. (eds). 2016. On the Trail of Qing and Orpen. Johannesburg: Standard Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Descola, P. 2013. Beyond Nature and Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dichman, A-C. 2023. “More-than-human gender performativity.” Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory. https://doi.org/10.1080/1600910X.2023.2178476 Site accessed 12 January 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Dowson, T.A. 1988. “Revelations of religious reality: the individual in San rock art.” World Archaeology 20: 116–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowson, T.A. 1994. “Reading art, writing history: rock art and social change in southern Africa.” World Archaeology 25: 332–345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowson, T.A. 1998a. “Like people in prehistory.” World Archaeology 29: 333–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowson, T.A. 1998b. “Rain in Bushman belief, politics and history: the rock-art of rain-making in the south-eastern mountains, southern Africa.” In The Archaeology of Rock Art, edited by C. Chippindale and P.S.C. Taçon, 73–78. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dowson, T.A. 2001. “Queer theory and feminist theory: towards a sociology of sexual politics in rock art research.” In Theoretical Perspectives in Rock Art Research, edited by K. Helskog, 312–329. Oslo: Gjøvik Trykkeri A.S.
   Google Scholar
• Dowson, T.A. 2007. “Debating shamanism in southern African rock art: time to move on … ” South African Archaeological Bulletin 62: 49–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drennan, R. 2010. Statistics for Archaeologists: A Common Sense Approach. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Eastwood, E.B. 2006. “Animals behaving like people: San rock paintings of kudu in the central Limpopo basin, southern Africa.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 61: 26–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ego, R. 2019. Visionary Animal: Rock Art from Southern Africa. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
   Google Scholar
• England, N.M. 1968. “Music among the Zu/Wasi of South West Africa and Botswana.” PhD diss., Harvard University.
   Google Scholar
• Estes, R. 1991. The Behaviour Guide to African Mammals. Oakland: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fowler, C. 2004. The Archaeology of Personhood. An Anthropological Approach. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Fowler, C. 2016. “Relational personhood revisited.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 26: 397–412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamble, C.N., Hanan, J.S. and Nail, T. 2019. “What is new materialism?” Angelaki 24(6): 111–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, D. 2020. “Engendering the rock art archaeology of the north Eastern Cape: ritual specialists, novices, and social conditioning.” MA diss., University of South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Green, D. 2022. “San rock paintings of women in the southern Maloti-Drakensberg and north-eastern Stormberg, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa: ritual specialists, potency and social conditioning.” Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 57: 463–499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guenther, M. 1999. Tricksters and Trancers: Bushman Religion and Society. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guenther, M. 2015. “‘Therefore their parts resemble humans, for they feel that they are people’: ontological flux in San myth, cosmology and belief.” Hunter Gatherer Research 1: 277–315.
   Google Scholar
• Guenther, M.G. 2017. “‘ … the eyes are no longer wild. you have taken the kudu into your mind’: the supererogatory aspect of San hunting.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 72: 3–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guenther, M. 2020. Human-Animal Relationships in San and Hunter-Gatherer Cosmology. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Haraway, D. 1988. “Situated knowledges: the science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective.” Feminist Studies 14: 575–599.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haraway, D. 1991. Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Harding, S. 1987. “Is there a feminist method?” In Feminism and Methodology: Social Science Issues, edited by S. Harding, 1–14. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harman, J. 2013. “D-stretch homepage.” http://www.dstretch.com Site accessed 12 December 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, G. 2006. “Animals, animists, and academics.” Zygon 41: 9–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hekman, S. 2008. “Constructing the ballast: an ontology for feminism.” In Material Feminisms, edited by S. Alaimo and S. Hekman, 85–119. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hewitt, R. 2008. Structure, Meaning, and Ritual in the Narratives of the Southern San. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hodder, I. 2012. Entangled: An Archaeology of the Relationship between Humans and Things. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Hollmann, J.C. 2001. “‘Big pictures’: insights into southern African San rock paintings of ostriches.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 56: 62–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollmann, J.C. 2002. “Natural models, ethology and San rock-paintings: pilo-erection and depictions of bristles in south-eastern South Africa.” South African Journal of Science 98: 563–567.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollmann, J.C. (ed.). 2004. Customs and Beliefs of the /Xam Bushmen. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hollmann, J.C. 2018. “Digital technology, documentation and research of hunter-gatherer rock art, South Africa.” African Archaeological Review 35: 157–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollmann, J.C. (ed.). 2022. Customs and Beliefs of the /Xam Bushmen. Second edition. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hollmann, J.C. and Lombard, M. 2020. “Imagining a ‘pleasant place’: a rock engraving site in the Trans-Gariep Nama Karoo, South Africa.” Southern African Humanities 33: 63–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingold, T. 2000. The Perception of the Environment: Essays on Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ingold, T. 2018. “Toward a new humanism: one world anthropology.” HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 8: 158–171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffery, R.C.V. and Hanks, J. 1981. “Age determination of eland Taurotragus oryx (Pallas, 1766) in the Natal highveld.” South African Journal of Zoology 16: 113–122.
   Google Scholar
• Jolly, P. 2002. “Therianthropes in San rock art.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 57: 85–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, R. 1982. Boiling Energy: Community Healing Among the Kalahari Kung. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, R., Biesele, M. and St Denis, V. (eds). 1997. Healing Makes our Hearts Happy: Spirituality and Cultural Transformation among the Kalahari Ju/’hoansi. Rochester: Inner Traditions.
   Google Scholar
• Keeney, B. 1999. Kalahari Bushmen Healers. Philadelphia: Ringing Rocks Press.
   Google Scholar
• Keeney, B.P. (ed.). 2003. Ropes to God: Experiencing the Bushman Spiritual Universe. Philadelphia: Leete’s Island Books.
   Google Scholar
• Keeney, B. and Keeney, H. 2013. “Reentry into First Creation: a contextual frame for the Juǀ’hoan Bushman performance of puberty rites, storytelling, and healing dance.” Journal of Anthropological Research: 69: 65–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, R., Bonneau, A. and Pearce, D.G. 2021. “‘They are all dead that I could ask’: indigenous innovation and the micropolitics of the field in twentieth-century southern Africa.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 32: 137–152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, R., and McGranaghan, M. 2020. “Birds, beasts and relatives: animal subjectivities and frontier encounters.” In The Pasts and Presence of Art in South Africa: Technologies, Ontologies, and Agents, edited by C. Wingfield, J. Giblin, and R. King, 91–110. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
   Google Scholar
• Kirby, V. 1997. Telling Flesh: The Substance of the Corporeal. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Latour, B. 1993. We Have Never Been Modern. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laue, G. 2017. “McAll’s Cave: characterising the rock art of the Groot Winterhoek mountains, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.” South African Humanities 30: 145–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, R.B. 1968a. “The sociology of !Kung Bushman dance performances.” In Trance and Possession States, edited by R. Prince, 35–54. Montreal: RM Bucke Memorial Society.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, R.B. 1968b. “What hunters do for a living, or, how to make out on scarce resources.” In Man the Hunter, edited by R.B. Lee and I. DeVore, 30–48. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, R.B. 1979. The !Kung San: Men, Women, and Work in a Foraging Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, R.B. 1984. The Dobe !Kung. New York: CBS College Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Leone, M. 1981. “Archaeology’s relationship to the present and the past.” In Modern Material Culture: The Archaeology of Us, edited by R. Gould and M. Schiffer, 5–14. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1972. “The syntax and function of the Giant's Castle rock paintings.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 27: 49–65.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1974. “Superpositioning in a sample of rock paintings from the Barkly East District.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 29: 93–103.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1981. Believing and Seeing: Symbolic Meanings in Southern San Rock Art. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1982. “The economic and social context of southern San rock art.” Current Anthropology 23: 429–449.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1984a. “Ideological continuities in prehistoric southern Africa: the evidence of rock art.” In Past and Present in Hunter-Gatherer Studies, edited by C. Schrire, 225–252. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1984b. “The empiricist impasse in southern African rock art studies.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 39: 58–66.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1985. “Testing the trance explanation of southern African rock art: depictions of felines.” Bolletino del Centro di Preistorici 22: 47–62.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1988. The World of Man and the World of Spirit: An Interpretation of the Linton Rock Paintings. Cape Town: South African Museum.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1990. “Documentation, analysis and interpretation: dilemmas in rock art research.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 45: 126–136.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1992. Vision, Power and Dance: The Genesis of a Southern African Rock Art Panel. Amsterdam: Stichting Nederlands Museum voor Anthropologie en Praehistorie.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1995. “Modelling the production and consumption of rock art.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 50: 143–154.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1996. “A visit to the lion’s house: the structures, metaphors and sociopolitical significance of a nineteenth-century Bushman myth.” In Voices From the Past: /Xam Bushmen and the Bleek and Lloyd Collection, edited by J. Deacon and T.A. Dowson, 122–141. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1997a. “The mantis, the eland and the meerkats: conflict and mediation in a nineteenth-century San myth.” African Studies 56: 195–216.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1997b. “Agency, art and altered consciousness: a motif in French (Quercy) Upper Palaeolithic parietal art.” Antiquity 71: 810–830.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1998. “Quanto: the issue of ‘many meanings’ in southern San rock art research.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 53: 86–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. 2001. “Monolithism and polysemy: Scylla and Charybdis in rock art research.” In Theoretical Perspectives in Rock Art Research, edited by K. Helskog, 23–39. Oslo: Gjøvik Trykkeri A.S.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. 2013. “From illustration to social intervention: three nineteenth-century ǀXam myths and their implications for understanding San rock art.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 23: 241–262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. 2015. Myth and Meaning: San-Bushman Folklore in Global Context. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. 2018. “Three nineteenth-century southern African San myths: a study in meaning.” Africa 88: 138–159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. and Biesele, M. 1978. “Eland hunting rituals among northern and southern San groups: striking similarities.” Africa 48: 117–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. and Challis, S. 2010. “Truth in error: an enigmatic 19th century San comment on southern African rock paintings of ‘lions’ and ‘shields.’” Before Farming 2010/1(2): 5–8.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. and Challis, S. 2011. Deciphering Ancient Minds: The Mystery of San Bushman Rock Art. London: Thames and Hudson.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams J.D. and Dowson, T.A. 1989. Images of Power: Understanding San Rock Art. Halfway House: Southern Books.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. and Loubser, J.H.N. 1986. “Deceptive appearances: a critique of southern African rock art studies.” Advances in World Archaeology 5: 253–289.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. and Pearce, D.G. 2004a. San Spirituality: Roots, Expression, and Social Consequences. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J. D. and Pearce, D. G. 2004b. “Southern African San rock painting as social intervention: a study of rain-control images.” African Archaeological Review 21: 199–228.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J.D. and Pearce, D.G. 2012. “The southern San and the trance dance: a pivotal debate in the interpretation of San rock paintings.” Antiquity 86: 696–706.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low, C. 2008. “Working with potency: the role of weather in KhoeSan healing.” In Weather, Local Knowledge and Everyday Life: Issues in Integrated Climate Studies, edited by C. Barboza and V. Jankovic, 235–244. Rio de Janeiro: MAST.
   Google Scholar
• Low, C. 2011. “Birds and Khoesān: linking spirits and healing with day-to-day life.” Africa 81: 295–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low, C. 2014. “Khoe-San ethnography, ‘new animism’ and the interpretation of southern African rock art.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 69: 164–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maggs, T.M.O’C. 1967. “A quantitative analysis of the rock art from a sample area in the Western Cape.” South African Journal of Science 63: 100–106.
   Google Scholar
• Mallen, L. 2005. “Linking sex, species and a supernatural snake at LAB X rock art site.” South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 9: 3–10.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall, L.J. 1969. “The medicine dance of the !Kung Bushmen.” Africa 39: 347–381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, L.J. 1999. Nyae Nyae !Kung: Beliefs and Rites. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall Thomas, E. 2006. The Old Way. The Story of the First People. New York: Picador.
   Google Scholar
• Mazel, A.D. 1983. “Eland, rhebuck and cranes: identifying seasonality in the paintings of the Drakensberg, Natal, South Africa.” South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 4: 34–37.
   Google Scholar
• McGranaghan, M. 2012. “Foragers on the frontiers: the /Xam Bushmen of the Northern Cape, South Africa, in the nineteenth century.” DPhil. diss., University of Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• McGranaghan, M. 2014a. “‘Different people’ coming together: representations of alterity in /Xam Bushman (San) narrative.” Critical Arts 28: 670–688.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGranaghan, M. 2014b. “‘He who is a devourer of things’: monstrosity and the construction of difference in /Xam Bushman oral literature.” Folklore 125: 1–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGranaghan, M. 2019. “Ethnographic analogy in archaeology: methodological insights from southern Africa.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Historiography: Methods and Sources, edited by T. Spear, 283–310. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McGranaghan, M. and Challis, S. 2016. “Reconfiguring hunting magic: southern Bushman (San) perspectives on taming and their implications for understanding rock art.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 26: 579–599.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mguni, S. 2005. “A new iconographic understanding of formlings, a pervasive motif in Zimbabwean rock art.” South African Archaeological Goodwin Series 9: 34-44.
   Google Scholar
• Mokokwe, D.W. 2012. “Representing southern African San rock art: a move towards digitisation.” In Working with Rock Art: Recording, Presenting and Understanding Rock Art Using Indigenous Knowledge, edited by B.W. Smith, D. Morris and K. Helskog, 61–82. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moran, S. 2009. Representing Bushmen: South Africa and the Origin of Language. Rochester: University of Rochester Press.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, D. 2012. “Rock art in the Northern Cape: the implications of variability in engravings and paintings relative to issues of social context and change in the precolonial past.” PhD diss., University of the Western Cape.
   Google Scholar
• Mullen, A. 2018. “Re-investigating significantly differentiated figures in the rock art of the south-eastern mountains.” MSc, diss., University of Witwatersrand.
   Google Scholar
• Ndlovu, N. 2012. “A comparative analysis of rock art in southern Africa: animals and cosmological models”. PhD diss., University of Newcastle.
   Google Scholar
• Orpen, J.M. 1874. “A glimpse into the mythology of the Maluti Bushmen.” The Cape Monthly Magazine 9: 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Ouzman, S. 1997. “Between margin and centre: the archaeology of bored stones.” In Our Gendered Past: Archaeological Studies of Gender in Southern Africa, edited by L. Wadley, 71–106. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ouzman, S. 2003. “Indigenous images of a colonial exotic: imaginings from Bushman southern Africa.” Before Farming 2003/1(6): 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Ouzman, S. and Wadley, L. 1997. “A history in paint and stone from Rose Cottage Cave, South Africa.” Antiquity, 71: 386–404. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00084994
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pager, H. 1971. Ndedema: A Documentation of the Rock Paintings of the Ndedema Gorge. Graz: Akademische Druck.
   Google Scholar
• Parkington, J. and de Prada-Samper, J.M. 2021. “‘When elephants were people’: elephant/human images of the Olifants River, Western Cape, South Africa.” In Ontologies of Rock Art: Images, Relational Approaches and Indigenous Knowledges, edited by O.M. Abadía and M. Porr, 223–244. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Parkington, J.E. and Paterson, A. 2017. “Somatogenesis: vibrations, undulations and the possible depiction of sound in San rock paintings of elephants in the Western Cape.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 72: 134–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkington, J.E. and Paterson, A. 2021. “Cloaks and torsos: image recognition, ethnography and male initiation events in the rock art of the Western Cape.” Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 56: 463–481.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakitianskaia, O. 2019. “Lions in the night: the dual unity of pantherine symbolism in San beliefs and its possible origins.” Southern African Humanities 32: 193–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosiek, J. L., Snyder, J., and Pratt, S. L. 2020. “The new materialisms and Indigenous theories of non-human agency: making the case for respectful anti-colonial engagement.” Qualitative Inquiry 26: 331–346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusch, N. 2016. “The root and tip of the //Kwanna: introducing chiasmus in /Xam narratives.” Critical Arts 30: 877–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shennan, S. 1998. Quantifying Archaeology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shostak, M. 1983. Nisa: The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman. London: Allen Lane/Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Sinclair, R. 2020. “Exploding individuals: engaging indigenous logic and decolonizing science.” Hypatia 35: 58–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinclair-Thomson, B. and Challis, S. 2017. “The ‘bullets to water’ belief complex: a pan-southern African cognate epistemology for protective medicines and the control of projectiles.” Journal of Conflict Archaeology 12: 192–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner, A. and Challis, S. 2022. “Fluidities of personhood in the idioms of the Maloti-Drakensberg, past and present, and their use in incorporating contextual ethnographies in southern African rock art research.” Time and Mind 15: 101–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner, J.D. and Chimimba, C.T. 2005. The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Skotnes, P. 1996. (ed.). Miscast: Negotiating the Presence of the Bushmen. Cape Town: UCT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon, A. 1997. “Landscape, form and process: some implications for San rock art research.” Southern African Humanities 9: 57–73.
   Google Scholar
• Snow, L. 2020. “Poisoned, potent, painted: arrows as indexes of personhood.” In The Pasts and Presence of Art in South Africa: Technologies, Ontologies and Agents, edited by C. Wingfield, J. Giblin and R. King, 31–39. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
   Google Scholar
• Tongue, M.H. 1909. Bushman Paintings Copied by M. Helen Tongue. London: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Truman, S.E. 2019. Feminist New Materialisms. London: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Vinnicombe, P.V. 1976. People of the Eland: Rock Paintings of the Drakensberg Bushmen as a Reflection of Their Life and Thought. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press.
   Google Scholar
• Viveiros de Castro, E. 1998. “Cosmological deixis and Amerindian perspectivism.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 4: 469–488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voss, B.L. 2005. “Sexual subjects: identity and taxonomy in archaeological research.” In The Archaeology of Plural and Changing Identities: Beyond Identification, edited by E.C. Casella and C. Fowler, 55–78. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Voss, B.L. 2008. “Sexuality studies in archaeology.” Annual Review of Anthropology 37: 317–336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wates, T. 2021. “Rain snakes and water-bulls: a comparative analysis of rainmaking scenes in the south-eastern Maloti-Drakensberg mountains, Lesotho.” BA(Hons), diss., University of Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Wessels, M. 2017. “Qing and the animals of the Drakensberg-Maloti.” In Indigenous Creatures, Native Knowledges, and the Arts, edited by W. Woodward and S. McHugh, 13–33. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Whitley, D.S. 2011. Introduction to Rock Art Research. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
   Google Scholar
• Whitley, D.S. 2021. Rock art, shamanism, and the ontological turn. In Ontologies of Rock Art: Images, Relational Approaches, and Indigenous Knowledges, edited by O.M. Abadia and M. Porr, 67–90. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Willcox, A.R. 1978. “So-called ‘infibulation’ in African rock art: a group research project.” African Studies 37: 203–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willerslev, R. 2007. Soul Hunters: Hunting, Animism, and Personhood among the Siberian Yukaghirs. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wintjes, J. 2022. “A lion’s life: tracking the biography of an archaeological artefact.” The Digging Stick 39(1): 1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Witelson, D. 2022. “Rock art and performance in the Stormberg, South Africa.” PhD diss., University of Witwatersrand.
   Google Scholar
• Wylie, A. 2002. Thinking From Things: Essays in the Philosophy of Archaeology. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar