A network under stress: using embeddedness to understand uncertainty management and resilience in campus emergencies

References

• Astley, W. G., & Sachdeva, P. S. (1984). Structural sources of intraorganizational power: A theoretical synthesis. Academy of Management Review, 9, 104–113. doi:10.5465/AMR.1984.4278071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atwood, B. [batwood197]. (2014, January 21). My thoughts and prayers go out! But my school came together and is stronger than before! #BoilerStrong #BoilerFamily. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/search?q=%23boilerstrong&src=typd
   Google Scholar
• Blair, J. P., & Schweit, K. W. (2014). A study of active shooter incidents in the United States between 2000 and 2013. Texas State University and Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2014/september/fbi-releases-study-on-active-shooter-incidents/pdfs/a-study-of-active-shooter-incidents-in-the-u.s.-between-2000-and-2013
   Google Scholar
• Borgatti, S. P. (2005). Centrality and network flow. Social Networks, 27, 55–71. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2004.11.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brashers, D. E. (2001). Communication and uncertainty management. Journal of Communication, 51, 477–497. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2001.tb02892.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brashers, D. E., Neidig, J. L., & Goldsmith, D. J. (2004). Social support and the management of uncertainty for people living with HIV or AIDS. Health Communication, 16, 305–331. doi:10.1207/S15327027HC1603_3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brashers, D. E., Neidig, J. L., Haas, S. M., Dobbs, L. K., Cardillo, L. W., & Russell, J. A. (2000). Communication in the management of uncertainty: The case of persons living with HIV or AIDS. Communication Monographs, 67, 63–84. doi:10.1080/03637750009376495
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt, R. S. (2005). The social capital of structural holes. In M. F. Guillen, R. Collins, & P. England (Eds.), The new economic sociology: Developments in an emerging field (pp. 148–189). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Carbaugh, D., Lie, S., Locmele, L., & Sotirova, N. (2012). Ethnographic studies of intergroup communication. In H. Giles (Ed.), The handbook of intergroup communication (pp. 44–57). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cardillo, A., Gómez-Gardenes, J., Zanin, M., Romance, M., Papo, D., del Pozo, F., & Boccaletti, S. (2013). Emergence of network features from multiplexity. Scientific Reports, 3, 1–6. doi:10.1038/srep01344
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chewning, L. V., & Doerfel, M. L. (2013). Dimensions of trust and collective action in post-crisis reorganization. Presented at the 99th Annual National Communication Association Convention, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Clampitt, P. G., & Williams, M. L. (2005). Conceptualizing and measuring how employees and organizations manage uncertainty. Communication Research Reports, 22, 315–324. doi:10.1080/00036810500317649
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, J. S., & Coleman, J. S. (1994). Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Colombo, H., & Smith, D. (2014, January, 28). Family, friends mourn slain Purdue student. USA Today. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/01/28/family-friends-mourn-slain-purdue-student/4978995/
   Google Scholar
• Contractor, N., Monge, P., & Leonardi, P. M. (2011). Multidimensional networks and the dynamics of sociomateriality: Bringing technology inside the network. International Journal of Communication, 5, 682–720. Retrieved from http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1131/550
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coombs, W. T. (2011). Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Davies, G. K. (2008). Connecting the dots: Lessons from the Virginia Tech shootings. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 40, 8–15. doi:10.3200/CHNG.40.1.8-15
   Google Scholar
• Dhanaraj, C., Lyles, M. A., Steensma, H. K., & Tihanyi, L. (2004). Managing tacit and explicit knowledge transfer in IJVs: The role of relational embeddedness and the impact on performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 35, 428–442. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400098
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diani, M., & Mische, A. (2015). Network approaches and social movements. In D. Porta & M. Diani (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of social movements (pp. 306–325). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Doerfel, M. L., Chewning, L. V., & Lai, C. (2013). The evolution of networks and resilience of interorganizational relationships after disaster. Communication Monographs, 80, 533–559. doi:10.1080/03637751.2013.828157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doerfel, M. L., Lai, C., & Chewning, L. V. (2010). The evolutionary role of interorganizational communication: Social capital in disaster contexts. Human Communication Research, 36, 125–162. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01371.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraj, S., & Johnson, S. L. (2011). Network exchange patterns in online communities. Organization Science, 22, 1464–1480. doi:10.1287/orsc.1100.0600
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gainey, B. S. (2010). Educational crisis management practices tentatively embrace the new media. In W. T. Coombs & S. J. Holladay (Eds.), The handbook of crisis communication (pp. 301–318). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. (1963). Behavior in public places. New York, NY: The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hecht, M. L. (1993). 2002-a research odyssey: Toward the development of a communication theory of identity. Communication Monographs, 60, 76–82. doi:10.1080/03637759309376297
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess, M. (2004). ‘Spatial’ relationships? Towards a reconceptualization of embeddedness. Progress in Human Geography, 28, 165–186. doi:10.1191/0309132504ph479oa
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeger, P. T., Shneiderman, B., Fleischmann, K. R., Preece, J., Qu, Y., & Fei Wu, P. (2007). Community response grids: E-government, social networks, and effective emergency management. Telecommunications Policy, 31, 592–604. doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2007.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, J. E., & Rice, R. E. (2002). The telephone as a medium of faith, hope, terror, and redemption: America, September 11. Prometheus, 20, 247–253. doi:10.1080/08109020210144882
   Google Scholar
• Krackhardt, D. (1990). Assessing the political landscape: Structure, cognition, and power in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 342–369. doi:10.2307/2393394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, D. Z., & Cross, R. (2004). The strength of weak ties you can trust: The mediating role of trust in effective knowledge transfer. Management Science, 50, 1477–1490. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1030.0136
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, J. (2014, January 24). How Purdue handled emergency response to on-campus shooting. Indiana Public Media. Retrieved from http://indianapublicmedia.org/news/university-emergency-response-61962/
   Google Scholar
• Mairet, C. (2014, January 23). Athletic community reacts to Tuesday’s tragic events. The Exponent Online. Retrieved from http://www.purdueexponent.org/sports/article_c35e59a5-f241-55bc-a21a-e420e9999309.html
   Google Scholar
• Mark, G. J., Al-Ani, B., & Semaan, B. (2009). Resilience through technology adoption: Merging the old and the new in Iraq. In D. R. Olsen & R. B. Arthur (Eds.), Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 689–698). Boston, MA: Association of Computing Machinery.
   Google Scholar
• McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. (2001). Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 415–444. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milgram, S. (1967). The small world problem. Psychology Today, 2, 60–67. Retrieved from http://measure.igpp.ucla.edu/GK12-SEE-LA/Lesson_Files_09/Tina_Wey/TW_social_networks_Milgram_1967_small_world_problem.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Miller, K. (2002). The experience of emotion in the workplace professing in the midst of tragedy. Management Communication Quarterly, 15, 571–600. doi:10.1177/0893318902154003
   Google Scholar
• Monge, P. R., & Contractor, N. S. (2003). Theories of communication networks. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Myer, R. A., James, R. K., & Moulton, P. (2011). This is not a fire drill: Crisis intervention and prevention on college campuses. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23, 242–266. doi:10.2307/259373
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, L., & Dale, A. (2005). Network structure, diversity, and proactive resilience building: A response to Tompkins and Adger. Ecology and Society, 10. Retrieved from: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol10/iss1/resp2/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, W. J. (2008). The urban question revisited: The importance of cities for social movements. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 32, 841–859. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2008.00820.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavan, E. (2014). Embedding digital communications within collective action networks: A multidimensional network approach. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 19, 441–455. doi:10.17813/maiq.19.4.w24rl524u074126k
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powley, E. H. (2009). Reclaiming resilience and safety: Resilience activation in the critical period of crisis. Human Relations, 62, 1289–1326. doi:10.1177/0018726709334881
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdue shooting suspect Cody Cousins fatally shot Andrew Boldt, cops say. (2014, January 21). ABC7 Chicago News. Retrieved from http://abc7chicago.com/archive/9402085/
   Google Scholar
• Purdue University. (2014, January 21). Counseling offered in wake of shooting [Press Release]. Purdue News. Retrieved from http://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2014/Q1
   Google Scholar
• Rowley, T., Behrens, D., & Krackhardt, D. (2000). Redundant governance structures: An analysis of structural and relational embeddedness in the steel and semiconductor industries. Strategic Management Journal, 21, 369–386. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400098
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeger, M. W., Heyart, B., Barton, E. A., & Bultnyck, S. (2001). Crisis planning and crisis communication in the public schools: Assessing post Columbine responses. Communication Research Reports, 18, 375–383. doi:10.1080/08824090109384818
   Google Scholar
• Seeger, M. W., Sellnow, T. L., & Ulmer, R. R. (2003). Communication and organizational crisis. Westport, CT: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Shumate, M., & Contractor, N. S. (2014). Emergence of multidimensional social networks. In L. L. Putnam & D. K. Mumby (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of organizational communication: Advances in theory, research, and methods (3rd ed., pp. 449–474). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Shumate, M., Pilny, A., Atouba, Y. C., Kim, J., Peña-y-Lillo, M., Cooper, K. R., … Yang, S. (2013). A taxonomy of communication networks. In A. Cohen (Ed.), Communication yearbook 37. (pp. 94–123) New Brunswick, NJ: International Communication Association.
   Google Scholar
• Spence, P. R., Westerman, D., Skalski, P. D., Seeger, M., Ulmer, R. R., Venette, S., & Sellnow, T. L. (2005). Proxemic effects on information seeking after the September 11 attacks. Communication Research Reports, 22, 39–46. doi:10.1080/0882409052000343507
   Google Scholar
• Steelman, T. A., & McCaffrey, S. (2013). Best practices in risk and crisis communication: Implications for natural hazards management. Natural Hazards, 65, 683–705. doi:10.1007/s11069-012-0386-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, K. K., Barrett, A. K., & Mahometa, M. J. (2013). Organizational communication in emergencies: Using multiple channels and sources to combat noise and capture attention. Human Communication Research, 39, 230–251. doi:10.1111/hcre.12002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, K. K., & Malone, P. (2010). New media for crisis communication: Opportunities for technical translation, dialogue, and stakeholder responses. In W. T. Coombs & S. J. Holladay (Eds.), The handbook of crisis communication (pp. 381–395). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Stohl, C., & Stohl, M. (2007). Networks of terror: Theoretical assumptions and pragmatic consequences. Communication Theory, 17, 93–124. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00289.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, K. (2014a, January 23). Emergency text messaging system should extend to include parents. The Exponent Online. Retrieved from http://www.purdueexponent.org/features/article_7ceda680-0a59-5d19-9c20-7eec09f6c822.html
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan, K. (2014b, January 24). Fundraiser with intentions to benefit Boldt family, canceled. The Exponent Online. Retrieved from http://www.purdueexponent.org/features/article_fd42d625-928c-5483-841e-e7b3855932b0.html
   Google Scholar
• Sutcliffe, K. M., & Vogus, T. (2003). Organizing for resilience. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline (pp. 94–110). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
   Google Scholar
• Uzzi, B. (1997). Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: The paradox of embeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 35–67. doi:10.2307/2393808
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, J. (2014, January 31). Day of healing helps Purdue. Retrieved from http://wishtv.com/2014/01/31/day-of-healing-helps-purdue-students-cope-with-traumatic-events/
   Google Scholar
• Wang, D. J., & Soule, S. A. (2012). Social movement organizational collaboration: Networks of learning and the diffusion of protest tactics, 1960–1995. American Journal of Sociology, 117, 1674–1722. doi:10.1086/664685
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: Methods and application. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Watzlawick, P., Bavelas, J. B., Jackson, D. D., & O’Hanlon, B. (1967). Pragmatics of human communication: A study of interactional patterns, pathologies, and paradoxes. New York, NY: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Wellman, B. E., & Berkowitz, S. D. (Eds.). (1988). Social structures: A network approach. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wittek, R. (1999). Closed structures, open structures, stable structures. Explaining structural form and temporal stability of informal social networks in organizations. Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique, 63, 5–28. doi:10.1177/075910639906300102
   Google Scholar
• Yamagishi, T., Gillmore, M. R., & Cook, K. S. (1988). Network connections and the distribution of power in exchange networks. American Journal of Sociology, 93, 833–851. doi:10.2307/27
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, M. (2014, January 21). The Purdue Review. Professors deliberately ignore shooting, endanger students. Retrieved from http://www.purduereview.com/5/professors-deliberately-ignore-shooting-endanger-students/
   Google Scholar