Racialized scripts of silence: how whiteness organizes silence as a response to social protest about racism in the United States

References

• Ahmed, S. (2012). On being included: Racism and diversity in institutional life. Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, B. J. (1995). “Diversity”; and organizational communication. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 23(2), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909889509365420
   Google Scholar
• Allen, B. J. (2011). Difference matters: Communicating social identity. Waveland Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ashcraft, K. L., & Allen, B. J. (2003). The racial foundation of organizational communication. Communication Theory, 13(1), 5–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2003.tb00280.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Báez, K. L., & Ore, E. (2018). The moral imperative of race for rhetorical studies: On civility and walking-in-white in academe. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 15(4), 331–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/14791420.2018.1533989
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, J. (1992). The fire next time. Vintage.
   Google Scholar
• Ballard, D., Allen, B., Ashcraft, K., Ganesh, S., McLeod, P., & Zoller, H. (2020). When words do not matter: Identifying actions to effect diversity, equity, and inclusion in the academy. Management Communication Quarterly, 34(4), 590–616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318920951643
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisel, R. S., & Arterburn, E. N. (2012). Making sense of organizational members’ silence: A sensemaking-resource model. Communication Research Reports, 29(3), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2012.684985
   Google Scholar
• Bonilla-Silva, E. (2006). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Broadfoot, K. J., & Munshi, D. (2007). Diverse voices and alternative rationalities: Imagining forms of postcolonial organizational communication. Management Communication Quarterly, 21(2), 249–267. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318907306037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadhurst, C. J. (2014). Campus activism in the 21st century: A historical framing. New Directions for Higher Education, 2014(167), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/he.20101
   Google Scholar
• Calvente, L. B., Calafell, B. M., & Chávez, K. R. (2020). Here is something you can't understand: The suffocating whiteness of communication studies. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 17(2), 202–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/14791420.2020.1770823
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakravartty, P., Kuo, R., Grubbs, V., & McIlwain, C. (2018). #Communicationsowhite. Journal of Communication, 68(2), 254–266. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqy003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory. SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Chawla, D. (2020). An extra-ordinary critical intervention forum. Departures in Critical Qualitative Research, 9(2), 120–121. https://doi.org/10.1525/dcqr.2020.9.2.120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clair, R. P. (1993). The bureaucratization, commodification, and privatization of sexual harassment through institutional discourse: A study of the “Big Ten” universities. Management Communication Quarterly, 7(2), 123–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318993007002001
   Google Scholar
• Clair, R. P. (1998). Organizing silence: A world of possibilities. SUNY Press.
   Google Scholar
• Clair, R. P. (2012a). Engaged ethnography and the story(ies) of the anti-sweatshop movement. Cultural Studies? Critical Methodologies, 12(2), 132–145. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532708611435212
   Google Scholar
• Clair, R. P. (2012b). Rhetorical ingenuity in the new global realities: A case of the anti-sweatshop movement. KB Journal, 8(1), 1–12. https://www.kbjournal.org/clair_rhetorical_ingenuity_global_realities
   Google Scholar
• Clair, R. P., & Mattson, M. (2013). From accident to activity: An ethnographic study of community engagement—from symbolic violence to heroic discourse. Tamara: Journal for Critical Organization Inquiry, 11(4), 27–40. https://tamarajournal.com/index.php/tamara/article/view/351
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K., Taylor, E., Gillborn, D., & Ladson-Billings, G. (2009). Foundations of critical race theory in education. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. W. (1988). Race, reform, and retrenchment: Transformation and legitimation in antidiscrimination law. Harvard Law Review, 101(7), 1331–1387. https://doi.org/10.2307/1341398
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz, J. M. (2020). Object: Letter of disapplication. Departures in Critical Qualitative Research, 9(2), 126–132. https://doi.org/10.1525/dcqr.2020.9.2.126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz, J. M., & Sodeke, C. U. (2021). Debunking Eurocentrism in organizational communication theory: Marginality and liquidities in postcolonial contexts. Communication Theory, 31(3), 528–548. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtz038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Souza, R. T. (2019). Feeding the other: Whiteness, privilege, and neoliberal stigma in food pantries. MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Donaghey, J., Cullinane, N., Dundon, T., & Wilkinson, A. (2011). Reconceptualising employee silence: Problems and prognosis. Work, Employment and Society, 25(1), 51–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017010389239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond, D. K., & Orbe, M. P. (2010). Cultural contracts: Negotiating a ubiquitous U.S. dominant worldview on race and ethnicity. Communication Studies, 61(4), 373–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2010.500228
   Google Scholar
• Du Bois, W. E. B. (1935). Black reconstruction in America, 1860-1880. Harcourt, Brace and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Dyne, L. V., Ang, S., & Botero, I. C. (2003). Conceptualizing employee silence and employee voice as multidimensional constructs. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1359–1392. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00384
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, M. W., & Dougherty, D. (2022). The paradox of the Black professional: Whitewashing Blackness through professionalism. Management Communication Quarterly, 36(1), 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/08933189211019751
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, R. A. (2017). We demand: The university and student protests (Vol. 1). University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fleming, C. M. (2018). How to be less stupid about race: On racism, white supremacy, and the racial divide. Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Flores, L. A., & Rae Gomez, L. (2020). Disciplinary containment: Whiteness and the academic scarcity narrative. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 17(2), 236–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/14791420.2020.1770818
   Google Scholar
• Foss, S. K., & Griffin, C. L. (1995). Beyond persuasion: A proposal for an invitational rhetoric. Communication Monographs, 62(1), 2–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759509376345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaston-Gayles, J. L., Wolf-Wendel, L. E., Tuttle, K. N., Twombly, S. B., & Ward, K. (2005). From disciplinarian to change agent: How the civil rights era changed the roles of student affairs professionals. NASPA Journal, 42(3), 263–282. https://doi.org/10.2202/0027-6014.1508
   Google Scholar
• Gist-Mackey, A. N. (2018). (Dis)embodied job search communication training: Comparative critical ethnographic analysis of materiality and discourse during the unequal search for work. Organization Studies, 39(9), 1251–1275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840617736936
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gist-Mackey, A. N. (2020). The pain of performative professionalism: Emotionally embodying business as usual. Departures in Critical Qualitative Research, 9(2), 140–143. https://doi.org/10.1525/dcqr.2020.9.2.140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimes, D. S. (2001). Putting our own house in order: Whiteness, change and organization studies. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 14(2), 132–149. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810110388054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimes, D. S. (2002). Challenging the status quo? Whiteness in the diversity management literature. Management Communication Quarterly, 15(1), 381–409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318902153003
   Google Scholar
• Gulbas, L. E., & Zayas, L. H. (2017). Exploring the effects of U.S. immigration enforcement on the well-being of citizen children in Mexican immigrant families. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 3(4), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2017.3.4.04
   Google Scholar
• Hall, S. (1997). Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices. SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Harper, S. R. (2012). Race without racism: How higher education researchers minimize racist institutional norms. The Review of Higher Education, 36(1), 9–29. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2012.0047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, C. I. (1993). Whiteness as property. Harvard Law Review, 106(8), 1707–1791. https://doi.org/10.2307/1341787
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, K. L. (2017). Re-situating organizational knowledge: Violence, intersectionality and the privilege of partial perspective. Human Relations, 70(3), 263–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726716654745
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman, S. (2008). Venus in two acts. Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism, 12(2), 1–14. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/241115 https://doi.org/10.1215/-12-2-1
   Google Scholar
• hooks, b. (1989). Cultural interrogations. Artforum, May 1989, 18-20.
   Google Scholar
• Hou, W. K., Hall, B. J., Canetti, D., Lau, K. M., Ng, S. M., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2015). Threat to democracy: Physical and mental health impact of democracy movement in Hong Kong. Journal of Affective Disorders, 186, 74–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, P. R. (2020). Reflections on complacency and inadequacy in the face of violence. Departures in Critical Qualitative Research, 9(2), 137–139. https://doi.org/10.1525/dcqr.2020.9.2.137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost, A. (2016, August 23). Enrollment is in fact down at Mizzou. St. Louis Dispatch. https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/education/enrollment-is-in-fact-down-at-mizzou/article_e7e46947-b8f1-5d78-a166-39ca0446ccea.html
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn, T. (2009). Positioning lawyers: Discursive resources, professional ethics and identification. Organization, 16(5), 681–704. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508409338886
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leckrone, B. (2020). In about-face, Syracuse lifts suspensions of protesting students as they continue operation. The Chronicle of Higher Education. https://www.chronicle.com/article/in-about-face-syracuse-lifts-suspensions-of-protesting-students-as-they-continue-occupation/
   Google Scholar
• Lipsitz, G. (1998). The possessive investment in whiteness. Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Macalpine, M., & Marsh, S. (2005). On being white: There's nothing I can say’: Exploring whiteness and power in organizations. Management Learning, 36(4), 429–450. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507605058138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzei, L. (2007). Inhabited silence in qualitative research: Putting poststructural theory to work. Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• McKnight, M. (2020, November 5). How the Missouri football protest changed college sports forever. Sports Illustrated. https://www.si.com/college/2020/11/05/missouri-protests-daily-cover
   Google Scholar
• Mease, J. J., & Terry, D. P. (2012). [Organizational (performance] of race): The co-constitutive performance of race and school board in Durham, NC. Text and Performance Quarterly, 32(2), 121–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/10462937.2011.653390
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mir, R. A., Mir, A., & Upadhyaya, P. (2003). Toward a postcolonial Reading of organizational control. In A. Prasad (Ed.), Postcolonial theory and organizational analysis: A critical engagement (pp. 47–73). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Molina, N. (2014). How race is made in America. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moon, D. (1999). White enculturation and bourgeois ideology. In T. K. Nakayama, & J. N. Martin (Eds.), Whiteness: The communication of social identity (pp. 177–197). SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Moon, D. (2016). “Be/coming” White and the myth of White ignorance: Identity projects in White communities. Western Journal of Communication, 80(3), 282–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2016.1143562
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, E. W., & Milliken, F. J. (2000). Speaking up, remaining silent: The dynamics of voice and silence in organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1353–1358. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00383
   Google Scholar
• Nakayama, T. K. (2017). What’s next for whiteness and the internet. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 34(1), 68–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2016.1266684
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakayama, T. K., & Krizek, R. L. (1995). Whiteness: A strategic rhetoric. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 81(3), 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335639509384117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni, M. Y., Kim, Y., McDowell, I., Wong, S., Qiu, H., Wong, I. O., Galea, S., & Leung, G. M. (2020). Mental health during and after protests, riots and revolutions: A systematic review. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 54(3), 232–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419899165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nkomo, S. M., Bell, M. P., Roberts, L. M., Joshi, A., & Thatcher, S. M. (2019). Diversity at a critical juncture: New theories for a complex phenomenon. Academy of Management Review, 44(3), 498–517. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2019.0103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, P. S. (2001). African American women executives’ leadership communication within dominant-culture organizations. Management Communication Quarterly, 15(1), 42–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318901151002
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, R. G. (2005). White lawyering: Rethinking race, lawyer identity, and rule of law. Fordham Law Review, 73(5), 2081. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol73/iss5/5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole, P. P., Gray, B., & Gioia, D. A. (1990). Organizational script development through interactive accommodation. Group & Organization Studies, 15(2), 212–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/105960119001500206
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, A. (2017). A new rhetoric for a decolonial world. Postcolonial Studies, 20(2), 176–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/13688790.2017.1361309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spivak, G. C. (2005). Scattered speculations on the subaltern and the popular. Postcolonial Studies, 8(4), 475–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/13688790500375132
   Google Scholar
• Trachtenberg, B. (2018). The 2015 University of Missouri protests and their lessons for higher education policy and administration. Kentucky Law Journal, 107(1), 61–121. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/klj/vol107/iss1/4
   Google Scholar
• Tracy, S. J. (2013). Qualitative research methods. Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organizations. Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, D. R., Lawrence, J. A., & Davis, B. A. (2019). Racism and health: Evidence and needed research. Annual Review of Public Health, 40(1), 105–125. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar