754
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
RESEARCH REPORTS

Communication, Relationships, and Religious Difference in the Northern Ireland Workplace: A Study of Private and Public Sector Organizations

Pages 128-160 | Published online: 15 Apr 2008

References

  • Allport , G.W. 1954 . The nature of prejudice , Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley .
  • Anastasio , P. , Bachman , B. , Gaertner , S. and Dovidio , J. 1997 . “ Categorization, recategorization, and common group identity ” . In The social psychology of stereotyping and group life , Edited by: Sears , R. , Oakes , P.J. , Ellemers , N. and Haslam , S.A. 236 – 256 . Oxford, , UK : Blackwell Publishers .
  • Andrews , R. , Boyne , G.A. , Meier , K.J. , O'Toole , L.J. and Walker , R.M. 2005 . Representative bureaucracy, organizational strategy, and public service performance: An empirical analysis of English local government . Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory , 15 : 489 – 504 .
  • Ashkanasy , N.M. , Härtel , C.E. and Zerbe , W.J. 2000 . “ Emotions in the workplace: Research, theory and practice ” . In Emotions in the workplace: Research, theory and practice , Edited by: Ashkanasy , N.M. , Härtel , C.E. and Zerbe , W.J. 3 – 18 . Westport, CT : Quorum Books .
  • Ayoko , O. , Härtel , C. , Fisher , G. and Fujimoto , Y. 2004 . “ Communication competence in cross-community business transactions ” . In Key issues in organizational communication , Edited by: Tourish , D. and Hargie , O. 157 – 171 . London : Routledge .
  • Ball , C. 2006 . HR leads Ford's diversity drive . Personnel Today . Retrieved March 28, 2006, from http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/2006/02/21/34005/hr+leads+ford's+diversity+drive.htm
  • Barki , H. and Hartwick , J. 2004 . Conceptualizing the construction of interpersonal conflict . International Journal of Conflict Management , 15 : 216 – 244 .
  • Berman , E.M. , West , J.P. and Richter , M.N. 2002 . Workplace relations: Friendship patterns and consequences (according to managers) . Public Administration Review , 62 : 217 – 230 .
  • Boyne , G.A. 2002 . Public and private management: What's the difference? . Journal of Management Studies , 39 : 97 – 122 .
  • Bozeman , B. and Rainey , H.G. 2000 . Organizational rules and the ‘bureaucratic personality’ . American Journal of Political Science , 42 : 163 – 189 .
  • Brewer , J. 1992 . Sectarianism and racism, and their parallels and differences . Ethnic and Racial Studies , 15 : 352 – 364 .
  • Brown , R. 2000 . Group processes , 2nd ed , Oxford, , UK : Blackwell Publishers .
  • Brown , R. and Hewstone , M. 2005 . An integrative theory of intergroup contact . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , 37 : 255 – 343 .
  • Buchanan , D. and Huczynski , A. 2004 . Organizational behaviour , 5th ed , Harlow, , UK : Prentice Hall .
  • Clampitt , P. 2000 . “ The questionnaire approach ” . In Handbook of communication audits for organizations , Edited by: Hargie , O. and Tourish , D. 45 – 65 . London : Routledge .
  • Clampitt , P. 2001 . Communicating for managerial effectiveness , 2nd ed , London : Sage .
  • Clampitt , P. and Downs , C. 1993 . Employee perceptions of the relationship between communication and productivity: A field study . Journal of Business Communication , 30 : 5 – 28 .
  • Craig , R.T. 1999 . Communication theory as a field . Communication Theory , 9 : 119 – 161 .
  • Crisp , R.J. and Hewstone , M. 2000 . “ Multiple categorization and social identity ” . In Social identity processes , Edited by: Capozza , D. and Brown , R. 141 – 158 . London : Sage .
  • De Dreu , C.K. , van Dierendonck , D. and Dijkstra , M.T. 2004 . Conflict at work and individual well-being . International Journal of Conflict Management , 15 : 6 – 26 .
  • De Dreu , C.K. and Weingart , L. 2003 . Task versus relationship conflict, team performance, and team member satisfaction: A meta-analysis . Journal of Applied Psychology , 88 : 741 – 749 .
  • De Dreu , C. , West , M. , Fischer , A. and MacCurtain , S. 2001 . “ Origins and consequences of emotions in organizational teams ” . In Emotions at work: Theory, research and applications for management , Edited by: Payne , R.L. and Cooper , C.L. 199 – 218 . Chichester, , UK : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Deetz , S. 2001 . “ Conceptual foundations ” . In The new handbook of organizational communication: Advances in theory, research, and methods , Edited by: Jablin , F.M. and Putnam , L.L. 3 – 46 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Dovidio , J.K. and Gaertner , S.L. 1991 . “ Changes in the nature and expression of racial prejudice ” . In Opening doors: An appraisal of race relations in contemporary America , Edited by: Knopke , H. and Norrell , J. 210 – 241 . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press .
  • Downs , C.W. and Adrian , C.W. 2004 . Assessing organizational communication: Strategic communication audits , New York : Guilford Press .
  • Ellemers , N. , Haslam , S.A. , Platow , M.J. and van Knippenberg , D. 2003 . “ Social identity at work: Developments, debates, directions ” . In Social identity at work: Developing theory of organizational practice , Edited by: Haslam , S.A. , van Knippenberg , D. , Platow , M. and Ellemers , J. 3 – 26 . New York : Psychology Press .
  • Eyben , K. , Morrow , D. and Wilson , D. 2002 . The equality, diversity and interdependence framework: A framework for organizational learning and change , Coleraine, , UK : University of Ulster .
  • Fox , A. 1973 . “ Industrial relations: A social critique of pluralist ideology ” . In Man and organization , Edited by: Child , J. 185 – 233 . London : Allen & Unwin .
  • Gaertner , S.L. , Dovidio , J.F. , Anastasio , P.A. , Bachman , B.A. and Rust , M.C. 1993 . “ The common ingroup identity model: Recategorization and the reduction of intergroup bias ” . In European review of social psychology , Edited by: Stroebe , W. and Hewstone , M. 1 – 26 . Chichester, , UK : Wiley .
  • Gallagher , T. 2004 . “ Education and equality in Northern Ireland ” . In Researching the Troubles: Social science perspectives on the Northern Ireland conflict , Edited by: Hargie , O. and Dickson , D. 59 – 83 . Edinburgh, , UK : Mainstream Press .
  • Goldhaber , G.M. and Rogers , D.P. 1979 . The ICA communication audit: Process, status, and critique . Journal of Business Communication , 15 : 41 – 64 .
  • Grandey , A.A. and Brauburger , A.L. 2002 . “ The emotion regulation behind the customer service smile ” . In Emotions in the workplace , Edited by: Lord , R.G. , Klimoski , R.J. and Kanfer , R. 260 – 294 . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
  • Guy , M.E. 1992 . “ Productive work environments ” . In The public productivity handbook , Edited by: Holzer , M. 321 – 33 . New York : Marcel Dekker .
  • Hansen , G. 1986 . Determinants of firm performance: An integration of economic and organizational factors (Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan) . Dissertation Abstracts International , 48 : 434
  • Hargie , O. & Tourish , D. 2000 . Handbook of communication audits for organizations . London : Routledge .
  • Harlos , K.P. and Pinder , C.C. 2000 . “ Emotion and injustice in the workplace ” . In Emotion in organizations , Edited by: Fineman , S. 255 – 276 . London : Sage .
  • Härtel , C. , Kibby , L. and Pizer , M. 2004 . “ Intelligent emotions management ” . In Key issues in organizational communication , Edited by: Tourish , D. and Hargie , O. 130 – 143 . London : Routledge .
  • Harwood , J. , Giles , H. and Palomares , N.A. 2005 . “ Intergroup theory and communication processes ” . In Intergroup communication: Multiple perspectives , Edited by: Harwood , J. and Giles , H. 1 – 17 . New York : Peter Lang .
  • Hays-Thomas , R. 2004 . “ Why now? The contemporary focus on management diversity ” . In The psychology and management of workplace diversity , Edited by: Stockdale , M.S. and Crosby , F.J. 3 – 30 . Oxford, , UK : Blackwell Publishing .
  • Hebl , M.R. , Foster , J.B. , Mannix , L.M. and Dovidio , J.F. 2002 . Formal and interpersonal discrimination: A field study of bias towards homosexual applicants . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 28 : 815 – 825 .
  • Hewstone , M. 2003 . Intergroup contact: Panacea for prejudice? . The Psychologist , 16 : 352 – 355 .
  • Hogg , M.A. and Terry , D.J. 2001 . “ Social identity theory and organizational processes ” . In Social identity processes in organizational contexts , Edited by: Hogg , M. and Terry , D.J. 1 – 12 . Philadelphia : Psychology Press .
  • Hoggett , P. 2006 . Conflict, ambivalence, and the contested purpose of public organizations . Human Relations , 59 : 175 – 194 .
  • Holvino , E. , Ferdman , B.M. and Merrill-Sands , D. 2004 . “ Creating and sustaining diversity and inclusion in organizations: Strategies and approaches ” . In The psychology and management of workplace diversity , Edited by: Stockdale , M.S. and Crosby , F.J. 245 – 276 . Oxford, , UK : Blackwell Publishing .
  • Jarman , N. 2004 . From war to peace? Changing patterns of violence in Northern Ireland, 1990–2003 . Terrorism and Political Violence , 16 : 420 – 438 .
  • Jehn , K.A. 1995 . A multimethod examination of the benefits and determinants of intra-group conflict . Administrative Science Quarterly , 42 : 538 – 584 .
  • Kanter , R. 1988 . Three tiers for innovation research . Communication Research , 15 : 509 – 523 .
  • Karl , K.A. and Sutton , C.L. 1998 . Job values in today's workforce: A comparison of public and private sector employees . Public Personnel Management , 27 : 515 – 527 .
  • Kenworthy , J.B. , Turner , R.N. , Hewstone , M. and Voci , A. 2005 . “ Intergroup contact: When does it work and why? ” . In On the nature of prejudice: Fifty years after Allport , Edited by: Dovidio , J.F. , Glick , P. and Rudman , L.A. 278 – 292 . Oxford, , UK : Blackwell Publishing .
  • Keltner , D. and Kring , A.M. 1998 . Emotion, social function, and psychopathology . Review of General Psychology , 2 : 320 – 342 .
  • Kidder , D.L. , Lankau , M.J. , Chrobot-Mason , D. , Mollica , K.A. and Freidman , R.A. 2004 . Backlash towards diversity initiatives: Examining the impact of diversity program justification, personal and group outcomes . The International Journal of Conflict Management , 15 : 77 – 102 .
  • Kim , S. 2002 . Participative management and job satisfaction: Lessons for management leadership . Public Administration Review , 62 : 231 – 241 .
  • Kirk , R. 1982 . Experimental design: Procedures for the behavioral sciences , 3rd ed , Pacific Grove, CA : Brooks/Cole .
  • Knippenberg , D. and Ellemers , N. 2003 . “ Social identity and group performance: Identification as the key to group-oriented effort ” . In Social identity at work: Developing theory of organizational practice , Edited by: Haslam , S.A. , van Knippenberg , D. , Platow , M. and Ellemers , J. 29 – 42 . New York : Psychology Press .
  • Kossek , E.E. , Lobel , S.A. and Brown , J. 2006 . “ Human resource strategies to manage workforce diversity: Examining the ‘business case’ ” . In Handbook of workplace diversity , Edited by: Konrad , A.M. , Prasad , P. and Pringle , J.K. 53 – 74 . London : Sage .
  • Kremer , J. and Schermbrucker , I. 2006 . Difference and the psychology of conflict . The Psychologist , 19 : 160 – 163 .
  • Kundu , S.C. 2003 . Workforce diversity status: A study of employees’ reactions . Industrial Management and Data Systems , 103 : 215 – 226 .
  • Kurke , L.E. and Aldrich , H.E. 1983 . Mintzberg was right! A replication and extension of the nature of managerial work . Management Science , 29 : 975 – 984 .
  • Kurland , N.B. and Egan , T.D. 1999 . Public v. private perceptions of formalization, outcomes, and justice . Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory , 3 : 437 – 458 .
  • Larkey , I.K. 1996 . The development and validation of the Workforce Diversity Questionnaire: An instrument to assess interactions in diverse workgroups . Management Communication Quarterly , 9 : 296 – 237 .
  • Lazarus , R. and Cohen-Charash , Y. 2001 . “ Discrete emotions in organizational life ” . In Emotions at work: Theory, research and applications for management , Edited by: Payne , R.L. and Cooper , G.L. 45 – 81 . Chichester, , UK : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Lord , R. Klimoski , R. & Kanfer , R. 2002 . Emotions in the workplace: Understanding the structure and role of emotions in organizational behavior . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
  • May , S. & Mumby , D.K. 2005 . Engaging organizational communication theory and practice: Multiple perspectives . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • McAdam , R. and Reid , R. 2000 . A comparison of public and private sector perceptions and use of knowledge management . Journal of European Industrial Training , 24 : 317 – 329 .
  • McLeod , P.L. , Lobel , S.A. and Cox , T.H. 1996 . Ethnic diversity and creativity in small groups . Small Group Research , 27 : 248 – 264 .
  • Meares , M. , Oetzel , J.G. , Torres , A. , Derkacs , D. and Ginossar , T. 2004 . Employee mistreatment and muted voices in the culturally diverse workplace . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 32 : 4 – 27 .
  • Meyer , J. and Allen , N. 1997 . Commitment in the workplace , London : Sage .
  • Mills , C.E. 2002 , July . In-house perceptions of an organization's grapevine activity . Paper presented at the meeting of the Australian and New Zealand Communication Association, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia .
  • Mumby , D. 1993 . Critical organizational communication studies: The next 10 years . Communication Monographs , 60 : 18 – 25 .
  • Murtagh , B. 2004 . “ Territoriality, research and policy making in Northern Ireland ” . In Researching the Troubles: Social science perspectives on the Northern Ireland conflict , Edited by: Hargie , O. and Dickson , D. 209 – 225 . Edinburgh, , UK : Mainstream Publishing .
  • Niens , U. , Cairns , E. and Hewstone , M. 2004 . “ Contact and conflict in Northern Ireland ” . In Researching the Troubles: Social science perspectives on the Northern Ireland conflict , Edited by: Hargie , O. and Dickson , D. 123 – 139 . Edinburgh, , UK : Mainstream Publishing .
  • Northern Ireland Act 1998 Retrieved March 22, 2007, from http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1998/19980047.htm
  • Nunnally , J.C. 1978 . Psychometric theory , 2nd ed , New York : McGraw-Hill .
  • Osborne , B. & Shuttleworth , I. 2004 . Fair employment in Northern Ireland: A generation on . Belfast, , UK : Blackstaff Press .
  • Osborne , R.D. 2003 . Progressing the equality agenda in Northern Ireland . Journal of Social Policy , 32 : 339 – 360 .
  • Pandey , S.K. and Garnett , J.L. 2006 . Exploring public sector communication performance: Testing a model and drawing implications . Public Administration Review , 66 : 37 – 52 .
  • Paolini , S. , Hewstone , M. , Cairns , E. and Voci , A. 2004 . Effects of direct and indirect cross-group friendships on judgements of Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland: The mediating role of an anxiety-reducing mechanism . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 30 : 770 – 786 .
  • Paulsen , N. , Graham , P. , Jones , E. , Callan , V.J. and Gallois , C. 2005 . “ Organizations as intergroup contexts: Communication, discourse, and identification ” . In Intergroup communication: Multiple perspectives , Edited by: Harwood , J. and Giles , H. 165 – 188 . New York : Peter Lang .
  • Pelled , L.H. , Eisenhardt , K.M. and Xin , K.R. 1999 . Exploring the black box: An analysis of work group diversity, and performance . Administrative Science Quarterly , 44 : 1 – 28 .
  • Pettigrew , T.F. 1998 . Intergroup contact theory . Annual Review of Psychology , 49 : 65 – 85 .
  • Pettigrew , T.F. and Tropp , L.R. 2000 . “ Does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Recent meta-analytic findings ” . In Reducing prejudice and discrimination , Edited by: Oskamp , S. 93 – 114 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Pitts , D.W. 2005 . Diversity, representation, and performance: Evidence about race and ethnicity in public organizations . Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory , 15 : 615 – 631 .
  • Point , S. and Singh , V. 2003 . Defining and dimensionalising diversity: Evidence from corporate websites across Europe . European Management Journal , 21 : 750 – 761 .
  • Poole , M. and Doherty , P. 1996 . Ethnic residential segregation in Northern Ireland , Coleraine, , UK : Centre for the Study of Conflict, University of Ulster .
  • Pugh , D.S. , Hickson , D.J. and Hinings , C.R. 1969 . An empirical taxonomy of work organizations . Administrative Science Quarterly , 14 : 115 – 126 .
  • Rainey , H.G. 2003 . Understanding and managing public organizations , 3rd ed , San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
  • Rainey , H.G. and Bozeman , B. 2000 . Comparing public and private organizations: Empirical research and the power of a priori . Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory , 10 : 447 – 469 .
  • Rainey , H.G. Facer , R. & Bozeman , B. 1995 , August–September . Repeated findings of sharp differences between public and private managers’ perceptions of personnel rules . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago .
  • Rainey , H.G. , Pandey , S. and Bozeman , B. 1995 . Public and private managers’ perceptions of red tape . Public Administration Review , 55 : 567 – 574 .
  • Rodwell , J.J. , Kienzie , R. and Shadur , M.A. 1998 . The relationships among work-related perceptions, employee attitudes, and employee performance: The integral role of communication . Human Resource Management , 37 : 277 – 293 .
  • Roloff , M.E. and Soule , K.P. 2002 . “ Interpersonal conflict: A review ” . In Handbook of interpersonal communication , 3rd ed , Edited by: Knapp , M.L. and Daly , J.A. 475 – 528 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Rosenthal , H.E.S. and Crisp , R.J. 2006 . Reducing stereotype threat by blurring intergroup boundaries . Personality and Social Psychology , 32 : 501 – 511 .
  • Ruben , B.D. 2005 . Linking communication scholarship and professional practice in colleges and universities . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 33 : 294 – 304 .
  • Saunders , E. and Sugden , J. 1997 . Sport and community relations in Northern Ireland . Managing Leisure , 2 : 39 – 54 .
  • Schneider , D.J. 2004 . The psychology of stereotyping , New York : Guilford Press .
  • Sheehan , M. and Tomlinson , M. 1998 . Government policies and employers’ attitudes towards long-term unemployed people in Northern Ireland . Journal of Social Policy , 27 : 447 – 470 .
  • Shepherd , G.J. , St. John , J. and Striphas , T. 2005 . Communication as. … Perspectives on theory , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Shirlow , P. 2003 . ‘Who fears to speak’: Fear, mobility, and ethno-sectarianism in the two ‘Ardoynes’ . The Global Review of Ethnopolitics , 3 : 76 – 91 .
  • Sias , P.M. , Krone , K.J. and Jablin , F.M. 2002 . “ An ecological perspective on workplace relations ” . In Handbook of interpersonal communication , 3rd ed , Edited by: Knapp , M.L. and Daly , J.A. 615 – 642 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Smith , A. 1999 . Education and the peace process in Northern Ireland . Retrieved August 29, 2000, from CAIN on-line database : http://www.cain.ulst.ac.uk
  • Smyth , M. and Hamilton , J. 2004 . “ The human costs of the Troubles ” . In Researching the Troubles: Social science perspectives on the Northern Ireland conflict , Edited by: Hargie , O. and Dickson , D. 15 – 36 . Edinburgh, , UK : Mainstream Press .
  • Snyder , R. and Morris , J. 1984 . Organisational communication and performance . Journal of Applied Psychology , 69 : 461 – 465 .
  • Stockdale , M.S. and Cao , F. 2004 . “ Looking back and heading forward ” . In The psychology and management of workplace diversity , Edited by: Stockdale , M.S. and Crosby , F.J. 299 – 316 . Oxford, , UK : Blackwell Publishing .
  • Sutcliffe , K.M. 2001 . “ Organizational environments and organizational information processing ” . In The new handbook of organizational communication: Advances in theory, research and methods , Edited by: Jablin , F.M. and Putman , L.L. 197 – 230 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Tajfel , H. 1978 . Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations . London : Academic Press .
  • Tourish , D. 1997 . Transforming internal corporate communications: The power of symbolic gesture and barriers to change . Corporate Communications , 2 : 109 – 116 .
  • Tourish , D. and Hargie , O.D.W. 1998 . Communication between managers and staff in the NHS: Trends and prospects . British Journal of Management , 9 : 53 – 71 .
  • Tourish , D. and Hargie , O. 2000 . “ Communication and organizational success ” . In Handbook of communication audits for organizations , Edited by: Hargie , O. and Tourish , D. 3 – 21 . London : Routledge .
  • Tourish , D. and Hargie , O. 2004 . “ The crisis of management and the role of organizational communication ” . In Key issues in organizational communication , Edited by: Tourish , D. and Hargie , O. 1 – 16 . London : Routledge .
  • Turner , J.C. 1999 . “ Some current issues in research on social identity and self-categorization theories ” . In Social identity , Edited by: Ellemers , N. , Spears , R. and Doosje , B. 6 – 34 . Oxford, , UK : Blackwell Publishers .
  • Watzlawick , P. , Beavin , J. and Jackson , D. 1967 . Pragmatics of human communication , New York : W.W. Norton .
  • Weiss , H.M. 2002 . “ Conceptual and empirical foundations for the study of affect at work ” . In Emotions in the workplace: Understanding the structure and role of emotions in organizational behavior , Edited by: Lord , R. , Klimoski , R. and Kanfer , R. 20 – 63 . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
  • Willmott , B. 2001 . NHS racism alive and well – so when will it be cured? Personnel Today. Retrieved March 28, 2006, from http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/2001/07/03/7211/nhs-racism-alive-and-well-so-when-will-it-be-cured.html
  • Winstead , B.A. , Derlega , V.J. and Montgomery , C. 1995 . The quality of friendships at work and satisfaction . Journal of Social Psychology , 12 : 199 – 215 .
  • Zeffane , R. 1994 . Patterns of organizational commitment and perceived management style: A comparison of public and private sector employees . Human Relations , 47 : 977 – 1010 .
  • Zwijze-Koning , K.H. and de Jong , M.D.T. 2005 . Auditing information structures in organizations: A review of data collection techniques for network analysis . Organizational Research Methods , 8 : 429 – 453 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.