NOTES
- The archaeological evidence for the extramural settlement is summarized in R. Cowie, ‘A Gazetteer of Middle Saxon Sites and Finds in the Strand/Westminster Area’, Trans. London and Middlesex Archaeol. Soc. (forthcoming).
- G. Milne, The Port of Roman London (London, 1985), 86. A. Vince (ed.), ‘The Development of Saxon London’, in A. Vince (ed.). Aspects of Saxo-Norman: II, Finds and Environmental Evidence, London and Middlesex Archaeol, Soc. Special Paper 12 (1991), 409–35, p. 419.
- The NW. side of the Victoria Embankment marks the line of the pre-186o waterfront, which according to documentary and cartographic evidence dates back to the 16th century, and possibly earlier.
- TQ30368054; site code: YKB88. R. Cowie, “An Archaeological Excavation at 18–20 York Buildings, WC2’ (DGLA archive report, unpublished). R. Gowic and R. Whytehead, ‘Lundcnwic: The Archaeological Evidence for Middle Saxon London’, Antiquity 63 (1989), 710.
- I. Tyers, ‘York Buildings, WC2, Saxon Timbers’ (Museum of London Environmental Section Dendrochronology Report 1/89, unpublished).
- The only comparable mid Saxon structure found at an English ‘wic’ emporium was the revetment at Bridge Street, Ipswich, which consisted of vertical posts with interwoven branches and horizontals. See Medieval Archaeol. 26 (1982), 208; K. Wade, “Ipswich’, in R. Hodges and B. Hobley (eds.), The Rebirth of Towns in the West A.D. 700–1050 CBA Research Report no. 68 (1988), 94–96,
- Tyers, op. cit. in note 5.
- Translation in D. Whitelock (ed.), English Historical Documents Vol. 1 c. 500–1042 (London, 1955), 440–41.
- Tyers, op. cit. in note 5.
- The remains were seen by the Site Engineer, Hedley Constant, Myton Ltd.
- Information from a preliminary environmental assessment and synthesis by E, Pearson, J. Rackham and I. Tyers of the Museum of London Environmental Section.
- During the 12th century earth was dumped over the alluvium, probably to rcclalm land and establish a serviceable waterfront for Norwich Inn, the London residence of the bishops of Norwich. The date agrees with the available documentary evidence, for the earliest known reference to the inn is an order issued in 1237 to repair the quay (L.C.C, Survey of London, 18 (1937), 51), suggesting that by the mid 13th ccntury the waterfront of the estate had existed for some time.
- Research has shown that there has been a general (though not continuous) rise in the level of the Thames from prehistoric times up to the present day—summarized in Milne, op. cit. in note 2, 79–86. At New Palace Yard, c. 150 m NE. of Westminster Abbey, a rise in river level during the Saxon period resulted in the deposition of alluvial clay, the top of which lay at + 1.60 OD. Deposition had ceased by the 1090s, when the Great Hall was built for William Rufus (V. Horsman and B. Davison, ‘The New Palace Yard and Its Fountains: Excavations in the Palace of Westminster 1972–4’, The Antiquaries J. 69 pt. 2 (1989), 286.
- TQ 3027 8041: site code: CHA87, R. Cowie, ‘Watching Brief at Charing Cross/Villiers Street’ (DGLA archive report, unpublished).
- TQ 30338048; site code: BHM 88. Stuart Hoad, Museum of London, pers. comm.
- Ian Tyers, Museum of London, pers. comm.
NOTES
- C. R. Hart, ‘Two Late Anglo-Saxon Strap-Ends from South Yorkshire’, Yorkshire Archaeol. J. 61 (1989), 189–90.
- L. Webster and J. Backhouse (eds.), The Making of England: Anglo-Saxon Art and Culture A.D. 600–900 (London, 1991), 97–98. Cat no. 69i.
- R. N. Bailey, ‘An Anglo-Saxon Pin-head from Pontefract’, Yorkshire Archaeol. J. 42 (1970), 405–06.
- D. M. Wilson, Anglo-Saxon Ornamental Metalwork 700–1100 in the British Museum (London, 1964), 132–34, cat. no. 19.
- S. M. Youngs (ed.), ‘The Work of Angels’: Masterpieces of Celtic Metalwork, 6th-9th Centuries A.D. (London, 1989), 140–41, cat. no. 133.
- Wilson, op. cit. in note 4.
- D. A. Hinton, Catalogue of the Anglo-Saxon Ornamental Metalwork 700–1100 in the Department of Antiquities (Ashmolean Museum Oxford, 1974), 24, cat, no, 18.
- For summary and references see Webster and Backhouse, op. cit. in note 2, 197–201, cat. nos. 153–54.
NOTES
- W. Frazer, ‘Description of a Great Sepulchral Mound at Aylesbury Road, Near Donnybrook, in the County of Dublin, Containing Human and Animal Remains, as Well as Some Objects of Antiquarian Interest, Referable to the Tenth or Eleventh Centuries’, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. 16 (vol. 11, 1879–88), 29–55.
- R. A. Hall, ‘A Viking-Age Grave at Donnybrook, Co. Dublin’, Medieval Archaeol. 22 (1978), 64–83; H. B. Clarke, ‘Gaelic, Viking and Hiberno-Norse Dublin’, in A. Cosgrove (ed.), Dublin through the Ages (Dublin, 1988), 5–24, esp. 13–14.
- Frazer, op. cit. in note 1, 31.
- Ibid., 34.
- E. O'Brien, ‘Late Prehistoric—Early Historic Ireland. The Burial Evidence Reviewed’, unpubl. M.Phil, thesis, University College Dublin, 1984; Id., ‘Christian Burial in Ireland: Continuity and Change’, 130–37 in N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.) The Early Church in Wales and the West, Oxbow Monograph 16 (Oxford, 1992).
- Frazer, op. cit. in note 1, 52.
- Ibid., 38.
- Ibid.
- Ibid., 37.
- Ibid., 34.
- Ibid., 39.
- Ibid., 51, fig. 7. Thanks to Ms. Messa O'Connor, National Museum oflreland, for facilitating examination of this item.
- R. O'Floinn, National Museum of Ireland, pers. comm.
- W. Frazer, ‘The Aylesbury Road Sepulchral Mound’, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. 16C (1879–88), 116–18.
- M. Dunlevy, ‘A Classification of Early Irish Combs’, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. 88C (1988), 341–422, esp. 362, 393,
- O'Brien (1991), op. cit. in note 5.
- For a full description of this burial see Frazer, op. cit. in notes 1 and 14, and see Hall, op. cit. in note 2.
- E. O'Brien, ‘Location and Context of Viking Burials at Kilmainham and Islandbridge, Dublin’, in preparation, contains details of parallels.
NOTES
- The other is above the medieval Jewish ritual bath or mikveh, at Jacob's Wells Road, Bristol. This unique find was discovered in 1987. See S. M. Youngs, J. Clark, D. R. M. Gaimster, T. Barry, ‘Medieval Britain and Ireland in 1987’, Medieval Archaol., 32 (1988), 230.
- The sketch is in the Dryden Collection, part of the local studies collection at Northampton Central Public Library. It is titled ‘An incised inscription on a stone found in Northampton’,
- G. N. Wetton, Guide Book to Northampton and Its Vicinity (Northampton, 1849), 15, 49.
- Wood and Law, Northamptonshire (Northampton, 1847).
- Dryden, op. cit. in note 2.
- Reproduced in H. Prideaux, Marmora Oxoniensa (Oxford, 1696), 310.
- I. Singer (ed.), Jewish Encyclopedia (New York, and London, 1901–06), XII, 194, 561.
- A. Kober, ‘Jewish Monuments of the Middle Ages in Germany’, American Academy for Jewish Research XIV (1944), 149–230; XV (1945), 1–91, gives a general survey of remains. But for examples of prominent and projecting square framing see tombstones at Worms in XV (photographs). Speyer, XIV, 198, 219, and see photographs in XV.
- Ibid. For examples at Speyer, XIV, 199, 207, 219: at Cologne, XV, 25, 27, 59; at Worms, XV (see photographs).
- G. Nahon, Inscriptions Hébraïques et Juives de France médiévale (Paris, 1986), 182–83, 185–86, show examples from Nancy in Lorraine, 189–92, 199–201, 213–15, 220, from Strasbourg in Alsace.
- I. Abrahams, Jewish Life in the Middle Ages, ed. C. Roth (London, 1932), 97.
- H. Richardson, The English Jewry under Angevin Kings (London, 1960), 4.
- This analysis was kindly provided by Dr Diana Sutherland of the University of Leicester.
- E. M. Jope, ‘The Saxon Building Stone Industry in Southern and Midland England’, Medieval Archaol., VIII (1964), 99–101.
- Ibid., 92. Also P. Stafford, The East Midlands in the Early Middle Ages (Leicester, 1985), 56.
- Singer, op, cit. in note 7. 56. Also Nahon op. cit. in note 10; numerous example are cited throughout the work, 43 from Paris alone, 47–150. There are examples from Nancy, 183–86; Strasbourg, 202. For examples in Germany, see Kober, op, cit. note 89 for examples in Cologne 29–30, 33, 46, 51. In Worms, 69. In Speyer, 200–01,
- Nahon, op. cit. in note 10, 38, and 49n.
- There are a number of non rabbinic haverim recorded in English documentary sources; sec V. D. Lipman, The Jews of Medieval Norwich (Cambridge, 1967), 149. For French examples on tombstones see Nahon, op, cit. in note 10, 102–03, 220–21. There is also a putative example of a female ḥaverah, 202.
- For French examples on tombstones see ibid., 48–49, 57, 104, 114, 149–59, 180, 226, 374–75.
- They comprise 3.6 per cent of individuals recorded on French tombstones. See Nahon, op. cit, in note 10, 38.
- C. Roth, Intellectual Activities of Medieval Anglo-Jewry, British Academy supplemental papers number VIII (London, 1949), 12.
- I would like to thank R. Loewe of University College London for constructive suggestions on this point in the translation.
- For a very similar example of such an arrangement see Nahon, op. cit. in note 10, inscription 7, p. 57.
- Singer, op, cit. in note 7, 191.
- A. J. Collins, ‘The Northampton Jewry and Its Cemetery in the 13th century’, Trans. of the Jewish Hist. Soc. of England, XV (1943), 152–57.
- Nahon, op. cit. in note 10, 28.
- One may compare it with photographs showing the evolution of the framed form of tombs tone. See Kober, op. cit. in note 8, XV.
- Abrahams, op, cit. in note 11, 93.
- M. B. Honeybourne, ‘The Pre-expulsion Cemetery of the jews in London’, Trans. of the Jewish Hist. Soc. of England, xx (1959–61), 156. The Jews of Stamford also paid an annual subsidy towards the upkeep of the Northampton cemetery.
- Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, An Inventory of Archaeological Sites and Churches in Northampton (Northamptonshire V) (London, 1985), 382 (microfiche supplement).
- The details of the research will appear in a later publication, as will the details of the archaeological material found at SP 754612. I am particularly indebted to Graham Cadman, and Mike Shaw of Northamptonshire Archaeology Unit for providing advance details of the finds.
- Collins, op. cit. in note 25, 152–57. 33 Singer, op. cit. in note 7, 192.
- Ibid., 194.
- Ibid., V, 275.
- C. Roth, The Jews of Medieval Oxford (Oxford, 1951), n. 109. After the expulsion the stone fixtures of the Northampton cemetery were valued at 30 shillings ‘for carting away’.
- Honeybourne, op. cit. in note 29, 153–55, 157. The preceding provides a useful summary of the evidence.
- W. F. Grimes, The Excavation of Roman and Medieval London (London, 1968), 180–87.
- P. Ottaway, ‘Jewbury’, Archaeology in York—Interim, VIII, 3 (1982), 12. Further stages of the excavation failed to yield any evidence. See P. Turnbull, ‘Sites Review—Jewbury’, Interim, IX, 1 (1983), 5. N. Pearson, ‘Sites Review—Jewbury’, Interim, IX, 2 (1983), 5–9. N. Pearson, ‘Site News—Jewbury’, Interim, IX, 3 (1983), 3.
- L. E. Webster and J. Cherry, ‘Medieval Britain in 1974.’, Medieval Archaeol., XIX (1975), 244.
- Lipman, op. cit. in note 18, 13, believes that the Jews of Norwich were of German as well as of French origins.
- Roth, op. cit. in note 21, 12, 43, n. 67, cites three scholars as being resident in Northampton. Magister Aaron (a Magister or Master usually presided over talmudic learning in a particular Jewry, and was a scholar of particular erudition). He notes a lesser talmudic authority known only by his abbreviated name. Rabbi J.., (son of?) R.B…. of Northampton. Also he cites the calenderist Moses ben Jacob of Oxford.
NOTES
- For example, C. Taylor, Village and Farmstead (London, 1984), and M. Aston, Interpreting the Landscape (London, 1985).
- M. A. Hodder, ‘The Development of Some Aspects of Settlement and Land Use in Sutton Chase’, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Birmingham, 1988.
- B. K. Roberts, Rural Settlement in Britain (London, 1977), 169 f.; id., ‘The Historical Geography of Moated Homesteads: The Forest of Arden, Warwickshire’, Trans. Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeol. Soc. 88 (1978), 61–70; J. Gould, ‘Settlement and Farming in the Parish of Aldridge (West Midlands) prior to 1650’, Trans. South Staffordshire Archaeol. Hist. Soc. 20 (1980), 41–56.
- G. Webster, ‘Prehistoric Settlement and Land Use in the West Midlands and the Impact of Rome’, in T. R. Slater and P.J.Jarvis (eds.), Field and Forest, an Historical Geography of Warwickshire and Worcestershire (Norwich, 1982), 31–58.
- J. Gould, ‘Romano-British Farming near Letocetum (Wall, Staffs.)’, Trans. South Staffordshire Archaeol. Hist. Soc. 13 (1972). 1–8
- They are shown in detail on William Yates's maps of Staffordshire (1775) and Warwickshire (1793): copies in Birmingham Reference Library.
- For example, W. Pitt, General View of the Agriculture of the County of Stafford (London, 1794), 51–56, 61, 72.
- M. W. Beresford, ‘Lot Acres’, Economic History Review, Series 1, 13 (1943), 74–79.
- M. A. Hodder, ‘Medieval Parks in Drayton Bassett, Shenstone and Weeford (Staffordshire)’, Trans. South Staffordshire Archaeol. Hist. Soc. 30 (1990), 39–52.
- H. Prince, Parks in England (Shalfleet Manor, 1967), 12–13.
- B. K. Roberts, ‘The Historical Geography of Moated Homesteads’, op. cit, in note 3.
- E. Mason (ed.), ‘The Beauchamp Cartulary Charters 1100–1268’, Pipe Roll Soc. Publications New Series 43 (1980), The documents referred to here arc on pp. 171–73.
- Sutton Coldfield Corn Rent Map. In Sutton Coldfield Library.
- W. Rodwell, ‘Relict Landscapes in Essex’, in H. C. Bowen and P.J. Fowler (eds.), Early Land Allotment (British Archaeol. Reports, British Series 48, 1978), 89–98.
- B. Walker, ‘The Rycknield Street in the Neighbourhood of Birmingham’, Trans. Birmingham Archaeol. Soc. 60 (1940), 42–55, section drawing on p. 54.
- C. Dyer, Hanbury: Settlement and Society in a Woodland Landscape (Leicester, Department of Local History, Occasional Papers, Fourth Series Number 4, 1991).