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Medieval Archaeology Volume 38, 1994 - Issue 1
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Original Articles

Medieval Fishtraps in the Severn Estuary

S. Godbold
,
R. C. Turner
,
J. Hillam
,
S. Johnson
&
A. O'Sullivan
Pages 19-54 | Published online: 18 May 2016

NOTES

  • M. Aston (ed.), Medieval Fish, Fisheries and Fishponds in England, British Archaeol. Rep. British Ser. 182 (Oxford, 1988).
  • S. Godbold and R. Turner, ‘Second Severn Crossing—Welsh Approaches: Intertidal zone’, Seven Estuary Levels Research Committee Annual Report, 1991, 26–29: idem, ‘Second Severn Crossing 1991: Welsh intertidal zone’, Severn Estuary levels Research Committee Annual Report. 1992, 45–55: idem. Second Severn Crossing. Archaeological Response-Phase 1—the intertidal zone in Wales (Cardiff, 1993).
  • R. Trett, ‘Newport Museum’. Archaeol. in Wales 27 (1987), 6,
  • J. Parkhouse and M. Lawlor (eds.), Archaeology of the Second Severn Crossing: Assessment and Recommendations for Gwent (Swansea, 1990).
  • H, S. Green, ‘Some recent archaeological and iaunal discoveries from the Severn Estuary Levels’, Bull Board Celtic Studs, 36 (1989), 187–99: S. H. R. Aldhouse-Green. ‘Lithic Finds’, in Godbold and Turner 1993, op. cit. in note 2.
  • J. R. L. Allen and J. Roe, ‘Late Flandrian Shoreline Oscillations in the Severn Estuary: A Geomorphological and Stratigraphic Reconnaissance’, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B. 1987, 185–230.
  • T. T Birbeck, Caldicot and District: Old Buildings and Families (Chepstow, 1988), 113.
  • T. J. Wilkinson, The Identification, Recording and Investigation of Sites in Coastland Environments (Chelmsford, 1988): P. Murphy and T.J. Wilkinson, ‘Survey and Excavation on the Tidal Foreshore Zone’, in J. M. Coles and D. M. Goodburn (eds.), Wet Site Excavation and Survey, W.A.R.P. Occasional Paper 5 (1991), 10–15.
  • M. Bell, ‘Field Survey and Excavation at Goldcliff, 1992’, Seven Estuary Levels Research Committee Annual Report. 1992: 15–29.
  • M. Stuiver and G. W. Pearson, High precision calibration of the radiocarbon timescale, AD 1950–500 BC’, Radiocarbon 28 (1986), 805–38.
  • Dendrochronology Laboratory, University of Sheffield.
  • Department of Archaeology, St. David's University College, Lampeter.
  • F. H. Schweingruber, Microscopic wood anatomy (1978).
  • A. Caseldine, pers. comm.
  • M. A. Hyde, Welsh Timber Trees—Native and Introduced (Cardiff, 1977).
  • O. Rackham, Ancient Woodland—its history, vegetation and use in England (London, 1980).
  • R. A. Morgan, ‘The case for wattling—what tree ring studies could reveal’, in P. Murphy and C. French (eds.), The Exploitation of Wetlands. British Archaeol. Rep. British Ser. 186 (Oxford, 1988), 77–91.
  • B. A, Crone, ‘Tree-ring studies and the reconstruction of woodland management practices in antiquity’, in G.C. Jacoby and J. W. Holmbeck (eds.), Proc. Int. Symp. on Ecological Aspects of Tree Ring Analysis (1987), 327–36.
  • J. M. Coles et, al. ‘A Neolithic Jigsaw: The Honeygore Complex’, Somerset Levels Papers 11 (1985), 25–50; Crone, op, cit. in note 18.
  • H. L. Edlin, Woodland Crafts in Britain (Newton Abbott, 1973), 65: J. G. Jenkins, Nets and Coracles (Newton Abbott, 1974). 57.
  • J. Watson, ‘Basketry’, in C. A. Butterworth and S. J. Lobb, Excavations in the Burghfield Area, Berkshire, Wessex Archaeol. Rep. 1 (Salisbury, 1992), 115.
  • P. M. Losco-Bradley and C. R. Salisbury, ‘A Saxon and a Norman fishweir at Colwick, Nottinghamshire’, in Aston (ed.) op. cit. in note 1, 329–51.
  • C. R. Salisbury, ‘Primitive British Fish weirs’, in G. L. Good et. al. (eds.) Waterfront Archaeology, C.B.A. Res. Rep. 74 (London. 1991), 76–87.
  • Rackham, op. cit. in note 16, 1; W. Linnard, Welsh Woods and Forests: history and utilisation (Cardiff, 1982).
  • Rackham, op. cit. in note 16, 266.
  • Ibid., 133, 151.
  • J. M. Coles, Waterlogged Wood: Guidelines on the Recording, Sampling, Conservation and Curation of Structural Wood (London, 1990).
  • J. M. Coles and B. J. Orme, ‘Prehistoric Woodworking from the Somerset Levels 3, Round wood’, Somerset Levels Papers 11 (1985), 25–50.
  • A. O'Sullivan, Prehistoric Woodworking Techniques: The Evidence from Excavated Trackways in the Raised Bogs of Co. Longford. Unpub. M.A. Thesis, University College, Dublin.
  • R. J. Darrah, ‘Working Unseasoned Oak’, in S. MacGrail (ed.), Woodworking Techniques before AD 1500 (British Archaeol. Rep. Int. Ser. 129) (Oxford, 1982), 79–83; for cleaving methods, R. C. C. Tabor, ‘The Craft of Riving Wood’, Tools and Trades 5 (1988), 23–41; for recording types, C, A, Morris, “Recording Ancient Timbers; the Technologist's View’, in J. M. Coles. B.J. Coles, and M.J. Dobson (eds.), Waterlogged Wood, W.A.R.P. Occasional paper 3 (1990), 9–15,
  • Coles and Orme, op. cit. in note 28, 27.
  • R. E. M. Wheeler, Medieval catalogue. London Museum Catalogue 7 (London, 1954), 55–63, Fig. 21, 1; D. Goodburn, ‘Woods and woodland: carpenters and carpentry’, in G. Milne et. al. (eds.) Timber Building Techniques in London c. 900–1400, London and Middlesex Archaeol. Soc. Special Paper, 15 (London, 1992), 106–30.
  • H, P. R. Finberg, The Early Charters of the West Midlands (Leicester, 1961), 32.
  • D. Hooke, Anglo-Saxon landscapes of the West Midlands: the Charter Evidence. British Archaeol. Rep. British Ser. 95. (Oxford, 1981), 271.
  • P. M. Sawyer, Anglo-Saxon Charters, and Annotated List and Bibliography (London, 1968), no, 1555.
  • D. H. Williams, White Monks in Gwent and the Border (Pontypool, 1976), 139.
  • C. J. Bond, ‘Monastic Fisheries’, in Aston op. cit. in note 1. 69–112,
  • W. Davies, The Llandaff Charters (Aberystwyth, 1979), charter 235b.
  • T. T. Birbeck, Sword and Ploughshare. The Story of the de Bohuns and Caldicot (Chepstow, 1973), 59.
  • J. A. Bradney, ‘The Hundred of Caldieot’, A History of Monmouthshire IV, part I (London, 1929), 114.
  • Birbeck op cit. in note 39, 70–72.
  • Bradney, op. cit. in note 40, 110.
  • Gwent County Record Office (C.R.O.) D 501.925.
  • Gwent C.R.O.D 43. 5663.
  • 18 Geo. III c. 33.
  • Jenkins. op. cit. in note 20, 45.
  • Ibid., 60.
  • G. B. Grundy, ‘Saxon Charters and Field Names of Gloucester’, Bristol Glos. Archaeol. Soc. J., 2 (1935–36), 237–52.
  • Sawyer, op. cit, in note 35, no, 1555.
  • F. Seebohm, The English Village Community, 4th ed. (London, 1890), 151–53.
  • Bond, op. cit. in note 37, 89
  • 25 Henry VIII, C, 7.
  • Williams, op. cit. in note 36, 125.
  • J. Neufville Taylor, Fishing on the Lower Severn (Gloucester, 1974), 13,
  • Gloucester J., 19 and 23 May 1866. 56 Jenkins, op. cit. in note 20, 278
  • Neufville Taylor, op. cit. in note 54. 10; Jenkins, op, cit, in note 20. 278–83.
  • Jenkins, op. cit, in note 20. 282.
  • Neufville Taylor, op. cit. in note 54, 17.
  • Jenkins, op. cit, in note 20, 47–48.
  • Seebohm, op. cit. in note 50, 153.
  • Jenkins, op. cit. in note 20, 26.
  • Bond, pp. cit. in note 37, 86–87.
  • Davies, op. cit. in note 38, 123.
  • Ibid., charter 234.
  • Seebohm, op. cit. in note 50, 151–53;
  • K. Stuckley and J. Evans, ‘Looking for History in the Mud’, Bristol and Avon Archaeol., 7 (1988), 38–40.
  • Information from P. Berridge, Woodspring Museum.
  • Gower Soc. J. 1993.
  • E. Lewes, ‘The Goredi near Llanddewi Aberarth, Cardiganshire'. Archaeol. Cambrensis, 79 (1924), 397–99; Jenkins, op. cit. in note 20. 36.
  • M. Somers, ‘The Goredi, Aberarth”, Archaeol. in Wales, 34 (1994).
  • C. Jones, ‘Walls in the sea—the Goradau of Menai’, Int. J. Nautical Archael. 12.1 (1983). 27–40; G. Member, ‘Gorad Benno: investigation of an ancient fish-trap in Caernarfon Bay, N. Wales’, Int. J. Nautical Archaeol. 20.2 (1991), 95–109.
  • D. Senogles, Ynys Gorad Goch (Menai Bridge, 1969).
  • British Archaeol. News, January 1993.
  • F. G. Emmison, Elizabethan Life: Home, Work and Land (Chelmsford, 1991), 70–71
  • W. R. Powell, ‘Lionel de Bradenhamand and his seige of Colchester in 1350’, Essex Archaeol. Hist., 22 (1991), 67–75.
  • A. E. J. Went, ‘Irish fishing weirs I: Notes on some ancient examples fished in tidal waters J. Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 76 1946), 176–94; id., An Ancient Fish-Weir at Ballynatray, Co. Waterford, Ireland’, Antiquity, 25 (1951) 32–35; id., ‘The pursoit of salmon in Ireland’, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. 63C (1963), 191–243; A, O'Sullivan, “Harvesting the Waters’, Archaeology Iceland, 8.1 (1994). 10–12.
  • E. Pedersen, ‘Ålegård’, Skalk, 6 (1992).
  • P. Greene, Norton Priory: the archaeology of a medieval religious house (Cambridge, 1989), 49–50.
  • F. G. Emmison, op. cit. in note 75: R. W. Ambler. B. Watkinson, and L. Watkinson, Farmers and Fishermen. The Probate Inventories of the Ancient Parish of Clee, South Humberside, 1538–1742 (Hull, 1987?).
  • F. M. Davies, ‘An account of fishing gear of England and Wales’, Fishery Investigations, 21 (2nd ser.) (1958), 8; W. Schnakenbeck, Handbuch der Seafischerei Nordeuropas (Stuttgart, 1942); Jenkins, op. cit. in note 20.
  • A. White, ‘Medieval fisheries in the River Witham and its tributaries (Lincolnshire)’, in Aston op. cit. in note 1, 309–27.
  • Jenkins, op. cit, in note 20, 60, 99.
  • T. P. O'Neill, Life and Tradition in Rural Ireland (London, 1977), 59; id., Merchants and Mariners in Medieval Ireland (Dublin, 1987).
  • D Ditchburn, ‘Cargoes and Commodities: Aberdeen's Trade with Scandinavia and the Baltic c. 1302–1542’, Northern Studs, 17 (1990).
  • A. Woodworth, ‘Purveyance for the Royal Household in the reign of Queen Elizabeth’, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 35.1 1945.
  • For example in Salisbury, see R.C.H.M.E., Inventory of the City of Salisbury, 1 (London, 1980).
  • G. T. Salusbury-Jones, Street Life in Medieval England, 2nd ed. (London, 1948).
  • D. Keene, Survey of Medieval Winchester, I (Oxford, 1985), 259–61.
  • R. Holt, ‘Gloucester in the century after the Black Death’, Trans. Bristol Glos. Archaeol. Soc., 103 (1985), 149–61.
  • Ibid., 154.
  • E. Grant, ‘Marine and River Fishing in Medieval Somerset; Fishbone evidence from Langport’, in Aston, op. cit. in note 1, 409–16.

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