References
- ACCESS (AIDS Access Foundation). (1999). My positive life: A photo album about living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Access Foundation.
- AIDS Care. (2001). Hidden voices: True Malaysian experiences of AIDS. Taylor Francis.
- Albert, E. (1986). Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: The victim and the press. Studies in Communication, 3, 135–158.
- Bardhan, N. R. (2001). Transnational AIDS/HIV news narratives: A critical exploration of overarching frames. Mass Communication & Society, 4(3), 283–310. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0403_03
- Bell, J. (2006). Framing the AIDS epidemic: From ‘homo’ genous deviance to widespread panic. In L. Castañeda & S. Campbell (Eds.), News and sexuality: Media portraits of diversity (pp. 95–109). Sage.
- Boer, H., & Emons, P. A. A. (2004). Accurate and inaccurate HIV transmission beliefs, stigmatizing and HIV protection motivation in northern Thailand. AIDS Care, 16(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120410001641011
- Brown, J. D., & Walsh-Childers, K. (2002). Effects of media on personal and public health. In J. Bryant & D. Zillman (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 453–488). Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Let’s stop HIV together. https://www.cdc.gov/stophivtogether/campaigns/hiv-stigma/stories/index.html
- Challenging, Changing, and Mobilizing: a guide to PLHIV involvement in Global Fund Country Coordinating Mechanisms. (2004). http://www.policyproject.com/pubs/policyplan/CCM_Handbook.pdf
- Churcher, S. (2013). Stigma related to HIV and AIDS as a barrier to accessing health care in Thailand: A review of recent literature. WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health, 2(1), 12–22. https://doi.org/10.4103/2224-3151.115829
- Clarke, J. N. (1992). Cancer, heart disease and AIDS. What do the media tell us about these diseases. Health Communication, 4(2), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327027hc0402_2
- Crimp, D. (1992). Portraits of people with AIDS. In L. Grossberg, C. Nelson, & P. Treichler (Eds.), Cultural studies (pp. 117–133). Routledge.
- Crocker, J., Major, B., & Steele, C. (1998). Social stigma. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lilndzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 504–553). McGraw Hill.
- Dan, V. (2018). Integrative framing analysis: Framing health through words and visuals. Routledge.
- de Souza, R. (2007). The construction of HIV/AIDS in Indian newspapers: A frame analysis. Health Communication, 21(3), 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410230701307733
- Detenber, B. H., Ho, S. S., Ong, A. H., & Lim, N. (2018). Complementary versus competitive framing effects in the context of pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors. Science Communication, 40(2), 173–198. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547018758075
- Dowell, K. A., lo Presto, C. T., & Sherman, M. F. (1991). When are AIDS patients to blame for their disease? Effects of patients’ sexual orientation and mode of transmission. Psychological Reports, 69, 211–219. https://doi.org/10.2466/PR0.69.5.211-219
- Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
- Froman, R. D., & Owen, S. V. (2001). Measuring attitude toward persons with AIDS: The AAS-G as an alternate form of AAS. Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice, 15(2), 161–174.
- Gesesew, H. A., Tesfay Gebremedhin, A., Demissie, T. D., Kerie, M. W., Sudhakar, M., & Mwanri, L. (2017). Significant association between perceived HIV related stigma and late presentation for HIV/AIDS care in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLos One, 12(3), e0173928. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173928
- Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Prentice-Hall.
- Grover, J. Z. (1992). Visible Lesions: Images of PWA in America. In J. Miller (Ed.), Fluid exchanges (pp. 23–51). Toronto University Press.
- Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. (2019, January). The global HIV/AIDS epidemic. https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-global-hivaids-epidemic/
- Herek, G. M. (1999). AIDS and stigma. The American Behavioral Scientist, 42(7), 1106–1116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764299042007004
- .Herek, G. M., & Capitanio, J. P. (1993). Public reactions to AIDS in the United States: A second decade of stigma. American Journal of Public Health, 83(4), 574–577. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.83.4.574
- Herek, G. M., & Capitanio, J. P. (1997). AIDS stigma and contact with persons with AIDS: Effects of direct and vicarious contact. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27(1), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb00621.x
- Herek, G. M., Capitanio, J. P., & Widaman, K. (2002). HIV-related stigma and knowledge in the United States: Prevalence and trends, 1991–1999. American Journal of Public Health, 92(3), 371–377. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.92.3.371
- HIV & AIDS Media Project. (2014). Media Watch. http://www.journaids.org/index.php/blog/
- Hoffman-Goetz, L., Friedman, D., & Clarke, J. (2005). HIV/AIDS risk factors as portrayed in mass media targeting First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples of Canada. Journal of Health Communication, 10(2), 145–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730590915119
- Hsu, M., & Chang, H. (2010). Effects of news representations on attitudes toward people living with HIV/AIDS: A cross-cultural comparison of Taiwan and Hong Kong. China Media Research, 6(4), 55–68.
- Jones, E., Farina, A., Hastorf, A., Markus, H., Miller, D., & Scott, R. (1984). Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. Freeman.
- Kalichman, S. C., & Simbayi, L. (2004). Traditional beliefs about the cause of AIDS and AIDS-related stigma in South Africa. AIDS Care, 16(5), 572–580. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120410001716360
- Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363
- Lupton, D. (1999). Archetypes of infections: People with HIV/AIDS in the Australian press in the mid 1990s. Sociology of Health & Illness, 21(1), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.t01-1-00141
- Lyttleton, C. (2004). Fleeing the fire: Transformation and gendered belonging in Thai HIV/AIDS support groups. Medical Anthropology, 23(1), 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740490275995
- Mantler, J., Schellenberg, E. G., & Page, J. S. (2003). Attributions for serious illness: Are controllability, responsibility, and blame different constructs? Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 35, 142–152. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087196
- Morrison, K. (2004). Mo Kexteya: Reduction of stigma and discrimination related to HIV/AIDS in Mexico. Policy Project, National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, The Mexican Network of PLHAs, Colectivo Sol, Letra S, FRENPAVIH, Empresa Medilex, CENSIDA.
- Novick, A. (1997). Stigma and AIDS: Three layers of damage. Journal of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association, 1, 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOLA.0000007011.17392.fb
- Nyblade, L., & MacQuarrie, K. (2006). Can we measure HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination? Current knowledge about quantifying stigma in developing countries. USAID.
- O’Leary, A., Kennedy, M., Pappas-DeLuca, K. A., Nkete, M., & Beck, V. (2007). Association between exposure to an HIV story line in The bold and the beautiful and HIV-related stigma in Botswana. AIDS Education and Prevention, 19(3), 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2007.19.3.209
- Ogden, J., & Nyblade, L. (2005). Common at its core: HIV-related stigma across contexts. International Center for Research on Women.
- O’Keefe, D. J., & Jensen, J. D. (2006). The advantages of compliance or the disadvantages of noncompliance? A meta-analytic review of the relative persuasive effectiveness of gain-framed and loss-framed messages. Communication Yearbook, 30, 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2006.11679054
- O’Keefe, D. J., & Jensen, J. D. (2009). The relative persuasiveness of gain-framed and loss-framed messages for encouraging disease detection behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Communication, 59, 296–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730701615198
- Parker, R., & Aggleton, P. (2002). HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: A conceptual framework and an agenda for action (Horizons Report). http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/horizons/sdcncptlfrmwrk.pdf
- POSITIVE AWARENESS. (2014, November and December). A day with HIV. TPAN.
- Pulerwitz, J., Michaelis, A. P., Lippman, S. A., Chinaglia, M., Diaz, J. (2008). HIV-related stigma, service utilization, and status disclosure among truck drivers crossing the Southern borders in Brazil. AIDS Care, 20(7), 764–770. https://doi-org.cmich.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/09540120701506796.
- Ren, C., & Simpson, E. (2017). Media hurts: Perspectives of people living with HIV on HIV stigmatization in Chinese media discourse. China Media Research, 13(2), 86–98.
- Scheufele, D. A. (1999). Framing as a theory of media effects. Journal of Communication, 49(1), 103–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02784.x
- Seacat, J. D., Hirschman, R., & Mickelson, K. D. (2007). Attributions of HIV onset controllability, emotional reactions, and helping intentions: Implicit effects of victim sexual orientation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37, 1442–1461. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00220.x
- Singhal, A., & Rogers, E. (2003). Combating AIDS: Communication strategies in Action. Sage.
- Smart, R. (1999). HIV/AIDS related stigma and discrimination. In Educational planning and management in a world with AIDS (Module 1.4). http://www.iiep.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Cap_Dev_Training/pdf/1_4.pdf
- Smith, R. A. (2007). Language of the lost: An explication of stigma communication. Communication Theory, 17, 462–485. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00307.x
- Smith, R. A. (2011). Stigma communication and health. In T. L. Thompson, R. Parrott, & J. Nussbaum (Eds.), Handbook of health communication (2nd ed., pp. 455–468). Taylor & Francis.
- Swendeman, D., Rotheram-Borus, M. J., Comulada, S., Weiss, R., & Ramos, M. E. (2006). Predictors of HIV-related stigma among young people living with HIV. Health Psychology, 25, 501–509. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.25.4.501
- Tokar, A., Broerse, J. E. W., Blanchard, J., & Roura, M. (2018). HIV testing and counseling among female sex workers: A systematic literature review. AIDS Behavior, 22(8), 2435–2457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2043-3
- Treichler, P. (1999). How to have theory in an epidemic: Cultural chronicles of AIDS. Duke University Press.
- UNAIDS. (2000). UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic. https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2000/20000619_2000_gr
- UNAIDS. (2000, September). Objectives and ideas for action: 2000 World AIDS campaign. http://data.unaids.org/pub/report/2000/20001103_wac_objectives_en.pdf
- UNAIDS. (2003, December). UNAIDS fact sheet on stigma and discrimination. http://www.unaids.org
- UNAIDS. (2007). Reducing HIV stigma and discrimination: A critical part of national AIDS programmes. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
- UNAIDS. (2017). Confronting discrimination: Overcoming HIV-related stigma and discrimination in healthcare settings and beyond. http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/confronting-discrimination_en.pdf
- Van Brakel, W. H. (2006). Measuring health-related stigma – a literature review. Psychology, Health & Medicine. 11, 307–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548500600595160
- Venkataraman, R., Venkataraman, I., Mishra, M., Sathiamoorthy, K. (1996, July 7–12). Using docu-drama films on life stories of PLWHAs as media strategy to change attitudes. Presented at the International Conference on AIDS, Vancouver, Canada, 11(1): 46.
- Weiner, B. (1995). Judgments of responsibility: A foundation for a theory of social conduct. Guilford.
- Wise, D., & Brewer, P. R. (2010). Competing frames for a public health issue and their effects on public opinion. Mass Communication and Society, 13(4), 435–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205430903296077
- World Health Organization. (2011). HIV/AIDS is becoming a manageable chronic disease: WHO. http://www.searo.who.int/mediacentre/releases/2011/pr1535/en/
- World Health Organization. (2014). HIV/AIDS. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/en/