Was Jerusalem a fortified stronghold in the Middle Bronze Age? — an alternative view

References

• Ben-Shlomo, D. and Eisenberg, E. Forthcoming. New excavations in Tel Hebron. Qadmoniot 49(152): 2016 (Hebrew).
   Google Scholar
• Cahill, J. M. 2003. Jerusalem at the time of the United Monarchy: the archaeological evidence. In, Vaughn, A. G. and Killebrew, A. E. (eds), Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology; the First Temple Period: 13–80. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
   Google Scholar
• Chadwick, J. R. 2005. Discovering Hebron; the city of the patriarchs slowly yields its secrets. Biblical Archaeology Review 31(5): 24–33, 70.
   Google Scholar
• De Groot, A. 2012. Remarks on the development of Jerusalem in the Bronze and Iron Ages. Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies; New Studies on Jerusalem 18: 7–13 (Hebrew).
   Google Scholar
• De Groot, A. and Bernick-Greenberg, H. 2012. Excavations at the City of David 1978–1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh; Volume VIIA: Area E: Stratigraphy and Architecture. Qedem 53. Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
   Google Scholar
• De Groot, A. and Fadida, A. 2011. The pottery assemblage from the Rock-Cut Pool near the Gihon Spring. Tel Aviv 38: 158–66. doi: 10.1179/033443511x13099584885501
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, E. 2011. The fortifications of Hebron in the Bronze Age. Eretz-Israel 30: 14–32 (Hebrew).
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, E. 2012. The pottery of Strata 18–17 (Middle Bronze Age). In, De Groot, A. and Bernick-Greenberg, H. (eds), Excavations at the City of David 1978–1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh; Volume VIIB: Area E: The Finds: 251–301. Qedem 54. Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
   Google Scholar
• Franken, H. J. and Steiner, M. L. 1990. Excavations in Jerusalem 1961–1967. Vol. II: The Iron Age Extramural Quarter on the South-East Hill. British Academy Monographs in Archaeology 2. London: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Garstang, J. 1931. The Foundations of Bible History: Joshua Judges. London: Constable & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Geva, H. 2014. Jerusalem's population in antiquity: a minimalist's view. Tel Aviv 41: 131–60. doi: 10.1179/0334435514Z.00000000041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill, D. 1994. How they met. Biblical Archaeology Review 20(4): 20–33, 64.
   Google Scholar
• Gill, D. 1996. The geology of the City of David and its ancient subterranean waterworks. In, Ariel, D. T. and De Groot, A. (eds), Excavations at the City of David 1978–1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh. Vol. IV: Various Reports: 1–28. Qedem 35. Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
   Google Scholar
• Gill, D. 2011. The MB II Warren Shaft water well in the City of David, Jerusalem. Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies; New Studies on Jerusalem 17: 7–42 (Hebrew).
   Google Scholar
• Gill, D. 2012. Controversial issues in understanding the water supply systems in the City of David; The ‘Rock-Cut Pool’, ‘Round Chamber’, Channels III, IV, V and VI and the feeding of the Siloam Channel. Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies; New Studies on Jerusalem 18: 31–74 (Hebrew).
   Google Scholar
• Kenyon, K. M. 1957. Pottery: Early Bronze and Israelite. In, Crowfoot, J. W., Crowfoot, G. M. and Kenyon, K. M. (eds), Samaria-Sebaste III: the Objects from Samaria: 90–209. London: Palestine Exploration Fund.
   Google Scholar
• Kenyon, K. M. 1962. Excavations in Jerusalem, 1961. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 94: 72–89. doi: 10.1179/peq.1962.94.1.72
   Google Scholar
• Kenyon, K. M. 1963. Excavations in Jerusalem, 1962. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 95: 7–21. doi: 10.1179/peq.1963.95.1.7
   Google Scholar
• Kenyon, K. M. 1965. Excavations in Jerusalem, 1964. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 97: 9–20. doi: 10.1179/peq.1965.97.1.9
   Google Scholar
• Kenyon, K. M. 1966. Excavations in Jerusalem, 1965. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 98: 73–88. doi: 10.1179/peq.1966.98.1.73
   Google Scholar
• Kenyon, K. M. 1968. Excavations in Jerusalem, 1967. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 100: 97–109. doi: 10.1179/peq.1968.100.2.97
   Google Scholar
• Kenyon, K. M. 1974. Digging Up Jerusalem. London and Tonbridge: Ernest Benn.
   Google Scholar
• Mader, A. E. 1957. Mambre, Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen. Freiburg im Breisgan: E. Wewel.
   Google Scholar
• Mazar, A. 2010. Archaeology and the biblical narrative: the case of the united monarchy. In, Kratz, R. G. and Speickermann, H. (eds), One God — One Cult — One Nation; Archaeological and Biblical Perspectives: 29–58. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 405. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Na'aman, N. 1992. Canaanite Jerusalem and its central hill country neighbours in the second millennium B.C.E. Ugarit Forschungen 24: 275–91.
   Google Scholar
• Ofer, A. 1993. Hebron. In, Stern, E. (ed.), The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. Vol. 2: 606–09. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
   Google Scholar
• Reich, R. 2011. Excavating the City of David; where Jerusalem's History Began. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
   Google Scholar
• Reich, R. and Shukron, E. 1997. New excavations in the City of David. New Studies on Jerusalem; Proceedings of the Third Conference; December 11th 1997: 3–8 (Hebrew). Ramat Gan: Bar-Ilan University.
   Google Scholar
• Reich, R. and Shukron, E. 1999. Light at the end of the tunnel. Biblical Archaeology Review 25(1): 22–33, 72.
   Google Scholar
• Reich, R. and Shukron, E. 2000a. The system of rock-cut tunnels near Gihon in Jerusalem reconsidered. Revue Biblique 107: 5–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reich, R. and Shukron, E. 2000b. The excavations at the Gihon Spring and Warren's Shaft system in the City of David. In, Geva, H. (ed.), Ancient Jerusalem Revealed; Reprinted and Expanded Edition: 327–39. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
   Google Scholar
• Reich, R. and Shukron, E. 2002. Channel II in the City of David, Jerusalem: some of its technical features and their chronology. In, Ohlig, C., Peleg, Y. and Tzuk, T. (eds), Cura Aquarum in Israel; Proceedings of the 11^th International Conference on the History of Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering in the Mediterranean Region; Israel 7–12 May 2001: 1–6. Siegburg: Papierfliegerverlag GmbH.
   Google Scholar
• Reich, R. and Shukron, E. 2004. The history of the Giḥon Spring in Jerusalem. Levant 36: 211–23. doi: 10.1179/lev.2004.36.1.211
   Google Scholar
• Reich, R. and Shukron, E. 2008. The date of City-Wall 501 in Jerusalem. Tel Aviv 35: 114–22. doi: 10.1179/tav.2008.2008.1.114
   Google Scholar
• Reich, R. and Shukron, E. 2009. Channel II in the City of David, Jerusalem: its technical details, date and function. Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies; New Studies on Jerusalem 15: 7–28 (Hebrew).
   Google Scholar
• Reich, R. and Shukron, E. 2010. A new segment of the Middle Bronze fortification in the City of David. Tel Aviv 37: 141–53. doi: 10.1179/033443510x12760074470900
   Google Scholar
• Reich, R. and Shukron, E. 2011. The date of the Siloam Tunnel reconsidered. Tel Aviv 38: 147–57. doi: 10.1179/033443511x13099584885268
   Google Scholar
• Reich, R., Shukron, E. and Lernau, O. 2007. Recent discoveries in the City of David, Jerusalem. Israel Exploration Journal 57: 153–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiloh, Y. 1984. Excavations at the City of David I: 1978–1982: Interim Report of the First Five Seasons. Qedem 19. Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
   Google Scholar
• Shiloh, Y. 1985. Notes and news: Jerusalem, City of David, 1985. Israel Exploration Journal 35: 301–03.
   Google Scholar
• Shiloh, Y. 1987. Underground water systems in Eretz-Israel in the Iron Age. In, Perdue, L. G., Toombs, L. E. and Johnson, G. L. (eds), Archaeology and Biblical Interpretation; Essays in Memory of D. Glenn Rose: 203–44. Atlanta: John Knox.
   Google Scholar
• Shiloh, Y. 1992. Underground water systems in the Land of Israel in the Iron Age. In, Kempinski, A. and Reich, R. (eds), The Architecture of Ancient Israel; from the Prehistoric to the Persian Period: 275–93. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
   Google Scholar
• Shiloh, Y. 1994. The rediscovery of the ancient water system known as ‘Warren's Shaft’. In, Geva, H. (ed.), Ancient Jerusalem Revealed: 46–54. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
   Google Scholar
• Shukron, E., Uziel J. and Szanton, N. 2012. Excavations in the City of David: the 2012 Season. Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies; New Studies on Jerusalem 18: 15–28 (Hebrew).
   Google Scholar
• Singer-Avitz, L. 2012. The date of the pottery from the Rock-Cut Pool near the Gihon Spring in the City of David, Jerusalem. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 128: 10–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner, M. L. 2001. Excavations by Kathleen M. Kenyon in Jerusalem 1961–1967, Volume III; The Settlement in the Bronze and Iron Ages. Copenhagen International Series 9. London and New York: Sheffield Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Uziel, J., Shukron, E. and Szanton, N. 2013. The continued use of Jerusalem's Canaanite fortifications during the period of the Judean Monarchy: new evidence from the excavations in the City of David. In, Meiron, E. (ed.), City of David; Studies of Ancient Jerusalem; the 14th Annual Conference: 15*–29*. Jerusalem: Megalim Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Uziel, J. and Szanton, N. 2015. Recent excavations near the Gihon Spring and their reflection on the character of Iron II Jerusalem. Tel Aviv 42: 233–50. doi: 10.1179/0334435515Z.00000000053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent, H. 1911. Underground Jerusalem; Discoveries on the Hill of Ophel (1909–11). London: Horace Cox.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, C. and Warren, C. 1871. The Recovery of Jerusalem; a Narrative of Exploration and Discovery in the City and the Holy Land. London: Richard Bentley.
   Google Scholar
• Yadin, Y. 1978. The nature of the settlements during the Middle Bronze IIA period in Israel and the problem of the Aphek fortifications. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 94: 1–23.
   Google Scholar