Publication Cover
Nationalities Papers
The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity
Volume 41, 2013 - Issue 4: From Socialist to Post-Socialist Cities
1,010
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

City of felt and concrete: Negotiating cultural hybridity in Mongolia's capital of Ulaanbaatar

&
Pages 622-650 | Received 02 Jun 2011, Accepted 30 Jan 2012, Published online: 11 Mar 2013

References

  • Adiya , Baldangiin . 1998 . Mongol arkhitekturynchimeėg (Mongol Architectural History). Ėrdėnėt: Arkhitektur Khot Baı˘guulaltyn Khu'rėėlėn
  • Ariunbold , Dovdoin . 1992 . Bridge Between Asia and Europe . Mongol Messenger , (6 October): 4
  • Azaryahu , Maoz and Foote , Kenneth E. 2008 . Historical Space as Narrative Medium: On the Configuration of Spatial Narratives of Time at Historical Sites . GeoJournal , 73 ( 3 ) : 179 – 194 . (doi:10.1007/s10708-008-9202-4)
  • Badamdorj , Chinbat . 2004 . Changes in the Internal Structure of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia . Scientific Annual of Korea Mongolian Economic Association , 14 ( 1 ) : 1 – 15 .
  • Batbayar (Baabar), Bat-Erdene . 1996 . XX zuuni Mongol: nuudelsuudal, garzolz (Twentieth Century Mongolia: Nomadism and Sedentarism, Losses and Gains). Ulaanbaatar: National Photographic Center
  • Batbayar (Baabar), Bat-Erdene and Kaplonski , Christopher . 1999 . Twentieth Century Mongolia , Cambridge : White Horse .
  • Batbayar , Tsedendamba . 2002 . Geopolitics and Mongolia's Search for Post Soviet Identity . Eurasian Geography and Economics , 43 ( 4 ) : 323 – 335 . (doi:10.2747/1538-7216.43.4.323)
  • Bawden , Charles R. 1968 . The Modern History of Mongolia , London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson .
  • Bayannasan , E . 2011 . Marko Polo to be Immortalized with Statue in UB . UB Post , May 10, 2011. Accessed August 11, 2011. http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6219&Itemid=43
  • Belt , Don . 2011 . The Urban Clan of Genghis Khan: An Influx of Nomads has Turned Mongolian Capital Upside Down . National Geographic , 220 ( 4 ) : 114 – 127 .
  • Bhabha, Homi. 1990. “DissemiNation: Time, Narrative and the Margins of the Modern Nation.” In Narration and Nation, edited by Homi Bhabha, 291–322. New York: Routledge
  • Bradsher , Henry S. 1972 . The Sovietization of Mongolia . Foreign Affairs , 50 ( 3 ) : 545 – 553 . (doi:10.2307/20037928)
  • Bregel , Yuri . 2005 . An Historical Atlas of Central Asia , Boston : Brill Academic .
  • Bruun , Ole and Narangoa , Li . 2006 . “ A New Moment in Mongol History: The Rise of the Cosmopolitan City ” . In Mongols From Country to City: Floating Boundaries, Pastoralism and City Life in the Mongol Lands , Edited by: Brunn , Ole and Narangoa , Li . 1 – 20 . Copenhagen : NIAS .
  • Bruun , Ole . 2006 . “ Nomadic Herders and the Urban Attraction ” . In Mongols From Country to City: Floating Boundaries, Pastoralism and in City Life the Mongol Lands , Edited by: Brunn , Ole and Narangoa , Li . 162 – 184 . Copenhagen : NIAS .
  • Buckley , Ralf , Ollenburg , Claudia and Zhong , Linsheng . 2008 . Cultural Landscape in Mongolian Tourism . Annals of Tourism Research , 35 ( 1 ) : 47 – 61 . (doi:10.1016/j.annals.2007.06.007)
  • Bulag , Uradyn Erden . 1998 . Nationalism and Hybridity in Mongolia , Oxford : Clarendon .
  • Campi , Alicia . 2006 . “ The Rise of Cities in Nomadic Mongolia ” . In Mongols From Country to City: Floating Boundaries, Pastoralism, and in City Life the Mongol Lands , Edited by: Brunn , Ole and Narangoa , Li . 21 – 55 . Copenhagen : NIAS Press .
  • Chattergee , Partha . 1993 . The Nation and its Fragments: Colonial and Post-Colonial Histories , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
  • Cosgrove , Denis E. 2002 . “ Landscape and the European Sense of Sight – Eyeing Nature ” . In Handbook of Cultural Geography , Edited by: Anderson , Kay , Domosh , Mona , Pile , Steve and Thrift , Nigel . 249 – 268 . London : Sage .
  • Czaplicka , John , Gelazis , Nida and Ruble , Blair A. 2009 . Cities after the Fall of Communism: Reshaping Cultural Landscapes and European Identity , Washington , DC : Woodrow Wilson Center .
  • Dashbalbar , M. O. 1995 . Dashiin Byambasuren Tansaa” [To Dashiin Byambasuren] . Ardyn Erkh , February 16: 3
  • Dashbalbar , M. O. 1996 . The Shadow of Democracy is Wandering Across Mongolia . Zasgiin Gazryn Medee , April 30: 4
  • Diener , Alexander C. 2011 . “ Will New Mobilities Beget New (Im)mobilities: Prospects for Change Resulting from Mongolia's Trans-State Highway ” . In Engineering Earth: The Impacts of Megaengineering Projects , Edited by: Brunn , Stanley D. 627 – 642 . London : Springer Science .
  • Dore , Giovann and Nagpal , Tavni . 2006 . Urban Transition in Mongolia: Pursuing Sustainability in a Unique Environment . Environment , 48 ( 6 ) : 10 – 25 . (doi:10.3200/ENVT.48.6.10-24)
  • Dugersuren , L . 1999 . Ulaanbaatar Khotin Tüükh [History of Ulaanbaatar] , Ulaanbaatar : Khėvlėlı˘n Tėmuuzhin Nomch Tovchoo .
  • Dwyer , Owen J. and Alderman , Derek H. 2008 . Memorial Landscapes: Analytic Questions and Metaphors . GeoJournal , 73 ( 3 ) : 165 – 178 . (doi:10.1007/s10708-008-9201-5)
  • Enkhbayar , N . 2002 . Mongolia in the Age of Globalization . Mongol Messenger , February 20: 5
  • Fairbank , John K. 1978 . Cambridge History of China , Vol. 10 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Forest , Benjamin and Johnson , Juliet . 2002 . Unraveling the Threads of History: Soviet-Era Monuments and Post-Soviet National Identity in Moscow . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 92 ( 3 ) : 524 – 547 . (doi:10.1111/1467-8306.00303)
  • Freedom House. Mongolia Country Report. 2010. Accessed March 21, 2010. http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2010&country=7880
  • Geisler , Michael E. 2005 . “ Introduction: What are National Symbols and What Do They Do to Us? ” . In National Symbols and Fractured Identities: Contesting the National Narrative , Edited by: Geisler , Michael E. XIII – XLII . Middlebury : Middlebury College .
  • Green Ger , Project . 2009 . The Mongolian Green Ger Project: Poverty Alleviation and Environmental Improvement , Ulaanbaatar : Ecoleap Foundation . http://greenger.radicasys.com/Green%20Ger%20Project%20Whitepaper.pdf
  • Guttikunda , Sarath . 2007 . Urban Air Pollution Analysis for Ulaanbaatar: The World Bank Consultant Report , Washington , DC : World Bank . http://www.soros.org.mn/res_mat/res_mat-12.pdf
  • Hagen , Joshua . 2009 . Historic Preservation in Nazi Germany: Place, Memory, and Nationalism . Journal of Historical Geography , 35 ( 4 ) : 690 – 715 . (doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2009.01.020)
  • Hagen , Joshua . 2010 . Architecture, Symbolism, and Function: The Nazi Party's ‘Forum of the Movement’ . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space , 28 ( 3 ) : 397 – 424 . (doi:10.1068/d2206)
  • Hobsbawm , Eric . 1992a . “ Introduction: Inventing Traditions ” . In The Invention of Tradition , Edited by: Hobsbawm , Eric and Ranger , Terence O. 1 – 14 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Hobsbawm , Eric . 1992b . Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth and Reality , Cambridge : Cambridge UP .
  • Jacobs , Andrew . 2010 . “ Winter Leaves Mongolians a Harvest of Carcasses ” . In New York Times 19 May
  • Jacobs , Jane M. and Merriman , Peter . 2011 . Practising Architectures . Social & Cultural Geography , 12 ( 3 ) : 211 – 222 . (doi:10.1080/14649365.2011.565884)
  • Janzen , Jörg and Taraschewski , Thomas . 2009 . “ Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) – A Central Asian City of Pilgrimage ” . In Cities of Pilgrimage , Edited by: Shahshahani , Soheila . 177 – 194 . London : Transaction .
  • Jargalsaikhan , D . 2010 . Nur Zhol . UB Post , August 13, 2010. http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5182&Itemid=41
  • Jargalsaikhan , D . 2011a . The State and Housing . UB Post , March 25. http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5974&Itemid=41
  • Jargalsaikhan , D . 2011b . Intelligent City . UB Post , April 19. http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6085&Itemid=41
  • Kaplonski , Christopher . 1998 . Creating National Identity in Socialist Mongolia . Central Asian Survey , 17 ( 1 ) : 35 – 49 . (doi:10.1080/02634939808401022)
  • Kaplonski , Christopher . 1999 . Blame, Guilt, and Avoidance: The Struggle to Control the Past in Post Socialist Mongolia . History and Memory , 11 ( 2 ) : 94 – 114 .
  • Kaplonski , Christopher . 2002 . “ Thirty Thousand Bullets: Remembering Political Repression in Mongolia ” . In Historical Injustice and Democratic Transition in Eastern Asian and Northern Europe , Edited by: Christie , Kenneth and Cribb , Robert . 155 – 168 . London : Routledge Curzon .
  • Kaplonski , Christopher . 2004 . Truth, History, and Politics in Mongolia: Memories of Heroes , London : Curzon .
  • Konagaya , Yuki . 2010 . Socialist Modernization in Mongolia as Narrated after Socialism . Inner Asia , 12 ( 1 ) : 5 – 23 . (doi:10.1163/146481710792710345)
  • Kotkin , Stephen and Ellerman , Bruce A. 1999 . Mongolia in the Twentieth Century: Landlocked Cosmopolitan , London : M.E. Sharpe .
  • Lkhagvasuren , Ts . 2008 . Beatles Memorial a Reminder of Socialist Past . UB Post , April 10. http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1621&Itemid=45
  • Maidar , D . 1971 . Arkhitektura i gradostroitel'stvo Mongolii [Mongolian Architecture and Urban Planning] , Moscow : SI .
  • Mend-Ooyo , G. 1999 . In Defense of Our Nomadic Civilization . UB Post , February 24: 3
  • Mongolian National Statistical Office . 2001 . Hun am, oronsuutsny 2000 onytoollogynulsyn dun [Population and Housing Census 2000, National Results] , Ulaanbaatar : Mongolian National Statistical Office .
  • Mongolian National Statistical Office . 2011 . Statistical Bulletin , Ulaanbaatar : Mongolian National Statistical Office . Web. http://www.nso.mn/v3/index2.php?page=free_access
  • Morgan , David . 1991 . The Mongols , London : Wiley Blackwell .
  • Morozova , Irina . 2008 . National Monuments and Social Construction of Mongolia and Kyrgyzstan . IIAS Newsletter , #49 (Autumn): 18–19
  • Murphy , David . 2001 . No Room for Nomads . Far Eastern Economic Review , 31 ( May ) : 30 – 32 .
  • Murzyn-Kupisz , Monika and Gwosdz , Krzysztof . 2011 . The Changing Identity of the Central European City: The Case of Katowice . Journal of Historical Geography , 37 ( 1 ) : 113 – 126 . (doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2010.04.001)
  • Myadar , Orhon . 2007 . Imaginary Nomads: The Myth of Nomadic Mongolia and Fenceless Land Discourse . Diss, U of Hawaii at Manoa
  • Myagmar , Munkhmandakh and Nielsen , Poul Erik . 2001 . The Mongolian Media Landscape in Transition: A Cultural Clash between Global, National, Local and “No Nomads” Media . Nordicom Review , 22 ( 2 ) : 3 – 13 .
  • Nomintushig , B . 2011 . Made in Mongolia: Environmentally Friendly ‘Trolley’ Bus . UB Post , June 10. http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6404&Itemid=96
  • Ochman , Ewa . 2010 . Soviet War Memorials and the Re-construction of National and Local Identities in Post-Communist Poland . Nationalities Papers , 38 ( 4 ) : 509 – 530 . (doi:10.1080/00905992.2010.482130)
  • Odgaard , Ole . 1996 . “ Living Standards and Poverty ” . In Mongolia in Transition , Edited by: Bruun , Ole and Odgaard , Ole . 103 – 134 . London : Curzon .
  • Odon , S . 1990 . Hunii Amdralin Prchig Arkhiteturt Khamaaruulakhin Uchir” (Meanings of Relating Living Environment of Human to Architecture) . Durspex Urlar Uran Barilga (Journal of Fine Arts and Architecture) , 2 ( 1 ) : 6 – 11 .
  • Onon , Urgunge and Pritchatt , Derrick . 1989 . Asia's First Modern Revolution: Mongolia Proclaims its Independence in 1911 , Leiden : E.J. Brill .
  • Oyunbileg , Z . 1990 . Mongolduranbarilgahogzhizhbaisan n.” [Development of Architecture in Mongolia] . Durspex Urlar Uran Barilga [Journal of Fine Arts and Architecture] , 2 ( 3 ) : 3 – 12 .
  • Oyundari , E . 2011a . Ceremony Held on 5 June to Officially Open the ‘Independence Square’ . UB Post , June 7. http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6384&Itemid=36
  • Oyundari , E . 2011b . Mongolia to Have Underground Subway . UB Post , July 1. http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6526&Itemid=36
  • Palmer , James . 2008 . The Bloody White Baron: The Extraordinary Story of the Russian Nobleman Who Became the Last Khan of Mongolia , New York : Basic Books .
  • Palonen , Emilia . 2008 . The City-Text in Post-Communist Budapest: Street Names, Memorials, and the Politics of Commemoration . GeoJournal , 73 ( 3 ) : 219 – 230 . (doi:10.1007/s10708-008-9204-2)
  • Pipes , Richard . 1997 . The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923 , Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
  • Pozdneyev , Aleksei Matveevich . 1971 . Mongolia and the Mongols Vol. 1 , Trans. John R. Shaw and Dale Plank. Bloomington: Indiana University Press
  • Ribera-Fumaz , Ramon . 2009 . From Urban Political Economy to Cultural Political Economy: Rethinking Culture and Economy in and beyond the Urban . Progress in Human Geography , 33 ( 4 ) : 447 – 465 . (doi:10.1177/0309132508096352)
  • Rose , Gillian . 1997 . The Cultural Politics of Place: Local Representation and Oppositional Discourse in Two Films . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , 19 ( 1 ) : 46 – 60 . (doi:10.2307/622445)
  • Rossabi , Morris . 2005 . Modern Mongolia: From Khans to Commissars to Capitalists , Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • Ruble , Blair A. 2003 . “ From Khrushcheby to Korobki ” . In Russian Housing in the Modern Age: Design and Social History , Edited by: Brumfield , William Craft and Ruble , Blair A. 232 – 270 . Washington, DC : Woodrow Wilson Center .
  • Sabharwal , Jack . 2010 . UB Pays Tribute to Mahatma Gandhi . UB Post , October 5. http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5382&Itemid=36
  • Sabloff , Paula L. W. 2001 . Modern Mongolia: Reclaiming Genghis Khan , Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology .
  • Sabloff , Paula L. W. 2002 . Why Mongolia?: The Political Culture of an Emerging Democracy . Central Asian Survey , 21 ( 1 ) : 19 – 36 . (doi:10.1080/02634930220127928)
  • Sanders , Alan J.K. 1991 . “ Restructuring and Openness ” . In Mongolia Today , Edited by: Akiner , Shirin . 57 – 78 . London : M.E. Sharpe .
  • Sanders , Alan J. K. 2003 . Historical Dictionary of Mongolia , 2 , Lanham , MD : Scarecrow Press .
  • Sanjdorj , M . 1980 . Manchu Chinese Colonial Rule in Northern Mongolia Trans. Urgunge Onon. New York: St. Martin's
  • Scriver , Peter . 2006 . Placing In-between: Thinking through Architecture in the Construction of Colonial-Modern Identities . National Identities , 8 ( 3 ) : 207 – 223 . (doi:10.1080/14608940600842268)
  • Sharavtseren , Ch. 2002 . Innovative Approach to the Mongolian Ger . Mongol Messenger , 7 February: 3. Shields, Kirril. 2008. “Relax Don't Do It When You Want to Go to It.” UB Post 30 October. Web. http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2363&Itemid=88888948
  • Shinebayar , P . 2010 . President Wants to Save the Sükhbaatar Statue . UB Post , 19 October. Web. http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5435&Itemid=36
  • Shnirelman , V. A. 1996 . Who Gets the Past? Competition for Ancestors among Non-Russian Intellectuals in Russia , Washington , DC : Woodrow Wilson Center Press .
  • Sidorov , Dmitri . 2000 . National Monumentalization and the Politics of Scale: The Resurrections of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 90 ( 3 ) : 548 – 572 . (doi:10.1111/0004-5608.00208)
  • Smith , Anthony . 1986 . The Ethnic Origins of Nations , London : Blackwell Publishers .
  • Sneath , David . 2006 . “ The Rural and the Urban in Pastoral Mongolia ” . In Mongols From Country to City: Floating Boundaries, Pastoralism and in City Life the Mongol Lands , Edited by: Brunn , Ole and Narangoa , Li . 140 – 161 . Copenhagen : NIAS .
  • Sugimoto , Hirofumi , Kawagishi , Umekazu , Kitano , Koki , Gonchigbat , Ishjamts and Hirota , Naoyuki . 2007 . Living Environment of Nomads Residing on the Outskirts of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: Dispositional Characteristics from the Perspective of a Comparison of Nomads and People Living in Ger Fixed Residences in the City . Journal of Asian and Architecture and Building Engineering , 6 ( 2 ) : 28 – 290 .
  • Sumiyabazar , Ch. 2009 . Democrats Propose Statue in Memory of July 1 Victims . UB Post , April 24. http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2869&Itemid=37
  • Tavares , David and Brosseau , Marc . 2006 . The Representation of Mongolia in Contemporary Travel Writing: Imaginative Geographies of a Traveller's Frontier . Social and Cultural Geography , 7 ( 2 ) : 299 – 317 . (doi:10.1080/14649360600600817)
  • Timothy , Dallen , Wu , Bihu and Luvsandavaajav , Oyunchimeg . 2009 . “ Heritage and Tourism in East Asia's Developing Nations: Communist-Socialist Legacies and Diverse Cultural Landscapes ” . In Cultural Heritage and Tourism in the Developing World: A Regional Perspective , Edited by: Timothy , Dallen and Nyaupane , Gyan P. 93 – 108 . London : Routledge .
  • Trouillot , Michel-Rolph . 1995 . Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History , Boston : Beacon Press .
  • Tsultem , N . 1988 . Arkhitektura Mongolii (Mongolian architecture) , Ulaanbaatar : Gosizdatelstvo .
  • Tumursukh , U . 2002 . Fighting Over the Reinterpretation of the Mongolian Woman in Mongolia's Post-Socialist Identity Construction Discourse . East Asia: An International Quarterly , 19 ( 3 ) : 119 – 146 . (doi:10.1007/s12140-001-0012-2)
  • UB Post. 2008a. “Remembrance but no Resolution of Zorig's Murder.” UB Post, October 3. http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2286&Itemid=36
  • UB Post. 2008b. “Statue at Mongol NewsBuilding Honors Late Founder.” UB Post, October 17. http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2319 &Itemid=38
  • Ulaanbaatar Official Website. 2011. “Urban Population.” February 31. http://www.ulaanbaatar.mn/
  • Young , Craig and Kaczmarek , Sylvia . 2008 . The Socialist Past and Postsocialist Urban Identity in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Łódź, Poland . European Urban and Regional Studies , 15 ( 1 ) : 53 – 70 . (doi:10.1177/0969776407081275)
  • Zanabazar. 2007. “The Life of Zanabazar.” January 3. http://www.zanabazar.mn/index.html
  • Zenee , M . 1992 . Mongol dah’ ardchilal Fashist Shinjtei” [Democracy in Mongolia is Fascist in Nature] . Ug , May 4: 4

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.