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Medieval Archaeology Volume 40, 1996 - Issue 1
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Original Articles

A New Artefact Typology for the Study of Medieval Arrowheads

Oliver JessopUniversity of Durham
Pages 192-205 | Published online: 18 May 2016

NOTES

  • London Museum Medieval Catalogue, 7. J. B. Ward Perkins (London, 1940), 65–73. The typology was created using arrowheads found within the city of London, mainly from bomb sites and the River Thames.
  • Ibid., see prepatory note.
  • Ibid., 65.
  • Ibid., 65; ibid., 66, fig. 16. Type 18 appears to be a Roman form, see W, H. Manning, Catalogue of the Romano-British Iron Took, Fittings and Weapons in the British Museum (London, 1985), 177–79, pl. 85.
  • For example, New Typology forms—T1, MP5, MPS, MPS, MP9. M1, M2, M3, M5, M6, M8, M9, H2, H3 and H5; see Fig. 1.
  • For example: R. Samson, ‘Finds from Urquhart Castle’, Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., 112 (1982), 466 69, finds nos, 12, 22–31; A. Oswald, ‘Excavation of a 13th Century Wooden Building at Weoley Castle’, Medieval Archaeol., 6–7 (1962–63), 131–32, finds no. 17; R. J Brewer and H.J. Lewis, ‘Ironwork’, in D. Robinson, Biglis, Caldicot ana Llandough: 3 Late Iron Age and Romano-British sites in Southeast Walts, Excavated 1977–79 (British Arthacol. Rep. British Ser. 188, 1988), 173–74, finds no. it.
  • Ward Perkins, op, cit, in note 1, fig. 17, 68–70.
  • Caesar's Camp in Kent, Marlborough in Wiltshire, Rayleigh Castle in Essex and Dyserth Castle in Clwyd.
  • An example of this is the arrowhead from Marlborough, which was apparently discovered within a 12th- century pot and therefore dated to the 12th century. However, his statement cannot be verified, see Ward Perkins, op. cit. in note 1, 68–70.
  • The excavation of Raleigh Castle by E, B, Francis, Trans. Essex Archaeol. Soc., 12 (1913), 147–85, does not appear to take account of thelaler building work within ihe casde, or die likelihood of intrusive features.
  • Ragtthildsholmen and Visby in Sweden.
  • However, one of the reasons for such a wide range of arrowhead forms within Britain is likely to have resulted from contact with Northern Europe.
  • Ward Perkins, op. cit. in note J, 65–73.
  • Examples of other typologies can be found in O. Montelius, Die Typolcmsche Methode (Stockholm, 1903); and W. M. F. Petrie, ‘Sequences in prehistoric remains’, J. Anthropol. Inst., 29 (1899), 295–301.
  • It is perhaps helpful to use the ‘golf club’ analogy, and imagine that at any one time the medieval archer had a range of arrowhead forms in his quiver, each designed for a specific purpose.
  • See P. Ottaway, ‘Anglo-Scan darunavian Ironwork from 16–22 Coppergate’, The Archaeol. of York, 17 (London, 1992), 710–15.
  • T. A. Glenn, ‘Prehistoric and Historic Remains at Dyserth Castle’, Archaeol. Cambrensis, 15 (1915), 63–64.
  • Ottaway, op. cit. in note 16, 712, finds no. 3910.
  • Ibid., 710–15, finds nos. 3905–30, Described as Anglo-Scandinavian,
  • Ashmolean Museum unpublished. Accession no. 1888. 1393a.
  • National Museum of Wales unpublished. Accession no. 37.410/18.
  • Glenn, op. cit. in note 17, 403–64, 250–51. Also National Museum of Wales unpublished. Accession no. 15,248/9,
  • R. Wilcox, ‘Castle Acre Priory Excavations, 1972–76’, Norfolk Archaeol., 37 (1980), 265–66, finds no. 4.
  • P. A. Rahtz and M. H. Rahtz, ‘T.40: Barrow and Windmill at Butcombe, North'Somerset’, Proc. Univ. Bristol Spelaeol. Soc., 8 (1958), 89, finds no. 8.
  • Glenn, op. cit. in note 17, 63–64, 250–51, Also, National Museum of Wales unpublished. Accession nos. 15.248/9. 15.248.
  • F. Goodall, ‘Arrowheads’, in M. Biddle, Object and Economy in Medieval Winchester, Winchester Studies 7.II. Artefacts from Medieval Winchester, 1 (Oxford, 1990), 1070.
  • Ward Perkins, op. cit. in note 1.65, fig. 16, type 2.
  • I. Goodall, op. cit. in note 26, 1070–71, finds nos. 3991, 3994, 3997.
  • National Museum of Wales unpublished. Accession nos. 76.4H/2, 76.4H/10.
  • I. Goodall, ‘Weapons’, in G. Beresford, Goltho—the development of an early Medieval Manor c. 850–1150 (English Heritage Archaeol, Ren. 4, 1987), 185–86, finds no. 178.
  • K, A. Rodwell, ‘Objects of Iron’, in W.J. Rodwell and K. A. Rodwell, Rivenhall: investigation of a villa, church and village 1950–1977 (C.B.A. Res. Rep. 80. 1993), 44–46, finds no. 20.
  • I. Goodall, ‘Iron Objects’, in J. G. Coad and A, D. F. Street en, ‘Excavations at Castle Acre Castle, Norfolk, 1972–77’, Archaeol, J., 139 (1982), 235–36, finds nos. 146, 148.
  • S. Lloyd-Fern and S, H. Sell, ‘Objects of Iron, Bronze and Bone’, in K. W. Lightfoot, ‘Rumney Castle, a ringwork and manorial centre in S.Glamorgan’, Medieval Archaeol., 36 (1992), 134–35, finds nos. 2–4.
  • K.J. Barton and E. W. Holden. ‘Excavations at Bramber Castle, Sussex, 1960–67’, Archaeol. J., 134 (1978), 61–62, finds no. 6,
  • C. W. Dickinson and D. M. Waterman, ‘Excavation of a Rath and Mottc at Castle Skreen, Co. Down’, Ulster J. Archaeol., 22 (1959), 78, finds no. 7.
  • Ward Perkins, op. cit. in note 1, 65, fig. 16, type 3.
  • Goodall, op, cit, in note 30, 185, finds no. 176.
  • Barton and Holden, op. cit. in note 34, 61–62, finds no. 6.
  • Goodall, op. cit. in note 26, 1073, finds no, 4004,
  • Lloyd-Fern and Sell, op. cit. in note 33, 134–35, finds no. 9.
  • National Museum of Wales unpublished. Accession nos. 76.4H/2, 76.4H/3, 76.4H/4, 76.4H/5.
  • Rodwell and Rodwell, op. cit. in note 31, 44 46, finds no. 18.
  • Ashmolean Museum unpublished. Accession no. 1876. 136.
  • A. Borg, Arms and Armour’, in P. and E. Saunders (eds.), Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue, 1 (Salisbury, 1991), 82, finds no. 45.
  • L. Allen, ‘Small Finds’, in T. Allen et al., ‘A Medieval grange of Abingdon Abbey al Dean Court Farm, Cumnor, Oxford’, Oxoniensia, 59 (1994), 367 68, finds no. 55.
  • D. A. Hinton, ‘Objects of Iron. in B. Cunlifie, Excavations alPortchester Castle, 3, Medieval, the outer bailey audits defences (Soc, Antiq. London Res. Rep. 34, 1977), 198–99, finds no. 21.
  • R. Shoesmith, Hereford City Excavations, 3, The Finds (C.B.A. Res. Rep. 56, 1985), 4–7, finds nos. 2.3, 2,7.
  • Samson, op. cit. in note 6, 466–69, finds no. 16.
  • Ward Perkins, op. cit. in note t, 65, fig, 16, type 1.
  • M. O, H, Carver, ‘3 Saxo-Norman ‘Tenements in Durham City’, Medieval Archaeol., 23 (1979), 18, finds no. 174/1659.
  • Wilcox, op. cit. in note 23, 365–66, finds no. 3.
  • P. Rahtz, ‘Excavations on Glastonbury Tor, Somerset, 1964–6’, Archaeol. J., 127 (1970), 52–53, finds no. 15.
  • Shoesmith, op. cit. in note 47, 4–7, finds no. 2.4.
  • National Museum of Wales unpublished. Accession no. 76.4H/11.
  • P, Rahtz and S. Hurst, ‘Beckery Chapel, Glastonbury 1967–8’, Glastonbury Antiq. Soc. (1974), 61–62, finds no. 7.
  • Borg, op. cit. in note 44, 83, finds no. 63.
  • Ward Perkins, op. cit. in note 1, 65, fig. 16, type 4.
  • Goodail, op. cit. in note 26, 1071, finds no. 4001.
  • E. B. Francis, op. cit. in note 10, 169, finds no. 6.
  • Hinton, op. cit. in note 46, 198, finds no. 20.
  • National Museum of Wales unpublished. Accession nos. 76.4H/8, 76.4H/9.
  • A. Rogerson, ‘Excavation on Fullers Hill, Great Yarmouth’, E. Anglian Archaeol., 2 (1976), 162–66, finds no. 15;
  • Hinton, op, cit. in note 46, 198, finds no. 23.
  • National Museum of Wales unpublished. Accession no. 1973. 41.
  • Brewer and Lewis, op. cit. in note 6, 173–74, finds no. 11.
  • Ashmofean Museum unpublished. Accession nos. 1873.45, 1977. 170, 1879. 230.
  • Q. Mould, ‘Iron’, in S. W, Ward, Excavations at Chester—The Lesser Medieval Religious Houses Sites investigated 1964–83 (Grosvertbr Museum Archaeol. Exc. Surv. Rep. 6, 1990), 173–74, finds no. 8.
  • Ashmolean Museum unpublished. Accession no. 1873.48.
  • Goodail, op. cit. in note 32, 235–36, finds no. 166.
  • I. Goodail, ‘Arrowheads’, in H. Quinnell et al., Excavations at Rhuddlan, Cluyd 1969–75, Mesolithic to Medieval (C.B.A. Res. Rep. 95, 1994), 188–89, finds no. 138.
  • Goodail, op. cit. in note 26, 1073, finds no. 4011.
  • Barton and Holden, op. cit. in note 34, 61–62, finds nos. 4, 5.
  • Ward Perkins, op. cit. in note r, 65, fig. 16, type 13.
  • I. Goodall, ‘The small Finds’, in K. S Jarvis, Site XI, Excavations in Christchurch 1969–1980 (Dorset Naiur. Hist. Archaeol. Soc. Mono. 5, 1983), 76–77, finds nos. 51, 52.
  • Ashmolean Museum unpublished. Accession nos. 1873–48, 1955–403a, 1955–403c.
  • Glenn, op. cit. in note 17, 63–64, 250–51. Also, National Museum of Wales unpublished. Accession no. 15–248/19.
  • P. B, Chatwin, ‘Brandon Castle, Warwickshire’, Trans. Birmingham Archaeol. Soc., 73 (1955). 81–82, finds no. 8.
  • A. G. Credland, ‘Military Finds’, in P. Mayes and L. Butler, Sandal Castle Excavations, 1964–1973, a detailed archaeological report (Wakefield. 1983), 265–66, finds no. 35.
  • I. Goodail, ‘The Ironwork, in P. Armstrong et al., Excavations at Lurk Lane Beverley, 1979–82 (Sheffield Exc. Rep. 1, 1991), 135, 146, finds no. 573.
  • Samson, op. cit. in note 6, 466–69, finds no. 13.
  • O. M. Jessop, ‘Weapons’, in C. Caple and P. Webster, Excavations at Dryslwyn Castle, Dyfed(C.B.A. Res, Rep., forthcoming), finds nos. 3, 5.
  • Goodail, op. cit. in note 79, 135, 146, finds no. 572.
  • National Museum ofWales unpublished. Accession no. 1973–23.
  • Rahtz and Hirst, op. cit. in note 55, 61–61, finds no. 6.
  • Rodwell and Rodwell, op. cit. in note 31, 44–46, finds no. 21.
  • Samson, op. cit. in note 6, 466–69, finds no. 17.
  • D. M. Waterman, ‘Excavations at Seafin Castle and Mallyroney Motte and Bailey’, Ulster J. Archaeol., 18 (1955), 141, finds no. 1.
  • J. K. Knight, ‘Excavations at Montgomery Castle’, Archaeol. Cambrensis, 142 (1993), 226–28, finds no. 17.
  • Waterman, op. cit. in note 87, 141, finds no. 94.
  • P, V. Addyman and J. Priestley, ‘Baile Hill, York’, Archaeol, J., 134 (1978), 138–43.
  • I. Goodail, ‘Ironwork’, in C. Woodfield, ‘Finds from the Free Grammar School at the White Friars, Coventry’, Post-Medieval Archaeol, 15 (1981), 86–87.
  • Addyman and Priestley, op. cit. in note 90, 138–43, finds nos. 37–49.
  • N. P. Thompson, ‘Excavations on a Medieval Site at Huish, 1967–68’, Wiltshire Archaeol. Natur. Hist. Mag., 67 (1972), 120–21, finds no. 26.
  • M, R. Apted, ‘Excavation at Kildrummy Castle, Aberdeenshire’, Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., 96 (1963–64), 231–32. finds no. 44.
  • D. C. Mynard and R.J. Zeepvat, Excavations at Great Linford, 1974–80 (Buckinghamshire Archaeol. Soc. Mono. Ser, 3, 1991), 203–04, finds no. 387.
  • I. Goodall, ‘Iron Objects’, in A. D. Saunders, ‘Lydford Castle, Devon’, Medieval Archaeol., 24 (1980), 165–68, finds no. 13.
  • M. Henig and H. Woods, ‘Small Finds’, in D. Sherlock et al., St Augustines Abbey, Report on Excavations 1960–78 (Kent Archaeol. Soc. Mono. Ser. 4, 1988], 223–25, finds no. 126.
  • Credland, op. cit. in note 78, 265–66, finds nos. 29–31.
  • Rodwell and Rodwell, op. cit. in note 31, 44–46, finds no. 23.
  • C. Drage, ‘Nottingham Castle—A Place Full Royal’, Trans. Thornton Soc. Nottinghamshire, 93 (1990), 125–26, finds no. 46.
  • I. Goodall, ‘Iron Objects’, in J. Blair (ed.), St Frideswide's Monasby at Oxford, Archaeological and Architectural Studies (Gloucester, 1990), 43–44, finds nos. 10, 11.
  • Goodall, op. cit. in note 26, 1074, finds no. 4016.
  • J. M. Lewis and S. H. Sell, ‘Objects of Metal and Bone’, in H.J. Thomas and G. Dowdell, ‘A shrunken Medieval Village at Barry, South Glamorgan’, Archaeol. Cambrensis., 136 (1987), 128–29, finds no. 3.
  • Shoe smith, op. cit. in note 47, 4–7, finds nos. 2.9–2.13.
  • Ward Perkins, op. cit. in note 1, 65, fig. 16, type 5,
  • Addyman and Priestley, op. cit. in note 90, 138–43, finds nos. 29–32.
  • Goodall, op. cit. in note 91, 86–87, finds nos. 1–9.
  • Goodall, op. cit. in note 96, 165–68, finds nos. 12, 14.
  • I, Goodail, ‘Iron Objects’, in G. H, Smith, ‘The excavation of the hospital of St. Mary of Ospringe, commonly called Maison Dieu’, Archaeologia Cantiana (1980), 95, 135–37, finds no. 122.
  • Credland, op. cit. in note 78, 265–66, finds nos. 32, 33.
  • Goodall, op. cit. in note 26, 1074, finds nos. 4017, 4018.
  • Borg, op. cit. in note 44, 84, finds nos. 83, 84.
  • This is clearly demonstrated by Tylecote's statement, ‘It takes a penetration of 11 mm to the thorax to cause fatal wounding through 2 mm plate'; R. F. Tylecole and B.J.J. Gilmoor, The Metallography of early Ferrous edged tools and edged weapons (British Archaeol. Rep. British Scr. 155, 1986), 109.
  • Holmes, et at., ‘Excavations South of Bernard Street, Leith, 1980’, Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scat., 115 (1985), 420–21, finds no. 3.
  • M. Fairbrother, ‘Objects of iron’, in C. Young, Excavations at Carrisbrooke Castle (English Heritage Archaeol. Rep., forthcoming), finds no. 23.
  • British Museum unpublished. Accession no. OA4730.
  • Credland, op. cit. in note 78, 265–66, finds no. 38.
  • Ashmolean Museum unpublished. Accession nos. 1955–402g, 1955–403e, 1955–402a.
  • Knight, op. cit. in note 88, 226–28, finds no. 16.
  • British Museum unpuhlished. Accession no. OA4717.
  • Borg, op. cit. in nole 44, 84, finds nos, 77, 80, 81.
  • Credland, op. cit. in note 78, 265–66, finds no. 37.
  • Samson, op. cit. in note 48, 466–69, finds no. 4.
  • Borg, op. cit. in note 44, 84, finds no. 93.
  • British Museum unpublished. Accession nos. OA4718, OA4720, OA4725, OA4724.
  • Ashmolean Museum unpublished. Accession no. 1873–51.
  • Ward Perkins, op. cit, in note 1, 65, fig. 16, type 16.
  • Thompson, op. cit. in note 93, 120–21, finds no. 25.
  • Ashmolean Museum unpublished. Accession no. 1930–610.
  • Goodall, op.cit. in nole 109, 135–37, finds nos. 119–21
  • I. Goodall, ‘Iron Objects’, in G. Beresford, The Medieval Clay land Village: Excavations at Goltho and Barton Blount (Soc. Medieval Archaeol, Mono. Ser. 6, 1975), 87–88, finds no. 97.
  • Borg, op, cit, in note 44, 82, finds no. 31.
  • I. Goodall, ‘Iron Objects’, in R. A. Higham et al., ‘Excavations at Okehampton Castle, Devon. Part 2, The Bailey’, Proc. Devon Archaeol. Soc., 40 (1982), 105–06, finds no, 14.
  • Goodall, op. cit. in note 26, 1073, finds no. 4014.
  • Goodall, op. cit. in note 30, 185–86.
  • Goodall, op. cit. in note 32, 235–36.
  • Goodall, op. cit, in note 30, 185 86, finds no. 183.
  • M. Bennell, ‘Non-Structural Mclalwork’, in P. L. Drewctt, ‘Excavations at Lewis Castle, East Sussex 1985–88’, Sussex Archaeol. Collect., 130 (1992), 95–97, finds no. 7.
  • Glenn, op. cit. in note 17, 47–86; also, National Museum of Wales unpublished. Accession no. 15.248/20.
  • National Museum of Wales unpuhlished. Accession no. 81.104H.
  • Lloyd-Fern and Sell, op. cit. in note 33, 134–35, finds no. 12.
  • Goodall, op. cit. in note 70, 188–89, finds no. 140.
  • Jessop, op, cit. in note 81, finds nos. 8–16.
  • Goodail, op. cit. in note 32, 235–36, finds nos. 156–59.
  • National Museum of Wales unpublished. Accession nos. 764H/15, 76.4H/16.
  • J. G, Hurst, ‘The Kitchen Area of Northholt Manor, Middlesex’, Medieval Archaeol., 5 (1961), 289–90, finds no. 5.
  • Shoesmith, op. cit. in note 47, 4–7, finds no. 2.8.
  • Chatwin, op. cit. in note 77, 81–82, pl. 7.
  • Goodail, op. cit. in note 30, 185–86, finds nos. 183, 184.
  • Ward Perkins, op. cit. in note 1, 65, fig. 16, type 7.
  • Goodall, op. cit. in note 30, 185–86, finds nos. 185–87.
  • Goodall, op. cit. in note 32, 235–36, finds nos. 152–55.
  • Lloyd-Fern and Sell, op. cit. in note 33, 134–35, finds no. 11.
  • Jessop, op. cit. in note 81, finds no. 25.
  • J, M. Lewis, The Excavations of the “New Building” at Montgomery Castle’, Archaeol. Cambrensis, 117 (1968), 149–50, finds no, 10.
  • Goodail, op. cit. in note 70, 188–89, finds no. 143.
  • Chalwin, op. cit. in note 77, 81–82, pl, 7.
  • Barton and Holden, op. cit. in note 34, 61–62, finds nos. 1, 2.
  • P. Courtney, ‘Metal Objects’, in J. Niamey, ‘Excavations at Caergwrle Castle, Clwyd, N. Wales, 1988–1990’, Medieval Archaeol., 38 (1994), 112–13, finds no. 10.
  • Oswald, op. cit. in note 6, 131–32, finds no. 17.
  • Goodail, op. cit. in note 26, 1073, finds no. 4009.
  • National Museum of Wales unpublished. Accession no. 1970, 95/35.
  • Jessop, Op. cit. in note 81, finds nos. 37–44.
  • National Museum of Wales unpublished. Accession nos. 21.24/57, 2, 5.
  • National Museum of Wales unpublished. Accession no. 40-220-57.
  • Knight, op. cit. in note 88, 226–28, finds nos. 10–14.
  • Glenn, op. cit. in note 17, 63–64; also National Museum ofWales unpublished. Accession no, 15.248/11.
  • F. H. Pavry and S. M. Knocker, ‘The Mount, Princes Risborough’, Records of Buckinghamshire, 16 (1957–58), 160, finds no. 4.
  • T, E. McNeill, ‘Excavations at Doonbought, Co. Antrim’, Ulster J. Archaeol., 40 (1977), 77–78, finds no. 19.
  • Samson, op. cit. in note 6, 466–69, finds nos. 26–28.
  • Goodail, op. cit. in note 70, 188–89, finds nos. 146, 150–52.
  • Fairbrother, op. cit. in note 115, finds nos. 19, 21.
  • Jessop, op. cit, in note 81, finds nos, 19, 21.
  • I. Goodail, ‘Weapons’, in D. C. Mynard, Excavations on Medieval and later sites in Milton Keynes, 1972–80 (Buckingham Archacol. Soc. Mono. Ser. 6, 1994) 78, 83, finds no. 64.
  • Lloyd-Fern and Sell, in op. cit. in note 33, 134, finds no. 17.
  • National Museum ofWales unpublished. Accession nos. 21.24/1, 21.24/57.
  • Samson, op. cit. in note 6, 466–69, finds no. 24,
  • Ward Perkins, op. cit. in note 1, 65, fig. 16, type 8 and 10.
  • National Museum of Wales unpublished. Accession no. 21.24/57; also L. A. S. Buder, ‘Medieval finds from Castell-y-Bere, Merioneth’, Archaeologia Cambrensis, 123 (1974), 95–96, finds no. 3,
  • B. H. O'Neil, ‘Criccieth Castle-Caernarvonshire’, Archaeologia Cambrensis, 98 (1945), 40–41, finds nos. 3, 4.
  • Jessop, op. cit. in note 81, finds nos. 31 -36.
  • British Museum unpublished. Accession no. OA4714.
  • Brewer and Lewis, op. cit. in note 6, 173–74, finds no. 12.
  • Knight, op. cit. in note 119, 226–28, finds no. 22.
  • Pavry and Knocker, op. cit. in note 168, 160, finds no. 2.
  • Samson, op. cit. in note 6, 466–69, finds nos. 23, 25, 29.
  • H, L. Blackmore, Hunting Weapons (London, 1971), 148.
  • For example, Walter de Mile mete s book, De hobilitatibus Sapientiis et PruAentiis Regum (1326–27), see ibid., 144.
  • Blackmore, op. cit, in nole 187, 149.
  • G. Bise (ed.). Medieval Hunting Scenes, from ‘The Hunting Book’ by Gaston Phoebus (London, 1978) 97–98. The original manuscript dates to the 14th century.
  • Ward Perkins, op. cit. in note 1, 65, fig. 16, type 6.
  • S. Moorhouse, “Finds from Basing House, Hampshire (c. 1540–1645): Part Two’, Post-Medieval Archaeol., 5 ('970.53–54!finds no. 137. 93 Ashmolean Museum unpublished. Accession no. R.S.
  • I, Goodall, Arrowheads’, in T. B.James and Ashmolean Museum Robinson, Clarendon Palace (Soc. Antiq. London Res. Rep. 45, 1988), 222–23, finds nos. 125, 126.
  • E. M. Jope and H. M.Jope, ‘A Hoard of 15th Century Coins from Glenluce sand-dunes and their context’, Medieval Archaeol., 3 (1959), 268–69, finds no. 1.
  • Addyman and Priesdey, op. cit. in note 90, 138–43, finds no. 28.
  • Borg, op. cit. in note 44, 83, finds nos. 69, 70.
  • Ashmolean Museum unpublished. Accession nos. 1879–249, 1879–250.
  • Moorhouse, op. cit. in note 192, 53–54, finds no. 136.
  • J. M. Mills, ‘Arrowheads’, in R. J. Ivens el al. Tattenhoe and Westbury. Deserted Medieval Setlemenls m Milton Keynes (Buckinghamshire Archaeol. Soc., Mono. Ser. 8, 1995), 337–40, 364, finds no. 117.
  • Fairbrother, op. cit. in note 115, finds no. 30.
  • H. Woods, “The Excavation ai Ehham Palace, 1975–9’, Trans, London Middlesex Archaeol. Soc., 33 (1982), 259–60, finds no. 26.
  • Goodall, op. cit. in note 74, 76–77, finds no. 52.
  • Goodall, op. cit. in note 194, 222 23, finds no. 122.
  • P. Wenham, ‘Excavations in Low Petergate, York, 1957–58’, Yorkshire Archaeol J., 44 (1972), 94, finds no. 2.
  • J. Wilson, ‘Antiquities found at Woodperry, Oxon’, Archaeol. J., 3 (1846), 119–23, finds no. 5.
  • Ward Perkins, op. cit. in note 1, 65, fig. 16, type 14, 15.
  • T. Tatton-Brown, ‘The Excavations at the Customs House Site, City of London—1973’, Trans. London Middlesex Archaeol. Soc., 25 (1974), 189–90, finds no. 49.
  • W. H. Manning, ‘Iron’, in P. Courtney, Report on Excavations at Usk, Medieval and Later Usk (Cardiff, 1994), 73–74, finds no, 3.
  • Ashmolean Museum unpublished. Accession no. 1920–87.
  • Goodall, op. cit. in note 133, 105–06, finds no. 15.
  • Mills, op. cit. in note 200, 337–40, 364, finds no. 1111.
  • Wilson, op. cit. in note 206, 119–22, finds no. 6.
  • Goodall, op. cit. in note 194, 222–23, finds nos. 119121, 119123, 119124
  • L R. A. Grove, ‘Researches and discoveries in Kent, New Romney’, Archaeologia Cantiana. 82 (1968), 296,
  • Blackmore, op. cit. in note 187, 144, fig. 60.
  • Bise, op. cit. in note 190, 98.
  • Ward Perkins, op. cit. in note 1, 65–73, fig 16.

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