References
- 06.mvd.ru 2014. “Address to the Population of the Republic Concerning Necessity to Voluntarily Give Up Illegally Owned Weapon for Monetary Compensation.” 06.mvd.ru. Accessed November 20, 2015 https://06.mvd.ru/news/item/2109098/.
- 07.mvd.ru 2013. “Population of Kabardino-Balkaria Increases Voluntarily Giving Up of Illegal Weapon.” 07.mvd.ru. Accessed November 20, 2015. https://07.mvd.ru/news/item/1135323/.
- Baev, Pavel. 2005. “Chechnya and the Russian Military: A War too Far?” In Chechnya from Past to Future, edited by Richard Sakwa, 117–130. London: Wimbledon.
- Bakke, Kristin, John O’Loughlin, and Michael Ward. 2009. “Reconciliation in Conflict-Affected Societies: Multilevel Modeling of Individual and Contextual Factors in the North Caucasus of Russia.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 99 (5): 1012–1021. Accessed November 20, 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/162311/. doi: 10.1080/00045600903260622
- Baum, Matthew, and Yuri Zhukov. 2015. “Filtering Revolution: Reporting Bias in International Newspaper Coverage of the Libyan Civil War.” Journal of Peace Research 52 (3): 384–400. Accessed November 20, 2015. http://jpr.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0022343314554791.
- Burger, Ethan, and Serguei Cheloukhine. 2013. Counterterrorism in Areas of Political Unrest. The Case of Russia’s Northern Caucasus. New York: Springer.
- Byman, Daniel. 2006. “Do Targeted Killings Work?” Foreign Affairs March/April. Accessed March 21, 2015. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/61513/daniel-byman/do-targeted-killings-work.
- card.sk-news.ru 2008. “Operation ‘Weapon’ Will Be Conducted in Kabardino-Balkaria During Month Aimed at Buying Illegal Weapon from Population.” Accessed November 20, 2015. http://card.sk-news.ru/kbr/news/society/3383/.
- card.sk-news.ru 2011. “Operation ‘Weapon’ Will Be Started in Kabardino-Balkaria in 10 of June.” card.sk-news.ru. Accessed November 20, 2015. http://www.card.sk-news.ru/news/pravo/9905/.
- Cassidy, Robert. 2008. Counterinsurgency and the Global War on Terror: Military Culture and Irregular War. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
- clrr-rd.ru 2014. “Operation Weapon.” clrr-rd.ru. Accessed November 20, 2015. http://clrr-rd.ru/index.php/dokumenty-obraztsy-informatsiya-instruktsii/operatsiya-oruzhie.
- Concept of Counterterrorism 2009. “The Concept of Counterterrorism in the Russian Federation.” Moscow: President of the Russian Federation. Accessed November 20, 2015. http://www.rg.ru/2009/10/20/zakon-dok.html.
- Cornell, Svante. 1999. “International Reactions to Massive Human Rights Violations: The Case of Chechnya.” Europe-Asia Studies 51 (1): 85–100. doi: 10.1080/09668139999137
- Cornell, Svante. 2012. “The ‘Afghanization’ of the North Caucasus: Causes and Implications of a Changing Conflict.” In Russia’s Homegrown Insurgency: Jihad in the North Caucasus, edited by Stephen Blank, 121–154. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute. Accessed November 20, 2015. http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub1116.pdf.
- Cronin, Audrey. 2009. How Terrorism Ends: Understanding the Decline and Demise of Terrorist Campaigns. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Dugan, Laura, and Erica Chenoweth. 2012. “Moving Beyond Deterrence: The Effectiveness of Raising the Expected Utility of Abstaining from Terrorism in Israel.” American Sociological Review 77 (4): 597–624. doi: 10.1177/0003122412450573
- FL 174 2001. Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation N 174-FL 18.12.2001. Moscow: The State Duma, the Council of Federation. Accessed November 20, 2015. http://www.consultant.ru/popular/upkrf/.
- FL 3 2011. About Police N 3-FL 07.02.2011. Moscow: The State Duma, the Council of Federation. Accessed November 20, 2015. http://www.consultant.ru/popular/police/.
- FL 35 2006. About Counterterrorism N 35-FL 06.03.2006. Moscow: The State Duma, the Council of Federation. Accessed November 20, 2015. http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_149786/.
- FL 40 1995. About the Federal Security Service N 40-FL 03.04.1995. Moscow: The State Duma, the Council of Federation. Accessed November 20, 2015. http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_172567/.
- FL 63 1996. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation N 63-FL 13.06.1996. Moscow: The State Duma, the Council of Federation. Accessed November 20, 2015. http://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=LAW&n=207488&fld=134&dst=1000000001,0&rnd=0.3866624321181378#0.
- Grodnenskii, Nikolai. 2010. The Second Chechen War: History of the Armed Conflict. Moscow: Russian Panorama.
- Hafez, Mohammed, and Joseph Hatfield. 2006. “Do Targeted Assassinations Work? A Multivariate Analysis of Israeli Counter-terrorism Effectiveness during Al-Aqsa Uprising.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 29 (4): 359–382. doi: 10.1080/10576100600641972
- Hughes, James. 2007. Chechnya from Nationalism to Jihad. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Human Rights Watch 2008. “As If They Fell From the Sky” Counterinsurgency, Rights Violations, and Rampant Impunity in Ingushetia. New York: Human Rights Watch. Accessed November 20, 2015. https://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/russia0608/russia0608webwcover.pdf.
- Human Rights Watch 2009. “What Your Children Do Will Touch Upon You” Punitive House-Burning in Chechnya. Accessed November 20, 2015. https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/07/02/what-your-children-do-will-touch-upon-you/punitive-house-burning-chechnya.
- International Crisis Group 2012a. The North Caucasus: The Challenges of Integration (I), Ethnicity and Conflict. Brussels. Accessed November 20, 2015. http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/caucasus/220-the-north-caucasus-the-challenges-of-integration-i-ethnicity-and-conflict.pdf.
- International Crisis Group 2012b. The North Caucasus: The Challenges of Integration (II), Islam, The Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency. Brussels. Accessed November 20, 2015. http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/caucasus/221-the-north-caucasus-the-challenges-of-integration-ii-islam-the-insurgency-and-counter-insurgency.pdf.
- Kalyvas, Stathis. 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil Wars. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- kavkaz-uzel.ru 2007. “New Stage of Voluntarily Giving Up of Weapon is Starting in Kabardino-Balkaria.” Accessed November 20, 2015. http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/120670/.
- kavkaz-uzel.ru 2009. “Operation ‘Weapon’ Starts Again in Kabardino-Balkaria.” Accessed November 20, 2015. http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/150633/.
- KBR Government Statement 49 2010. “The Statement of the Government of the Kabardino-Balkaria Republic 02.04.2010 no 49 PP ‘About operation ‘Weapon’ for Voluntarily Giving Up Illegally Owned Weapon for Monetary Compensation.” Nalchik: Government of the Kabardino-Balkaria Republic.
- KBR Government Statement 50 2008. “The Statement of the Government of the Kabardino-Balkaria Republic 26.03.2008 no 50 PP ‘About operation ‘Weapon’ for Voluntarily Giving Up Illegally Owned Weapon for Monetary Compensation.” Nalchik: Government of the Kabardino-Balkariia Republic.
- KBR Government Statement 63 2009. “The statement of the Government of the Kabardino-Balkaria Republic 26.03.2009 no 63 PP ‘About operation ‘Weapon’ for Voluntarily Giving Up Illegally Owned Weapon for Monetary Compensation.” Nalchik: Government of the Kabardino-Balkaria Republic.
- Koehler, Jan, Alexey Gunya, and Magomed Alkhazurov. 2016. “Insurgency-informed Governance in the North Caucasus: Observations from Chechnya, Dagestan, and Kabardino-Balkaria.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 27 (3): 367–391. doi: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1151657
- Kuchins, Andrew, Matthew Malarkey, and Sergey Markedonov. 2011. The North Caucasus: Russia’s Volatile Frontier. Washington, DC: CSIS. Accessed November 20, 2015. https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs … /110321_Kuchins_NorthCaucasus_WEB.pdf.
- Kydd, Andrew, and Barbara Walter. 2002. “Sabotaging the Peace: The Politics of Extremist Violence.” International Organization 56 (2): 263–296. doi: 10.1162/002081802320005487
- LaFree, Gary. 2011. “Using Open Sources Data to Counter Common Myths about Terrorism.” In Criminologists on Terrorism and Homeland Security, edited by Brian Forst, Jack Green and James Lynch, 411–442. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Lapidus, Gail. 2012. “Putin’s War on Terrorism: Lessons from Chechnya.” Post-Soviet Affairs 18 (1): 41–48.
- Lyall, Jason. 2009. “Does Indiscriminate Violence Incite Insurgent Attacks? Evidence from Chechnya.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 53 (3): 331–362. doi: 10.1177/0022002708330881
- Lyall, Jason. 2010. “Are Coethnics More Effective Counterinsurgents? Evidence from the Second Chechen War.” American Political Science Review 104 (1): 1–20. doi: 10.1017/S0003055409990323
- Memorial Human Rights Center 2011. “Nine Months of CTO: Prielbrusye is on the Brink of Survival”. Moscow. Accessed November 20, 2015. http://www.memo.ru/2011/10/27/2710111.pdf.
- Mueller, Karl. 2001. “The Essence of Coercive Air Power: A Primer for Military.” Air Power Review 4 (3): 45–58.
- NAK 2011. “NAK Meeting in Vladikavkaz.” Accessed November 20, 2015. http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/10408.
- news.bbc.co.uk 2007. “Buying Weapon from Civil Population Has Started in Dagestan.” Accessed November 20, 2015. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/russia/newsid_7073000/7073004.stm.
- O’Loughlin, John, and Frank Witmer. 2011. “The Localized Geographies of Violence in the North Caucasus of Russia, 1999–2007.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 101 (1): 178–201. doi: 10.1080/00045608.2010.534713
- O’Loughlin, John, Edward Holland, and Frank Witmer. 2011. “The Changing Geography of Violence in Russia’s North Caucasus, 1999–2011: Regional Trends and Local Dynamics in Dagestan, Ingushetiia, and Kabardino-Balkaria.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 52 (5): 596–630. doi: 10.2747/1539-7216.52.5.596
- Oliker, Olga. 2001. Russia’s Chechen Wars 1994–2000. Lessons from Urban Combat. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. Accessed November 20, 2015. http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1289.html.
- Pape, Robert. 1996. Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- Plekhov, Anatolii. 1988. Dictionary of Military Terms. Moscow: Military Publishing House.
- Presidential Decree 146 2010. “Decree of the President of the Russian Federation no 146 05.02.2010 ‘Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation.” Moscow: President of the Russian Federation. http://kremlin.ru/supplement/461.
- Presidential Decree 960 2003. “Decree of the President of the Russian Federation 960 11.08.2003 ‘Questions of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation.” Moscow: President of the Russian Federation. Accessed November 20, 2015. http://nac.gov.ru/content/4739.html.
- Ratelle, Jean-François, and Emil Souleimanov. 2016. “A Perfect Counterinsurgency? Making Sense of Moscow’s Policy of Chechenisation.” Europe-Asia Studies 68 (8): 1287–1314. doi: 10.1080/09668136.2016.1230842
- regnum.ru 2008. “Operation ‘Weapon’ has Results in Dagestan.” regnum.ru. Accessed November 20, 2015. http://regnum.ru/news/accidents/992091.html.
- Schmid, Alex. 2004. “Statistics on Terrorism: The Challenge of Measuring Trends in Global Terrorism.” Forum on Crime and Society 1–2 (December): 49–71. Accessed November 20, 2015. https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Forum/V05-81059_EBOOK.pdf.
- Silke, Andrew. 2001. “The Devil You Know: Continuing Problems with Research on Terrorism.” Terrorism and Political Violence 13 (4): 1–14. doi: 10.1080/09546550109609697
- Šmíd, Tomáš, and Miroslav Mareš. 2015. “‘Kadyrovtsy’: Russia’s Counterinsurgency Strategy and the Wars of Paramilitary Clans.” Journal of Strategic Studies 38 (5): 1–28. doi: 10.1080/01402390.2014.942035
- Sokirianskaya, Ekaterina. 2014. “State and Violence in Chechnya (1997–1999).” In Chechnya at War and Beyond, edited by Anne Le Huerou, Aude Merlin, Amandine Regamey, and Elisabeth Sieca-Kozlowski, 93–117. London: Routledge.
- Sokiryanskaya, Ekaterina, and Oleg Orlov. 2011. “Magomedov’s New Policy?” Moscow. Accessed November 20, 2015. http://memohrc.org/sites/default/files/846.pdf.
- Souleimanov, Emil. 2015a. “Jihad or Security? Understanding the Jihadization of Chechen Insurgency through Recruitment into Jihadist Units.” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 17 (1): 86–105. doi: 10.1080/19448953.2014.986375
- Souleimanov, Emil. 2015b. “An Ethnography of Counterinsurgency: Kadyrovtsy and Russia’s Policy of Chechenization.” Post-Soviet Affairs 31 (2): 91–114. doi: 10.1080/1060586X.2014.900976
- Souleimanov, Emil, and Huseyn Aliyev. 2014. The Individual Disengagement of Avengers, Nationalists, and Jihadists: Why Ex-Militants Choose to Abandon Violence in the North Caucasus. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Souleimanov, Emil, and David Siroky. 2016. “Random or Retributive? Indiscriminate Violence in the Chechen Wars.” World Politics 4 (4): 1–36.
- Speckhard, Anne, and Khapta Akhmedova. 2006. “The New Chechen Jihad: Militant Wahhabism as a Radical Movement and a Source of Suicide Terrorism in Post-War Chechen Society.” Democracy and Security 2 (1): 103–155. doi: 10.1080/17419160600625116
- Starodubovskaya, Irina. 2013. “A Cure for Fear: What Kind of Policy Can Ease the Conflict in the North Caucasus of Russia.” Economic Policy, November: 1–23. Accessed November 20, 2015. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2353349.
- Thomas, Timothy. 2005. “Russian Tactical Lessons Learned Fighting Chechen Separatists.” The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 18 (4): 731–766. doi: 10.1080/13518040500355015
- Toft, Monica, and Yuri Zhukov. 2012. “Denial and Punishment in the North Caucasus: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Coercive Counter-Insurgency.” Journal of Peace Research 49 (6): 785–800. doi: 10.1177/0022343312448389
- Toft, Monica, and Yuri Zhukov. 2015. “Islamists and Nationalists: Rebel Motivation and Counterinsurgency in Russia’s North Caucasus.” American Political Science Review 109 (2): 222–238. doi: 10.1017/S000305541500012X
- Trenin, Dmitri, Aleksei Malashenko, and Anatol Lieven. 2004. Russia’s Restless Frontier. The Chechnya Factor in Post-Soviet Russia. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press.
- Vendina, Olga, Vitaly Belozerov, and Andrew Gustafson. 2007. “The Wars in Chechnya and their Effects on Neighboring Regions.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 48 (2): 178–201. doi: 10.2747/1538-7216.48.2.178
- Ware, Robert, and Enver Kisriev. 2010. Dagestan. Russian Hegemony and Islamic Resistance in the North Caucasus. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
- Weidmann, Nils. 2014. “On the Accuracy of Media-based Conflict Event Data.” Journal of Conflict Resolution: 46 (3): 1–21.
- Zhirnov, Evgeny. 2010. “The Most Decisive Measures of Civil Disarmament.” Kommersant, July 27. Accessed November 20, 2015. http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1412254.
- Zhukov, Yuri. 2012. “Roads and the Diffusion of Insurgent Violence. The Logistics of Conflict in Russia’s North Caucasus.” Political Geography 31 (3): 144–156. doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2011.12.002