Questions of Coastal Protection and the Human Response to Sea-level Rise in Ireland and Britain

References

• Bacon , S. and Carter , D. J. T. 1991 . Wave climate changes in the North Atlantic and North Sea . International Journal of Climatology , 11 : 545 – 558 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardsley , W. , Mitchell , J. and Lennon , G. 1990 . Estimating future sea-level extremes under conditions of sea-level rise . Coastal Engineering , 14 : 295 – 303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barth , M. C. and Titus , J. G. 1984 . Greenhouse Effect and Sea Level Rise: A Challenge for this Generation , New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Bartlett , D. . Spatial data structures and coastal information systems . Proceedings of the First European Conference on Geographical Information Systems. (EGIS '90) . April 10–13 , Amsterdam. pp. 30 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Bartlett , D. , Devoy , R. J. N. and Scalise , A. . Conceptual and methodological issues in creating a coastal zone CIS application . Proceedings of the III Review of the Sea. International Conference on. ‘The Impact of Humans' Activities on the Coastal Region’ . March 6– 8 . Leghorn
   Google Scholar
• Bell , P. 1989 . “ A county council's approach ” . In Coastal Management , Edited by: The Institution of Civil Engineers . 31 – 41 . London : Thomas Telford .
   Google Scholar
• Black , G. P. and Gonggrijp , G. 1990 . Space and lime: a new approach . Naturopa , 65 : 10 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Boorman , L. A. , Goss-Custard , J. D. and McGrorty , S. 1989 . Climatic Change. Rising Sea Level anil the British Coast , London : Her Majesty's Stationery Office .
   Google Scholar
• Bryant , E. 1987 . CO2 warming, rising sea level and retreating coasts: review and critique . Australian Geographer , 18 ( 2 ) : 101 – 113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant , E. 1988 . “ Sea-level variability and its impact within the greenhouse scenario ” . In Greenhouse: Planning for Climate Change , Edited by: Pearman , G. I. 135 – 146 . Melbourne : CSIRO Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Callery , P. 1990 . Coastal erosion in County Wexford
   Google Scholar
• Carter , D. J. T. and Draper , L. 1988 . Has the northcast Atlantic become rougher? . Nature , 332 : 494
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter , R. W. G. 1982 . Recent variations in sea level on the north and east coasts of Ireland and associated shoreline response . Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy , 82B : 177 – 187 .
   Google Scholar
• Carter , R. W. G. 1988 . Coastal Environments , London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carter , R. W. G. 1990a . The Impact on Ireland of Changes in Mean Sea Level , Programme of Expert Studies on Climate Change. No. 2 Dublin : Department of the Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Carter , R. W. G. 1990b . “ Coastal zone management: comparisons and conflicts ” . In Planning and Management of the Coastal Heritage , Edited by: Houston , J. A. and Jones , C. R. 45 – 49 . Southport : Sefton Metropolitan Borough Council .
   Google Scholar
• Carter , R. W. G. . Managing the Irish coast: frontline protection for the twenty-first century . Proceedings of a Seminar on Engineering for Coastal Protection . Dublin : Institute of Engineers of Ireland .
   Google Scholar
• Carter , R. W. G. 1991b . “ Sea-level Changes ” . In Climate Change: Studies on the Implications for Ireland , Edited by: McWilliams , B. E. 125 – 171 . Dublin : Department of the Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Carter , R. W. G. 1992 . “ Coastal conservation ” . In Coastal Management 92: Integrating Coastal Zone Planning and Management in the Next Century , Edited by: The Institution of Civil Engineers . 17 – 30 . Southampton : Thomas Telford Services Ltd., Ashford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carter , R. W. G. and Bartlett , D. J. 1990 . Coastal erosion in northeast Ireland - Pan I: sand beaches, dunes and river mouths . Irish Geography , 23 : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Carter , R. W. G. , Devoy , R. J. N. and Shaw , J. 1989 . Late Holocene sea levels in Ireland . Journal of Quarternary Science , 4 : 7 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Carter , R. W. G. and Johnston , T. W. 1982 . Ireland - the shrinking island? . Technology Ireland , 14 : 22 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Carter , R. W. G. and Orford , J. D. 1988 . “ The impaci of Man on the coast of Ireland ” . In Artificial Structures and Shorelines , Edited by: Walker , J. 155 – 164 . The Hague : D.H. Reidel .
   Google Scholar
• Carr , A. 1988 . “ Geomorphology and public policy at the coast ” . In Geomorphology in Environmental Planning , Edited by: Hooke , J. M. 189 – 210 . Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , M. J. 1979 . Geomorphology in coastal zone environmental management . Geography , 64 : 273 – 282 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , R. U. and Doornkamp , J. C. 1990 . “ Coastal environments ” . In Geomorphology in Environmental Management. , 2nd ed , Edited by: Cooke , R. U. and Doomkamp , J. C. 269 – 302 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Devoy , R. J. N. 1987a . Sea Surface Studies: A Global View , London : Croom Helm-Chapman Hall . 649pp
   Google Scholar
• Devoy , R. J. N. 1987b . “ Sea-level applications and management ” . In The Hydrodynamic and Sedimentary Consequences of Sea-level Change , Progress in Oceanography 18 Edited by: Carter , R. W. G. and Devoy , R. J. N. 273 – 286 . Oxford : Pergamon .
   Google Scholar
• Devoy , R. J. N. 1990 . Sea-level changes and Ireland . Technology Ireland , 22 : 24 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Devoy , R. J. N. 1991 . “ The study of inferred patterns of Holocene sea-level change from Atlantic and other European margins as a means of testing models of earth crustal behaviour ” . In Glacial Isostasy. Sea Level and Mantle Rheology , Edited by: Sabadini , R. , Lambeck , K. and Boschi , E. 213 – 236 . Dordrecht : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Devoy , R. J. N. and Bartlett , D. J. . Assessing the potential impacts of sea-level rise on the Atlantic margin of Europe: problem definition and methodological discussion . Defense des Cites et Protection du Littoral. Proceedings of the Inlernational Geographical Union. Coastal Commission conference . October 17–20 1992 . Edited by: Miossec , A. pp. 80 – 81 . Instilut de Geographic Universite de Names .
   Google Scholar
• Devoy , R. J. N. and O'Mahony , A. , eds. 1990 . Coastal Engineering and Management: A Workshop , Cork : University College .
   Google Scholar
• Flather , R. A. 1987 . Estimates of extreme conditions of tide and surge using a numerical model of the Northwesl European Continental Shelf . Estuarine.Coastal and Shelf Science , 24 : 69 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frassetto , R. , ed. 1991 . Impact of Sea-Level Rise on Cities and Regions , 238 Venice : Centra Internationale Citt`d'Acqua .
   Google Scholar
• Gornitz , U. S. , Lebedeff , S. and Hansen , J. 1982 . Global sea level trend in the past century . Science , 215 : 1611 – 1614 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graaf , J. 1981 . An investigation of Ihe frequency distribution of annual sea-level maxima at ports around Great Britain . Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , 12 : 389 – 449 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , B. 1990 . “ Introduction ” . In Planning and Management of the Coastal Heritage , Edited by: Houston , J. A. and Jones , C. R. 7 – 8 . Soulhport : Sefton Meiropolitan Borough Council .
   Google Scholar
• Grieve , H. 1959 . The Great Tide: The Story of the 1953 Flood Disaster in Essex , London : Essex County Council .
   Google Scholar
• Hails , J. R. 1977 . “ Applied geomorphology in coastalzone planning and management ” . In Applied Geomorphology , Edited by: Hails , J. R. 317 – 362 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Hansom , J. D. 1986 . “ Coastal zone management in the United Kingdom ” . In Essays for Professor R.E.H. Mellor , Edited by: Ritchie , W. , Stone , J. C. and Mather , A. S. 223 – 232 . Aberdeen : University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hansom , J. D. 1988 . Coasts , 96 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hansom , J. D. and Kirk , R. M. 1991 . “ Change on the coast: the need for management ” . In Aspects of Environmental Change , Geography Department Series 91/1 Edited by: Johnston , R. R. and Flenley , J. R. New Zealand : Maney University .
   Google Scholar
• Hayward , P. 1990 . “ Towards an EC policy for coastal zone management ” . In Coastal Engineering and Management: A Workshop , Edited by: Devoy , R. J. N. and O'Mahony , A. 1 – 10 . Cork : University College .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson-Sellers , A. 1991 . Policy advice on greenhouse-induced climatic change: the scientist's dilemma . Progress in Physical Geography , 15 : 53 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendricks , J. C. F. , Remery , F. J. , De Ronde , J. G. , De Swart , P. F. and Vrijling , J. K. 1989 . Effects of rise of seawater level on maritime structures in the Netherlands . P.I.A.N.C. Bulletin , : 9 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Herlihy , A. J. 1982 . Coast Protection Survey 1980. Report , Vol. 2 , London : Department of the Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Holligan , P. M. and Reiners , W. A. 1992 . “ Predicting the responses of the coastal zone to global climate ” . In Advances in Ecological Research Edited by: Begon , M. , Fitter , A. H. and MacFadyen , A. Vol. 22 , 212 – 256 .
   Google Scholar
• Houghton , J. T. , Jenkins , G. J. and Ephraims , J. J. 1990 . Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment , 365 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• House Of Commons Select Committee . 1992 . Report on the Environment , London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Houston , J. A. and Jones , C. R. 1987 . The Seflon coast management scheme: project and process . Coastal Management , 15 : 267 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houston , J. A. and Jones , C. R. , eds. 1990 . Planning and Management of the Coastal Heritage , 82 Soulhport : Sefton Metropolitan Borough Council .
   Google Scholar
• Ince , M. 1990 . The Rising Seas , London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Institution Of Civil Engineers . 1985 . Coastal Engineering Research , 123 London : ThomasTelford .
   Google Scholar
• Institution Of Engineers Of Ireland . 1991 . (IEI): Engineering for Coastal Protection , 149 Dublin : Institution of Engineers of Ireland .
   Google Scholar
• Jolliffe , I. P. 1983 . III. Coastal erosion and Hood abatement: what are the options? . Geographical Journal , 149 : 26 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Joffiffe , I. and Patman , C. 1985 . The coastal zone: the challenge . Journal of Shoreline Management , 1 : 3 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , M. D. H. and Henderson-Sellers , A. 1990 . History of the greenhouse effect . Progress in Physical Geography , 14 : 1 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraus , N. and Pilkey , O. H. 1988 . The Effects of Seawalls on the Beach. Charlottesville. Virginia . Journal of Coastal Research ,
   Google Scholar
• Lambeck , K. , Johnston , P. and Nakada , M. 1990 . Holocene glacial rebound and sea-level change in Northwest Europe . Geophysical Journal International , 103 : 451 – 468 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leatherman , S. P. 1990 . Modelling shore response to sea-level rise on sedimentary coasts . Progress in Physical Geography , 14 : 447 – 464 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , A. W. . Engineering for global climatcchange . Environmental Engineering: Proceedings of the first Irish Environmental Engineering Conference . Edited by: Kiely , G. K. , McKeogh , E. J. and O'Kane , J. P. J. pp. 129 – 134 . Cork : University College .
   Google Scholar
• Long , D. , Smith , D. E. and Dawson , A. G. 1989 . A Holocene Tsunami deposit in eastern Scotland . Journal of Quaternary Science , 4 : 61 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Mason , S. J. and Hansom , J. D. 1988 . Cliff erosion and its contribution to a sediment budget for a part of the Holderness coast, England . Shore and Beach , 56 ( 4 ) : 30 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• McKenna , J. , Carter , R. W. G. and Bartlett , D. J. 1992 . Coast erosion in north east Ireland. Part 2 - cliffs and shore platforms . Irish Geography , 25 ( 2 ) in press
   Google Scholar
• McWilllams , B. E. , ed. 1991 . Climate Change: Studies on the Implications for Ireland , Dublin : Department of the Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Mehta , A. J. and Cushman , R. M. , eds. 1989 . Workshop on Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Processes , Washington DC : U.S. Department of Energy . DOE/NBB-0086
   Google Scholar
• Ministry Of Agriculture Fisheries and Food (MAFF) . 1990 . Caring for the future. Flood and Coastal Defence. PB 0015 , London : H.M.S.O .
   Google Scholar
• Misdorp , R. , Dronkers , J. and Spradley , J. R. 1990 . Strategiesfor Adaption to Sea-Level Rise , Report of the Coastal Zone Management Subgroup. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Response Strategies Working Group. Rijkswaterslaat The Hague : The Ministry of Transport and Public Works .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , J. K. 1974 . Community Response to Coastal Erosion: Individual and Collective Adjustments to Hazard on the Atlantic Shore , Department of Geography. Research Paper No. 15 University of Chicago .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , J. K. 1982 . Coastal zone management: a comparative analysis of national programmes . Ocean Yearbook , 3 : 258 – 319 .
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council . 1987 . (NRC) Responding to Changes in Sea Level: Engineering Implications , Washington : National Academy of Science Press .
   Google Scholar
• Neu , H. J. A. 1984 . Inter-annual variations and longerterm changes in the sea state of the North Atlantic from 1970 to 1982 . Journal of Geophysical Research , 89 : 6397 – 6402 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Flynn , J. 1991 . “ Coastal erosion in a maritime county ” . In Institution of Engineers of Ireland. Engineering for Coastal Protection , 39 – 91 . Dublin : Institution of Engineers of Ireland .
   Google Scholar
• O'Keefe , J. 1990 . “ Irish marine legislation: its relevance to coastal engineering ” . In Coastal Engineering and Management: A Workshop , Edited by: Devoy , R. J. N. . and O'Mahony , A. 11 – 33 . Cork : University College .
   Google Scholar
• Oriordan , T. and Turner , R. K. 1983 . An Annotated Reader in Environmental Planning and Management , 460 London : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Orford , J. D. 1988 . Alternative interpretation of Maninduced shoreline changes in Rosslare Bay. southeast Ireland . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , 13 : 65 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orford , J. D. 1989 . “ A review of tides, currents and waves in the Irish Sea ” . In The Irish Sea: A Resource at Risk , Geographical Society of Ireland Special Publication No. 3 Edited by: Sweeney , J. C. 18 – 46 . Dublin : Geographical Society of Ireland .
   Google Scholar
• Orford , J. D. 1990 . “ Littoral processes, sediments, coastal geomorphology and sea-level change: implications for coastal management strategies in Ireland ” . In Coastal Engineering and Management: A Workshop , Edited by: Devoy , R. J. N. and O'Mahony , A. 47 – 62 . Cork : University College .
   Google Scholar
• Orford , J. D. , Carter , R. W. G. and Forbes , D. L. 1991 . Gravel barrier migration and sea-level rise: some observations from Story Head. Nova Scotia . Journal of Coastal Research , 7 : 477 – 489 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker , D. J. and Thompson , P. M. 1988 . An ‘extended’ economic appraisal of coast protection works: a case study of Hengistbury Head. England . Ocean and Shoreline Management , 11 : 45 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Pearman , G. I. , ed. 1988 . Greenhouse: Planning for Climate Change , Melbourne : CSIRO Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Peerbolte , E. B. , De Ronde , J. G. , De Vrees , L. P. M. , Mann , M. and Barse , G. 1991 . Impact of Sea-Level Rise on Society: A Case Study for the Netherlands , Delft : Delft Hydraulics .
   Google Scholar
• Pethick , J. 1984 . An Introduction IO Coastal Geomorphology , London : Edward Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Pethick , J. 1990 . “ Perspectives on low cost and passive approaches to coastal management: case studies from the British Isles ” . In Coaxial Engineering and Management: A Workshop , Edited by: Devoy , R. J. N. and O'Mahony , A. 75 – 101 . Cork : University College .
   Google Scholar
• Pirazzoli , P. 1989 . Present and near-future global sealevel changes . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , 75 : 241 – 258 .
   Google Scholar
• Pugh , D. T. 1987 . Tides. Surges and Mean Sea Level , Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Pugh , D. T. 1990 . Is there a sea-level problem? . Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers , 88 ( 1 ) : 347 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugh , D. T. and Faull , H. E. 1983 . “ Tides, surges and mean sea level trends ” . In Shoreline Protection , Edited by: The Institution of Civil Engineers . 59 – 69 . London : Thomas Telford .
   Google Scholar
• Pugh , D. T. , Spencer , N. E. and Woodworth , P. L. 1987 . Data Holdings of the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level , Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level Birkenhead : Bidston .
   Google Scholar
• Pugh , D. T. and Vassie , J. M. . Extreme sea levels from t ides and surge probability . Proceedings of the 11th Coastal Engineering Conference . pp. 911 – 930 . Hamburg
   Google Scholar
• Pugh , D. T. and Vassie , J. M. 1980 . Applications of the joint probability method forcxtremc sea-level computations . Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers , 69 : 959 – 975 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravensdale , J. R. 1973 . Liable to Floods , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reed , D. and Boesch , D. B. . Human response to sea-level rise: the Louisiana Experience . The American Association for the Advancement of Science's Meeting. The Human Response to Sea-level Rise . February 14–19 , Washington D.C..
   Google Scholar
• Rijkswaterstaat . . The Dutch Coast: Report on the 22nd International Conference on Coastal Engineering . Delft. : Delft Hydraulics .
   Google Scholar
• Rossiter , J. R. 1972 . Sea-level observations and their secular variation . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. London , A 272 : 131 – 139 .
   Google Scholar
• Sheail , J. 1976 . Nature in Trust: A History of Nature Conservation in Great Britain , Glasgow : Blackie .
   Google Scholar
• Shennan , I. 1991 . “ Impacts of future sea-level rise on the Tees estuary: an approach using a Geographical Information System ” . In Impact of Sea Level Rise on Cities and Regions , Edited by: Frassetto , R. 81 – 92 . Venice : Centro Inteniazionale Città d'Acqua. Marsilio .
   Google Scholar
• Simmons , I. G. 1989 . Changing the Face of the Earth: Culture. Environment. History , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Steers , J. A. 1978 . Saving the coast, the British experience . Coastal Zone Management Journal , 8 : 7 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoddart , D. R. and Reed , D. J. 1990 . Sea-level rise as a global geomorphic issue . Progress in Physical Geography , 14 : 441 – 445 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeney , J. 1989 . The greenhouse effect and Ireland . Technology Ireland , 21 : 30 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Thom , B. G. 1989 . “ Climate change: issues for the Australian coastline ” . In Prime Minister's Science Council. Global Climatic Change-Issues for Australia , 81 – 143 . Canberra : Commonwealth of Australia .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , R. D. 1989 . Short-term climatic change: evidence, causes, environmental consequences and strategies for action . Progress in Physical Geography , 13 : 315 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titus , J. G. 1986 . Greenhouse effect, sea-level rise, and coastal zone management . Coastal Zone Management Journal , 14 : 147 – 171 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titus , J. , Wedge , R. , Psuty , N. and Fancher , J. 1990 . Changing Climate and the Coast , Miami : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change .
   Google Scholar
• Tooley , M. J. 1990 . “ Sea-level and coastal changesduring the last 5000 years ” . In Maritime Celts. Frisians and Saxons , Council for British Archaeology Research Report 71 Edited by: McGrail , S. 1 – 16 . London : Council for British Archaeology .
   Google Scholar
• Tooley , M. J. and Shennan , I. 1987 . Sea-level Changes , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Trudgill , S. 1991 . Environmental issues . Progress in Physical Geography , 15 : 84 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , H. J. 1981 . “ Man and shoreline modification ” . In Coastal Dynamics and Scientific Sites. International Geographical Union , Edited by: Bird , E. C. F. and Koike , K. 55 – 90 . Tokyo : Commission on the Coastal Environment. Kamazawu University .
   Google Scholar
• Warrick , R. and Farmer , G. 1990 . The greenhouse effect, climate change and rising sea level: implications for development . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , 15 : 5 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrick , R. A. , Wigley , T. M. L. and Raper , S. C. B. , eds. . Climate Change. Sea Level. Severe Tropical Storms and Associated Impacts . Proceedings of the UNEP/USEPA/CEC International Workshop . September 1987 . Norwich. : Climatic Research Unit. University of East Anglia .
   Google Scholar
• Wigley , T. M. L. 1989 . Thecffeci of changing climate on the frequency of absolute extreme events . Climate Monitor , 17 : 44 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Woodworth , P. L. 1987 . Trends in UK mean sea level . Marine Geodesy , 11 : 57 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodworth , P. L. 1990a . A search for accelerations in records of European mean sea level . International Journal of Climatology , 10 : 129 – 143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodworth , P. L. 1990b . The Permaneni Service of Mean Sea Level Observing System . Journal of Coastal Research. Special Issue , 9 : 13 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Woodworth , P. L. 1991 . The Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level and the Global Sea Level Observing System . Journal of Coastal Research , 7 : 699 – 710 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodworth , P. , Spencer , N. and Alcock , G. 1990 . On the availability of European mean sea level data , 131 – 146 . Monucofil : International Hydrographic Review .
   Google Scholar