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- Ibid., p. 44.
- Ibid.
- Karpat . "Ottoman Urbanism" ” . 7
- Karpat , Kemal . 1983 . "Population Movements in the Ottoman State in the Nineteenth Century: An Outline" . Collection Turcica , : 385 – 428 . Ibid., p. 8. See also
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- Ibid., pp. 11-12.
- Todorov , Nikolai . 1969 . 'The Balkan Town in the Second Half of the 19th Century" . Etudes Balkaniques , 2 : 38
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- Ibid.
- Ibid., p. 39
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- King . Minorities under Communism 48
- De Jong . "The Turks and Tatars in Romania" ” . 171 – 172 .
- Illyes , Elemer . 1982 . National Minorities in Romania: Change in Transylvania , 34 – 52 . Boulder : East European Monographs .
- 1994 . Anuarul Statistic al Ramaniei , 110 Bucharest : Comisia Nationale Pentru Statistica .
- De Jong . "The Turks and Tatars in Romania" ” . 175
- Ülküsal . Dobruca ve Türkler 105 – 125 . 155 – 163 . 231 – 239 . provides a wealth of information on Turkish educational institutions and organizations, the Turkish press, and Turkish cultural associations in Romania prior to World War II as well as information about the impact of communist rule on these institutions
- De Jong . "Turks and Tatars in Romania" ” . 178 – 179 .
- Anuarul Statistic al Ramaniei, pp. 274-277.
- Ülküsal . Dobruca ve Türkler 129 – 145 . For a more detailed discussion of Islam in Romania prior to World War II
- De Jong . "The Turks and Tatars in Romania" ” . 169
- De Jong , Frederick . 1997 . "Muslim Minorities in the Balkans on the Eve of the Collapse of Communism" . Islamic Studies , 36 : 416
- De Jong . "The Turks and Tatars in Romania" ” . 180 – 181 .
- Ibid., pp. 182-183.
- De Jong . "The Muslim Minorities in the Balkans" ” . 416
- Simsir , Bilal . 1966 . Contribution a l'Histoire des Populations Turques en Bulgarie, 1876-1880 , 9 Ankara : Turk Kültürünü Arastirma Enstitüsü Yayinlari .
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- Watch , Helsinki . 1991 . Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Gypsies of Bulgaria , 69 – 70 . New York : Human Rights Watch .
- Ibid., p. 71.
- Ibid.
- Ibid., p. 72.
- Ipek , Nedim . 1994 . Rumeli'den Anadolu'ya Turk Coden, 1877-1890 , 40 – 41 . Ankara : Turk Tank Kurumu Basimevi .
- Crampton . "The Turks of Bulgaria" ” . 43 – 78 . provides a detailed discussion of changes in the ethnic composition of the population of Bulgaria as a whole, and especially of the urban population between 1878 and 1944
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- Simisir , Bilal . 1988 . The Turks of Bulgaria, 1878-1985 , 13 – 30 . London : K. Rüstern & Brother .
- Mishkova , Diana . 1994 . "Literacy and Nation-Building in Bulgaria, 1878-1912" . East European Quarterly , 29 : 86
- Triska , Jan F. , ed. 1968 . "Bulgaria" ” . In Constitutions of the Communist Party States , 163 Stanford : Hoover Institutions on War, Revolution, and Peace .
- Eminov , AIi . 1983 . 'The Education of Turkish Speakers in Bulgaria" . Ethnic Groups , 5 : 129 – 150 . For a detailed discussion of the history of Turkish-language education in Bulgaria see
- Eminov , AIi . 1997 . Turkish and Other Muslim Minorities in Bulgaria , 138 – 166 . London : C. Hurst . For a detailed discussion of the linguistic effects of communist nationality policy on colloquial and literary Turkish and recent development in Turkish-language education in Bulgaria, see
- Simsir . The Turks of Bulgaria 155
- Todorova . “ 'Ottoman Legacy in the Balkans" ” . 64
- Madjarov , Djeni . 1993 . "Adaptation-Reality and Image" ” . In The Ethnic Situation in Bulgaria Today , 104 – 121 . Sofia : Club '9O .
- Sofia Press Agency . 1991 . The Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria 11 Sofia
- Höpken , Wolfgang . "From Religious Identity to Ethnic Mobilization: The Turks of Bulgaria Before, Under and Since Communism" ” . In Muslim Minorities and the Balkan State Edited by: Poulton , Hugh and Taji-Farouki , Suha . 79
- Ibid., p. 65.
- Eminov . Turkish and Other Muslim Minorities 24 – 121 . For a more extended discussion of government attitudes to Islam and Muslims, see
- Poulton . The Balkans 153 – 161 .
- Tomova , Ilona and Bogoev , Flamen . 1992 . "Minorities in Bulgaria: A Report of the International Conference on the Minorities, Rome 1991" . The Insider , 2 : 1 – 15 .
- Natsionalen Statisticheski Institut . Demografska Kharakteristika na Bulgaria 57 – 113 .
- Höpken . "From Religious Identity to Ethnic Mobilization" ” . 74 – 75 .
- Bates , Daniel . 1994 . "What's in a Name? Minorities, Identity, and Politics in Bulgaria" . Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power , 1 : 202
- Ibid.
- Bates , Daniel . 1993 . 'The Ethnic Turks and the Bulgarian Elections of October 1991" . Turkish Review of Balkan Studies ,
- Sofia Press Agency . The Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria , 6 Sofia : Sofia Press Agency .
- East European Constitutional Review . 1992 . "Turkish Party in Bulgaria Allowed to Continue" ” . Vol. 1 , 11 – 12 . Chicago : Centre for the Study of Constitutionalism in Eastern Europe at the University of Chicago Law School . No. 2
- Poulton . "Changing Notions of National Identity among Muslims in Thrace and Macedonia" ” . 83
- Human Rights Watch . 1990 . Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Turks of Greece , 47 – 50 . New York : Human Rights Watch .
- Angelopoulos , Am. 1979 . "Population Distribution of Greece Today According to Language, National Consciousness and Religion" . Balkan Studies , 20 : 125 – 126 .
- Ibid., p. 129.
- Karakasidou , Anastasia . 1993 . "Politicizing Culture: Negating Macedonian Identity in Northern Greece" . Journal of Modern Greek Studies , 11 : 1 – 28 .
- 1994 . "Sacred Scholars, Profane Advocates: Intellectuals Molding National Consciousness in Greece" . Identities , 1 : 35 – 61 .
- Karakasidou , Anastasia . 1995 . "Vestiges of the Ottoman Past: Muslims under Siege in Contemporary Greek Thrace" . Cultural Survival , 19 : 71
- For specific examples of persecution of individuals who challenge the official Greek position on the ethnic identity of Muslims, see Human Rights Watch, Greece: The Turks of Western Thrace.
- Angelopoulos . "Population Distribution of Greece Today" ” . 126 – 127 .
- Angelopoulos . "Population Distribution in Greece Today" ” . 128
- Christidis , Yorgos . 1996 . "The Muslim minority in Greece" ” . In Muslim Communities in the New Europe , Edited by: Nonneman , Gerd , Niblock , Tim and Szajakowski , Bogdan . 153 – 154 . Reading , , UK : Ithaca Press .
- Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe . 1996 . Turkish Minority in Western Thrace 4 Washington
- Poulton . "Changing Notions of National Identity" ” . 85 – 86 .
- Seypel , Tatjana . 1989 . "The Pomaks of Northwestern Greece: An Endangered Balkan Population" . Journal, Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs , 10 : 41 – 49 . The Greek government embarked upon a policy to assimilate the Bulgarian-speaking Muslims, the Pomaks, into the Turkish population by requiring them to attend Turkish-language schools and forcing them to identify themselves as Turks. This policy was embraced wholeheartedly by Turkish speakers in Greece as well as by the Republic of Turkey. This practice was ended in the 1950s as the relations between Greece and Turkey deteriorated over the Cyprus question. However, the consistent denial of the Bulgarian ethnicity of Pomaks forced many Pomaks to draw closer to the Turkish community, believing that Turkey as a kin state would protect the interests of all Muslims in Greece. Consequently, over the years, most Pomaks in Western Thrace have come to "manifest a Turkish national consciousness in part through enculturation and education in minority [Turkish] schools and through intermarriage with ethnic Turks."
- Karakasidou . "Vestiges of the Ottoman past" ” . 71 This certainly was not the intention of the Greek authorities
- Poulton . "Changing Notions of Identity" ” . 86
- 1998 . "Greece's Nationalist Archbishop" . The Economist , 12 December : 53 The relationship between the Greek Orthodox Church and the Greek government is unique among European Union member countries. Not only is the Greek Orthodox Church the official religion in Greece but it is so powerfully established in popular consciousness that being a Christian and a Greek are synonymous. Moreover, the Church is in the vanguard of Hellenism and Greek nationalism and has enormous influence on government policies toward its Muslim minority and toward Turkey. The messages of Archbishop Christodoulos are full of the virtues of Hellenism and hard nationalism. He takes every opportunity to give vent to his hostility toward the Turks, whom he calls "eastern barbarians," calls upon Greeks to mobilize to "liberate Constantinople," and, on his visits to Western Thrace, urges Greeks to defend Orthodoxy against Muslims, with weapons if necessary
- MRG Greece . 1994 . "The Slavomacedonian Minority in Greece: A Case Study in Balkan Nationalism,' ” . In The Southern Balkans , Edited by: MRG Greece, James Pettiferand Hugh Poulton . 18 London : Minority Rights Group .
- See Human Rights Watch, Destroying Ethnic Identity.
- Human Rights Watch . 1992 . "Greece: Improvements for Turkish Minority: Problems Remain" ” . New York : Human Rights Watch .
- Human Rights Watch . 1998 . Greece: The Turks of Western Thrace , 10 – 11 . New York : Human Rights Watch .
- Human Rights Watch . Destroying Ethnic Identity 11
- Poulton . "Islam, Ethnicity and State" ” . 19
- Malcomson , Scott . 1994 . Borderlands: Nation and Empire , 74 Boston : Faber & Faber .
- Karakasidou . "Vestiges of the Ottoman Past" ” . 72
- Human Rights Watch . Greece 11
- Oran , Baskin . 1992-1994 . "The Sleeping Volcano in Turco-Greek Relations: The Western Thrace Minority" . International Journal of Turkish Studies , 6 : 124
- Ibid.
- Poulton . The Balkans 185 – 186 .
- Ibid., p. 186.
- Christidis . “ 'The Muslim Minority in Greece" ” . 158 – 159 .
- Oran . "The Sleeping Volcano in Turco-Greek Relations" ” . 125
- Ibid.
- Karakasidou . "Vestiges of the Ottoman Past" ” . 73 75
- Bartlett , C. N. O. 1980 . The Turkish Minority in Yugoslavia , Bradford , , UK : University of Bradford Press .
- Friedman . “ 'Observing the Observed" ” . 85
- Karpat , Kemal . 1997 . "The Balkan National States and Nationalism: Image and Reality" . Islamic Studies , 36 : 347
- Poulton . "Changing Notions of National Identity" ” . 96 – 97 .
- Statisticheski Godishnik na Republika Makedonija, p. 88.
- Ibid., pp. 106-107.
- De long . "The Muslim Minorities in the Balkans" ” . 417
- Poulton . "Changing Notions of National Identity" ” . 98
- Ibid.
- Statisticheski Godishnik na Republika Makedonija, p. 57.
- Curtis , Glenn E. 1992 . Yugoslavia: A Country Study, , 3rd edn , 112 Washington : Government Printing Office .
- Ibid.
- De long . "The Muslim Minorities in the Balkans" ” . 418
- Curtis . Yugoslavia 112
- De long . "The Muslim Minorities in the Balkans" ” . 417