Modeling for the Separation of Light NonAqueous Phase Liquids from Contaminated Subsurface Through Vacuum-Enhanced Oil Recovery

References

• API (American Petroleum Institute) . 1989 . Guide to the Assessment and Remediation of Underground Petroleum Releases , 2nd ed. Washington, DC : API . API Publication 1628
   Google Scholar
• Aziz , K. and Settari , A. 1979 . Petroleum Reservior Simulation , 467 London : Applied Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , R. S. 1995 . “ One-, two-, and three-phase flow during free product recovery ” . In Applied Bioremediation of Hydrocarbons , Edited by: Hinchee , R. E. , Kittel , J. A. and Reisinger , H. J. 349 – 359 . Columbus, OH : Battelle Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , R. S. and Bierschenk , J. 1995 . Vacuum-enhanced recovery of water and NAPL: Concept and field test . Journal of Soil Contamination , 4 ( 1 ) : 57 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , R. S. and Bierschenk , J. 1996 . Bioslurping LNAPL contamination . Pollution Engineering , : 38 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Blake , S. B. and Gates , M. M. 1986 . “ Vacuum-enhanced hydrocarbon recovery: A case study ” . In Proceedings: Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water , 709 – 721 . Houston, TX : NGWA/API . November 1986. Dublin, OH.
   Google Scholar
• Charbeneau , R. J. , Wanakule , N. , Chiang , C. Y. , Nevin , J. P. and Klein , C. L. 1989 . “ A two-layer model to simulate floating free product recovery: Formulation and applications ” . In Proc. Conf. on Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water: Prevention, Detection, and Restoration , 333 – 345 . Dublin, OH : Natl. Ground Water Assoc. .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , Z. , Huang , G. H. and Chakma , A. 1998 . Numerical modeling of soil and groundwater contamination—Subsurface hydrology & advanced modeling for petroleum-contaminated sites , Canada : Prepared for TransGas, SaskEnergy .
   Google Scholar
• Eckberg , D. K. and Sunada , D. K. 1984 . Nonsteady three-phase immiscible fluid distribution in porous media . Water Resour. Res. , 20 : 1891 – 1897 .
   Google Scholar
• Hassanizadeh , S. M. and Gray , W. G. 1979a . General conservation equations for multi-phase systems 1. Averaging procedure . Adv. Water Resour. , 2 : 131 – 144 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassanizadeh , S. M. and Gray , W. G. 1979b . General conservation equations for multi-phase systems 2. Mass, momenta, energy, and entropy equations . Adv. Water Resour. , 2 : 191 – 203 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassanizadeh , S. M. and Gray , W. G. 1980 . General conservation equations for multi-phase systems 3. Constitutive theory for porous media flow . Adv. Water Resour. , 3 : 25 – 40 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes , D. , Henry , E. C. and Testa , S. M. 1989 . A practical approach to shallow hydrocarbon recovery . Ground Water Monitoring Review , : 180 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoeppel , R. E. , Kittel , J. A. , Goetz , F. E. , Hinchee , R. E. and Abbott , J. E. 1995 . “ Bioslurping technology applications at Naval middle distillate fuel remediation sites ” . In Applied Bioremediation of Hydrocarbons , Edited by: Hinchee , R. E. , Kittel , J. A. and Reisinger , H. J. 335 – 346 . Columbus, OH : Battelle Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kaluarachchi , J. J. and Parker , J. C. 1989 . An efficient finite element model for modeling multiphase flow in porous media . Water Resour. Res. , 25 ( 1 ) : 43 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katyal , A. K. , Kaluarachchi , J. J. and Parker , J. C. 1991 . MOFAT: A Two-Dimensional Finite Element Program for Multiphase Flow and Multicomponent Transport, Program Documentation and User's Guide , 109 Ada, OK : U.S. EPA, R.S. Kerr Environ. Res. Lab. . EPA-600/2-91-020, NTIS PB91-191692
   Google Scholar
• Land , C. S. 1968 . Calculation of imbibition relative permeability for two and three phase flow from rock properties . Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Pet. Eng. , 243 : 149 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Leverett , M. C. 1941 . Capillary behavior in porous solids . Trans. Soc. Pet. Eng. AIME , 142 : 152 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Mackay , D. M. and Cherry , J. A. 1989 . Groundwater contamination: Pump-and-treat remediation . Environmental Science and Technology , 23 ( 6 ) : 630 – 636 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SERM (Saskatchewan Environment and Resource Management) . 1995 . Risk Based Corrective Actions for Petroleum Contaminated Sites, Province of Saskatchewan, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada , LOCATION : PUBLISHER .
   Google Scholar
• van Genuchten , M. Th. 1980 . A closed-form solution for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soil . Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , 44 : 892 – 898 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , D. J. 1989 . Soil clean up by in-situ surfactant flushing. 1. Mathematical modeling . Separation Science and Technology , 24 : 863 – 892 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar