NOTES
- Payne , Michael . 1996 . The Dictionary of Cultural and Critical Theory 353 – 354 . Oxford : Blackwell .
- Marshal , Gordon . 1994 . The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Sociology 344 Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- 1997 . Alain Locke and Values Savage , NJ : Rowman & Littlefield . See, for example, the works by Leonard Harris on Alain Locke. Leonard Hams,The Philosophy of Alain Locke: Harlem Renaissance and Beyond (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987).
- This characterization is intended as a working definition that attempts to resolve seeming conflicts. The fears of those who see multiculturalism as the road to political and moral collapse need not be realized. A multicultural society can sustain a variety of cultures and still retain the loyalty of its citizens to a shared principle or ideal (e.g. democracy).
- Gutmann , Amy , ed. 1994 . Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition 25 – 73 . Princeton : Princeton University Press . Researchers in multiculturalism continue to debate and refine the concept. However, some consider it to be the inevitable next step in the humanistic movement and struggle for human rights. For example, Charles Taylor sees the interest in multiculturalism as reflective of the (growing) human need for recognition. He writes of the “politics of recognition” and surveys the philosophical inquiry into the “dialogue” (in the Bakhtinian sense) between the public and the private. See Charles Taylor, “The Politics of Recognition,” in
- “Critical pluralism” is used here to denote the thoughtful respect for other cultures in dialogue with one's own culturally specific views; in opposition to moral relativism.
- Green , Judith M. 1998 . “Educational Multiculturalism, Critical Pluralism, and Deep Democracy,” in ” . In Theorizing Multiculturalism: A Guide to the Current Debate Edited by: Willett , Cynthia . 429 Maiden , MA : Blackwell .
- 2000 . Balkan Ghosts,” Human Rights Review , 2 Emblematic of this gross generalization was Robert Kaplan's Balkan Ghosts, purported to have influenced then President Bill Clinton and to have affected US policy during the Yugoslav wars. For an analysis of some of the book's misconceptions, see Cynthia Simmons, “Baedeker Barbarism: Rebecca West's Black Lamb and Gray Falcon and Robert Kaplan's, No. 1, pp. 109–124.
- Ancel , Jacques . 1934 . “L'Unité balkanique,” . Revue internationale des Études balkanique , 1 128. I wish to thank Svetlana Slap[sbreve]ak, of the Graduate School of Humanities in Ljubljana, Slovenia, for directing me to this journal and body of research.
- Bosnia was to experience considerable (north-)Western influence again, of course, with the occupation and annexation of BiH by Austria-Hungary from 1878–1914.
- 1996 . Bosnia: A Short History 27 – 42 . New York : New York University Press . The dispute over the nature of the independent Bosnian Church and its status when Bosnia fell to the Ottomans continues. In his history of Bosnia, Noel Malcolm gives greater credence to the research that reveals the heresy of the Bosnian Church as not that of the Bogomils, but of the persistence of particular Byzantine practices that had become unacceptable or heretical in the Roman Church. He notes that even before the Bosnian Church lost converts to Islam, it had come under attack from the Franciscans. See Noel Malcolm
- Spahić , Mustafa . 1994 . Kom[sbreve]ije 9 Sarajevo : Press Centra Armije Republike Bosne i Hercegovine .
- Ibid. 11
- 1998 . The Problem of Trust Princeton : Princeton University Press . The sociologist Adam B. Seligman for instance, identifies trust as one of the values of civilization engendered in the city. Seligman sees the growth of trust as a basic social relation as a modern phenomenon related to increased urbanization. See Adam B. Seligman
- Mahmutćehajić , Rusmir . 2000 . Bosnia the Good: Tolerance and Tradition Budapest : Central European University Press . Translation of Dobra Bosna (Zagreb: Duri eux, 1997).
- 1993 . Prokletstvo muslimana 26 – 45 . Sarajevo : Oslobodjenje . Nijaz Duraković offers an in-depth analysis of Bosnian conversion to Islam in See, in particular, “Nestanak bogomila i proces islamizacije,”
- Malcom . Bosnia 8 – 18 . See, p. In Sefardi u Bosni, a study from 1911, edited by Kemal Bakar[sbreve]ić and republished in 1996 (Sarajevo: Bosanska biblioteka), Moritz Levy describes the humanitarian welcome that Sultan Bajazit II gave the Jews in Turkey and recounts in detail the establishment of the Jewish quarter in Sarajevo. See9
- Karahasan , D[zbreve]evad . 1994 . “Sarajevo, Portrait of an Internal City,” in ” . In Sarajevo, Exodus of a City (translation of Selidbe), trans. 3 – 16 . Slobodan Drakulić (New York: Kodansha International
- Glenny , Misha . 1996 . The Fall of Yugoslavia 143 – 183 . New York : Penguin . ; Christopher Bennett, Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse (New York: New York University Press, 1995),182
- Broz , Svetlana . 2000 . “ Tito's grand-daughter and author of ” . In Dobri ljudi u vremenu zla Banja Luka : Media centar “Prelom,” . (Good People in a Time of Evil) (a collection of testimonies of interethnic deeds of heroism during the Bosnian war), came to this conclusion as well, as she expressed in her International Women's Day lecture (8 March 2000) at the International Institute in Boston.
- Levy , Moric . 1911 . Sephardim in Bosnien (Sarajevo: [Sbreve]tamparija Daniala A. Kanon,Sefardi u Bosni, trans. Ljiljana Masal (Sarajevo: Bosanska biblioteka, 1996).
- Ibid. 57 – 64 .
- Malcolm . Bosnia 145
- Duraković . Prokletstvo Muslimana 86
- Zulfikarpa[sbreve]ić , Adil . 1995 . Bo[sbreve]njak 99 Zagreb : Nakladni zavod GLOBUS .
- Malcolm . Bosnia 166 – 167 .
- Donia , Robert . 3 August 2000 . 3 August , Sarajevo's Pluralism in the Twentieth Century, paper delivered at the World Congress of the International Council for Central and East European Studies (Tampere, Finland
- For example, Senad Pe[cbreve]anin implied as much in his characterization of Sarajevo as unicultural (see the section Modern Sarajevo/Bosnia above), and the writer and director of the P.E.N. Center in Sarajevo, Ferida Duraković, said, in an interview with me in 1998, that before the war, when hearing someone's name for the first time, she never thought about that person's ethnicity (which can be revealed by the last name), but that since the war it is the first thing she thinks of.
- Tomljenović , Borka . Bosnian Counterpoint 103 – 104 . (Ann Arbor: s.n.)
- Ibid. 108
- Osti , Josip . 1993 . Jevreji u Sarajevu i Bosni 23 Ljubljana : Biblioteka EGZIL-abc .
- 2001 . Wiener Slawistischer Almanach 267 – 289 . As Chief Librarian of the now destroyed National and University Library, Kemal Bakar[sbreve]ić was instrumental in the most recent sparing of the Haggadah. He has detailed the fate of the codex in “Never-Ending Story of C-4436 A.K.A. The Sarajevo's Haggada Codex,” Sonderband 52,; www.openbook.ngo.ba/quarterly/no 17/neverending.htm
- Ramet , Sabrina Petra . 1996 . Balkan Babel 40 – 42 . Boulder : Westview Press . See, e.g.,; Laura Silber and Allan Little, Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation (New York: TV Books, 1996),26, 29.
- Pe[cbreve]anin , Senad . 1 May 2000 . 1 May , Neiman Lecture, Center for European Studies, Harvard University
- On the basis of my experience among students, writers, and intellectuals in Sarajevo, most frequent and extensive in the 1970s, I would have to agree as well. And more recently I have heard this conviction expressed in conversation with Sarajevans who do not represent the intellectual elite.
- Berić , Gojko . 1994 . Sarajevo na kraju svijeta 164 – 165 . Sarajevo : Oslobodjenje Sarajevo .
- Bogdanović , Bogdan . 1995 . “ ‘The City and Death’ (translation of “The Ritual Murder of the City”), in ” . In Balkan Blues: Writing out of Yugoslavia Edited by: Labon , Joanna . 36 Evanston , IL : Northwestern University Press .
- 1996 . Balken Babel 197 – 200 . Boulder : Westview Press . Emblematic of the effort among nationalist writers to incite ethnic pride (and self-pity) is Dobrica Ćosić's (revisionist) historical novel A Time of Death, a narrative of World War I from the Serbian perspective. For other examples, see Sabrina Petra Ramet, Ramet dedicates an entire chapter to the influence on rising nationalism of folk-inspired popular music. See also Dubravka Ugre[sbreve]ić, The Culture of Lies (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), pp. 128–150; and Eric Gordy, “Rokeri i turba[sbreve]i as Windows into Serbia's Social Divide,” Balkanologie, 1, 2000, pp. 55–82.
- Bogdanović . 1993 . “Zava[sbreve]ena sećanja,” . In Grad kenotaf 46 – 48 . Zagreb : Durieux . in
- Bo[sbreve]njović , ILijas . 1990 . Demografska crna jama Sarajevo : Veselin Masleaa .
- Bogdanović . “The City and Death,” p. 73.
- Bo[sbreve]njak 104 During World War II and in the aftermath that produced modern Yugoslavia, this disowning was, of course, far from subtle. On the heels of Usta[sbreve]a atrocities during the war, Tito's security chief Aleksandar Ranković implemented a policy of forced repatriation of Muslims from the Sandjak and Macedonia to Turkey. See Zulfikarpa[sbreve]ić, p.
- Ibid. 104 – 105 .
- Marković , Mirko . 1997 . “The Intellectual and Creative Conscience of a Writer,” in ” . In Forgotten Country 2: War Prose in Bosnia-Herzegovina (1992–1995) 92 Sarajevo : Association of Writers of Bosnia-Herzegovina .
- Of course, equitable multiethnic political representation was, theoretically, a goal of communist governmental organization in Yugoslavia. These quotas had little bearing, however, on how power was actually distributed across ethnicities. Political inequities and disenfranchisement of segments of the population (i.e. non-communists) fostered feelings of resentment among some, who then became more receptive to nationalist rhetoric.
- 1998 . Making a Nation, Breaking a Nation 32 Other researchers have investigated the failure of cohesive forces on the level of nation (”Yugoslavia”) and republic (”Bosnia”). In, Andrew Wachtel found the support for a “supranational Yugoslav culture” insufficient and waning over time (Stanford: Stanford University Press. With respect to Bosnia, Tone Bringa cites Marilyn Strathern, who argues mat in order to create a collective identity, individuals must submerge the heteregenous sources of their identity, rather than just add these to one another.” See Tone Bringa, ed., Being Muslim the Bosnian Way (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. I would agree that contiguous but separate ethnicities in parts of BiH did not contribute to a sense of “Bosnia.” However, I would disagree with Strathern's conception/requirement of an exclusive collective identity. The goal of multiculturalism, it would seem, is to maintain multiple identities; although, of course, there must be an overarching (supranational) identification with the larger nation. “Brotherhood and unity” was doomed from the start in Yugoslavia, for the multiculturalism that it invoked could not develop in the absence of political freedoms.