The Effect of Affect: An Appraisal Theory Perspective on Emotional Engagement in Narrative Persuasion

References

• Aaker, Jennifer L. 1997. “Dimensions of Brand Personality.” Journal of Marketing Research 34 (3):347–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/002224379703400304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Algoe, Sara B., and Jonathan Haidt. 2009. “Witnessing Excellence in Action: The ‘Other-Praising’ Emotions of Elevation, Gratitude, and Admiration.” The Journal of Positive Psychology 4 (2):105–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760802650519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonetti, Paolo, and Stan Maklan. 2014. “Exploring Postconsumption Guilt and Pride in the Context of Sustainability.” Psychology & Marketing 31 (9):717–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20730
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babin, Barry J., William R. Darden, and Mitch Griffin. 1994. “Work and/or Fun: Measuring Hedonic and Utilitarian Shopping Value.” Journal of Consumer Research 20 (4):644–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/209376
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagozzi, Richard P., and Utpal Dholakia. 1999. “Goal Setting and Goal Striving in Consumer Behavior.” Journal of Marketing 63 (4):19–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1252098
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezdek, Matthew A., and Richard J. Gerrig. 2017. “When Narrative Transportation Narrows Attention: Changes in Attentional Focus during Suspenseful Film Viewing.” Media Psychology 20:60–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2015.1121830
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bora, Emre, and Michael Berk. 2016. “Theory of Mind in Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Affective Disorders 191:49–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruner, Jerome S. 1986. Actual Minds, Possible Worlds. New York: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Buhler, James, David Neumeyer, and Rob Deemer. 2010. Hearing the Movies: Music and Sound in Film History. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, Chingching. 2009. ““Being Hooked" by Editorial Content: The Implications for Processing Narrative Advertising.” Journal of Advertising 38 (1):21–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.2753/JOA0091-3367380102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, Chingching. 2011. “The Influence of Editorial Liking and Editorial- Induced Affect on Evaluations of Subsequent Ads.” Journal of Advertising 40 (3):43–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.2753/JOA0091-3367400304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhuri, Arjun, and Morris B. Holbrook. 2001. “The Chain of Effects from Brand Trust and Brand Affect to Brand Performance: The Role of Brand Loyalty.” Journal of Marketing 65 (2):81–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claeys, An-Sofie, Verolien Cauberghe, and Jan Leysen. 2013. “Implications of Stealing Thunder for the Impact of Expressing Emotions in Organizational Crisis Communication.” Journal of Applied Communication Research 41 (3):293–308. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2013.806991
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, Jonathan. 2001. “Defining Identification: A Theoretical Look at the Identification of Audiences with Media Characters.” Mass Communication & Society 4 (3):245–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0403_01
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, Jonathan, Dana Weimann-Saks, and Maya Mazor-Tregerman. 2018. “Does Character Similarity Increase Identification and Persuasion?” Media Psychology 21 (3):506–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2017.1302344
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, Kathryn E., and Erik C. Nisbet. 2016. “Green Narratives: How Affective Responses to Media Messages Influence Risk Perceptions and Policy Preferences about Environmental Hazards.” Science Communication 38 (5):626–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coricelli, Giorgio. 2005. “Two-Levels of Mental States Attribution: From Automaticity to Voluntariness.” Neuropsychologia 43 (2):294–300. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.11.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dael, Nele, Martijn Goudbeek, and Klaus R. Scherer. 2013. “Perceived Gesture Dynamics in Nonverbal Expression of Emotion.” Perception 42 (6):642–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1068/p7364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Graaf, Anneke, Hans Hoeken, José Sanders, and Hans Beentjes. 2009. “The Role of Dimensions of Narrative Engagement in Narrative Persuasion.” Communications 34 (4):385–405. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/COMM.2009.024
   Google Scholar
• Deighton, John, Daniel Romer, and Josh McQueen. 1989. “Using Drama to Persuade.” Journal of Consumer Research 16 (3):335–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/209219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeSteno, David, Richard E. Petty, Derek D. Rucker, Duane T. Wegener, and Julia Braverman. 2004. “Discrete Emotions and Persuasion: The Role of Emotion-Induced Expectancies.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 86 (1):43–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escalas, Jennifer Edson. 1998. “Advertising Narratives: What Are They and How Do They Work?” In Representing Consumers: Voices, Views, and Visions, edited by B. Stern, 267–89. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
   Google Scholar
• Escalas, Jennifer Edson. 2004. “Imagine Yourself in the Product: Mental Simulation, Narrative Transportation, and Persuasion.” Journal of Advertising 33 (2):37–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escalas, Jennifer Edson, and Barbara B. Stern. 2003. “Sympathy and Empathy: Emotional Responses to Advertising Dramas.” Journal of Consumer Research 29 (4):566–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/346251
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyal, Keren, and Alan M. Rubin. 2003. “Viewer Aggression and Homophily, Identification, and Parasocial Relationships with Television Characters.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 47 (1):77–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer, Harry, Ryan McKay, and Manos Tsakiris. 2014. “Trust in Me: Trustworthy Others Are Seen as More Physically Similar to the Self.” Psychological Science 25 (1):290–2. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613494852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer, Rebecca, William Klein, Jennifer Lerner, Valerie Reyna, and Dacher Keltner. 2016. “Emotions and Health Decision Making.” In Behavioral Economics and Public Health, edited by Christina A. Roberto and Ichiro Kawachi, 1–25. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Folger, Robert, Russell Cropanzano, and Barry Goldman. 2005. “What Is the Relationship between Justice and Morality?” In The Handbook of Organizational Justice, edited by J Greenberg and J.A. Colquitt, 215–46. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, Barbara L. 2000. “Extracting Meaning from past Affective Experiences: The Importance of Peaks, Ends, and Specific Emotions.” Cognition & Emotion 14 (4):577–606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frijda, Nico H. 1986. The Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Frijda, Nico H., Peter Kuipers, and Elisabeth Ter Schure. 1989. “Relations among Emotion, Appraisal, and Emotional Action Readiness.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 (2):212–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frith, Chris, and Uta Frith. 2005. “Theory of Mind.” Current Biology 15 (17):R644–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollust, Sarah E., and Joseph N. Cappella. 2014. “Understanding Public Resistance to Messages about Health Disparities.” Journal of Health Communication 19 (4):493–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goudbeek, Martijn, and Klaus Scherer. 2010. “Beyond Arousal: Valence and Potency/Control Cues in the Vocal Expression of Emotion.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 128 (3):1322–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, Melanie C., and Timothy C. Brock. 2000. “The Role of Transportation in the Persuasiveness of Public Narratives.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79 (5):701–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Happé, Francesca G. 1993. “Communicative Competence and Theory of Mind in Autism: A Test of Relevance Theory.” Cognition 48 (2):101–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hareli, Shlomo, and Ursula Hess. 2010. “What Emotional Reactions Can Tell Us about the Nature of Others: An Appraisal Perspective on Person Perception.” Cognition and Emotion 24 (1):128–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helm, Sabrina Verena, Uwe Renk, and Anubha Mishra. 2016. “Exploring the Impact of Employees’ Self-Concept, Brand Identification and Brand Pride on Brand Citizenship Behaviors.” European Journal of Marketing 50 (1-2):58–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, E. Tory. 1997. “Beyond Pleasure and Pain.” American Psychologist 52 (12):1280–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, Sarah E., Danielle J. DelPriore, and Phillip W. Vaughan. 2011. “The Cognitive Consequences of Envy: Attention, Memory, and Self-Regulatory Depletion.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 101 (4):653–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoeckner, Berthold, Emma W., Wyatt, Jean Decety, and Howard Nusbaum. 2011. “Film Music Influences How Viewers Relate to Movie Characters.” Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 5 (2):146–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoeken, Hans, Matthijs Kolthoff, and José Sanders. 2016. “Story Perspective and Character Similarity as Drivers of Identification and Narrative Persuasion.” Human Communication Research 42 (2):292–311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Igartua, Juan-José. 2010. “Identification with Characters and Narrative Persuasion through Fictional Feature Films.” Communications 35:347–73.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, Hollyn M., and Colleen M. Seifert. 1994. “Sources of the Continued Influence Effect: When Misinformation in Memory Affects Later Inferences.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 20 (6):1420–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, Kevin L. 2002. “Branding and Brand Equity.” In Handbook of Marketing, edited by Bart Weitz and Robin Wensley, 151–78. London, UK: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Keller, Kevin L. 2016. “Unlocking the Power of Integrated Marketing Communications: How Integrated is Your IMC Program?” Journal of Advertising 45 (3):286–301.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, Eunjin, S. Ratneshwar, and Esther Thorson. 2017. “Why Narrative Ads Work: An Integrated Process Explanation.” Journal of Advertising 46 (2):283–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Sojung Claire, Emily K. Vraga, and John Cook. 2020. “An Eye Tracking Approach to Understanding Misinformation and Correction Strategies on Social Media: The Mediating Role of Attention and Credibility to Reduce HPV Vaccine Misperceptions.” Health Communication. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1787933
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korner, I. N. 1970. “Hope as a Method of Coping.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 34 (2):134–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreuter, Matthew W., Melanie C. Green, Joseph N. Cappella, Michael D. Slater, Meg E. Wise, Doug Storey, Eddie M. Clark, et al. 2007. “Narrative Communication in Cancer Prevention and Control: A Framework to Guide Research and Application.” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 33 (3):221–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuppens, Peter, and Eddie M. Tong. 2010. “An Appraisal account of Individual Differences in Emotional Experience.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 4 (12):1138–50.
   Google Scholar
• Lau-Gesk, Loraine, and Joan Meyers-Levy. 2009. “Emotional Persuasion: When the Valence versus the Resource Demands of Emotions Influence Consumers’ Attitudes.” Journal of Consumer Research 36 (4):585–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, Richard S., and Craig A. Smith. 1988. “Knowledge and Appraisal in the Cognition—Emotion Relationship.” Cognition & Emotion 2 (4):281–300.
   Google Scholar
• Lerner, Jennifer S., Roxana M. Gonzalez, Deborah A. Small, and Baruch Fischhoff. 2003. “Effects of Fear and Anger on Perceived Risks of Terrorism: A National Field Experiment.” Psychological Science 14 (2):144–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, Jennifer S., and Dacher Keltner. 2000. “Beyond Valence: Toward a Model of Emotion-Specific Influences on Judgement and Choice.” Cognition & Emotion 14 (4):473–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, Jennifer S., Deborah A. Small, and George Loewenstein. 2004. “Heart Strings and Purse Strings: Carryover Effects of Emotions on Economic Decisions.” Psychological Science 15 (5):337–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, Fang-Chi, and Jayati Sinha. 2019. “Dichotomous Thinking and Ethical Consumerism: Overcoming the Negative Effects of Self-Interest Bias through Third-Person Narrative Persuasion.” Journal of Advertising 48 (3):271–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacInnis, Deborah J., and Gustavo E. de Mello. 2005. “The Concept of Hope and Its Relevance to Product Evaluation and Choice.” Journal of Marketing 69 (1):1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manstead, A. S. R., Philip E. Tetlock, and Tony Manstead. 1989. “Cognitive Appraisals and Emotional Experience: Further Evidence.” Cognition & Emotion 3 (3):225–39.
   Google Scholar
• Mauro, Robert, Kaori Sato, and John Tucker. 1992. “The Role of Appraisal in Human Emotions: A Cross-Cultural Study.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62 (2):301–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQueen, Amy, Matthew W. Kreuter, Bindu Kalesan, and Kassandra I. Alcaraz. 2011. “Understanding Narrative Effects: The Impact of Breast Cancer Survivor Stories on Message Processing, Attitudes, and Beliefs among African American Women.” Health Psychology 30 (6):674–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers-Levy, Joan, and Laura A. Peracchio. 1992. “Getting an Angle in Advertising: The Effect of Camera Angle on Product Evaluations.” Journal of Marketing Research 29 (4):454–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, Donald. 2017. Building a Story Brand. Nashville, TN: Harper Collins Leadership.
   Google Scholar
• Moors, Agnes, Phoebe C. Ellsworth, Klaus R. Scherer, and Nico H. Frijda. 2013. “Appraisal Theories of Emotion: State of the Art and Future Development.” Emotion Review 5 (2):119–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, Robert M., and Shelby D. Hunt. 1994. “The Commitment-Trust Theory of Relationship Marketing.” Journal of Marketing 58 (3):20–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyer-Gusé, Emily. 2008. “Toward a Theory of Entertainment Persuasion: Explaining the Persuasive Effects of Entertainment-Education Messages.” Communication Theory 18 (3):407–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyer-Gusé, Emily, Adrienne H., Chung, and Parul Jain. 2011. “Identification with Characters and Discussion of Taboo Topics after Exposure to an Entertainment Narrative about Sexual Health.” Journal of Communication 61 (3):387–406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myrick, Jessica G. 2015. The Role of Emotions in Preventative Health Communication. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Nabi, Robin L. 2003. “Exploring the Framing Effects of Emotion: Do Discrete Emotions Differentially Influence Information Accessibility, Information Seeking, and Policy Preference?” Communication Research 30 (2):224–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi, Robin L. 2010. “The Case for Emphasizing Discrete Emotions in Communication Research.” Communication Monographs 77 (2):153–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi, Robin L., and Melanie C. Green. 2015. “The Role of a Narrative's Emotional Flow in Promoting Persuasive Outcomes.” Media Psychology 18 (2):137–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nettle, Daniel, and Bethany Liddle. 2008. “Agreeableness Is Related to Social‐Cognitive, but Not Social‐Perceptual, Theory of Mind.” European Journal of Personality 22:323–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nezlek, John B., Kristof Vansteelandt, Iven Van Mechelen, and Peter Kuppens. 2008. “Appraisal-Emotion Relationships in Daily Life.” Emotion 8 (1):145–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordström, Henrik, Petri Laukka, Nutankumar S. Thingujam, Emery Schubert, and Hillary Anger Elfenbein. 2017. “Emotion Appraisal Dimensions Inferred from Vocal Expressions Are Consistent across Cultures: A Comparison between Australia and India.” Royal Society Open Science 4 (11):170912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, Mary Beth, Arthur A. Raney, Michael D. Slater, Markus Appel, Tilo Hartmann, Anne Bartsch, Frank M. Schneider, et al. 2018. “Self-Transcendent Media Experiences: Taking Meaningful Media to a Higher Level.” Journal of Communication 68 (2):380–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ooms, Joëlle, John Hoeks, and Carel Jansen. 2019. “‘Hey, That Could Be Me’: The Role of Similarity in Narrative Persuasion.” PLoS One 14:e0215359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortony, Andrew, Gerald L. Clore, and Allan Collins. 1988. The Cognitive Structure of Emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Padgett, Dan, and Douglas Allen. 1997. “Communicating Experiences: A Narrative Approach to Creating Service Brand Image.” Journal of Advertising 26 (4):49–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pera, Rebecca, and Giampaolo Viglia. 2016. “Exploring How Video Digital Storytelling Builds Relationship Experiences.” Psychology & Marketing 33 (12):1142–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty, Richard E., and Pablo Briñol. 2015. “Emotion and Persuasion: Cognitive and Meta-Cognitive Processes Impact Attitudes.” Cognition and Emotion 29 (1):1–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polyportis, Athanasios, Flora Kokkinaki, Csilla Horváth, and Georgios Christopoulos. 2020. “Incidental Emotions and Hedonic Forecasting: The Role of (Un)certainty.” Frontiers in Psychology. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.536376
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghunathan, Rajagopal, and Michel Tuan Pham. 1999. “All Negative Moods Are Not Equal: Motivational Influences of Anxiety and Sadness on Decision Making.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 79 (1):56–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raney, Arthur A. 2004. “Expanding Disposition Theory: Reconsidering Character Liking, Moral Evaluations, and Enjoyment.” Communication Theory 14 (4):348–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roseman, Ira J. 1984. “Cognitive Determinants of Emotions: A Structural Theory.” In Review of Personality and Social Psychology: Vol. 5. Emotions, Relationships, and Health, edited by P. Shaver, 11–36. Beverly Hills: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Sangalang, Angeline, Yotam Ophir, and Joseph N. Cappella. 2019. “The Potential for Narrative Correctives to Combat Misinformation.” Journal of Communication 69 (3):298–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer, Klaus R. 1997. “The Role of Culture in Emotion-Antecedent Appraisal.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73 (5):902–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer, Klaus R., and Agnes Moors. 2019. “The Emotion Process: Event Appraisal and Component Differentiation.” Annual Review of Psychology 70:719–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevilla, Julio, and Claudia Townsend. 2016. “The Space-to-Product Ratio Effect: How Interstitial Space Influences Product Aesthetic Appeal, Store Perceptions, and Product Preference.” Journal of Marketing Research 53 (5):665–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, Fuyuan, Vivian C. Sheer, and Ruobing Li. 2015. “Impact of Narratives on Persuasion in Health Communication: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Advertising 44 (2):105–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, Michael D., and Donna Rouner. 2002. “Entertainment—Education and Elaboration Likelihood: Understanding the Processing of Narrative Persuasion.” Communication Theory 12 (2):173–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Craig A., and Phoebe C. Ellsworth. 1985. “Patterns of Cognitive Appraisal in Emotion.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48 (4):813–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Richard H., and Sung Hee Kim. 2007. “Comprehending Envy.” Psychological Bulletin 133 (1):46–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• So, Jane, Chethana Achar, DaHee Han, Nidhi Agrawal, Adam Duhachek, and Durairaj Maheswaran. 2015. “The Psychology of Appraisal: Specific Emotions and Decision-Making.” Journal of Consumer Psychology 25 (3):359–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, Barbara B. 1994. “Classical and Vignette Television Advertising Dramas: Structural Models, Formal Analysis, and Consumer Effects.” Journal of Consumer Research 20 (4):601–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stelter, Brian. 2015. “Nationwide Ad Meant to be Jarring,” CNN Business, Cable News Network. https://money.cnn.com/2015/02/02/media/inside-nationwide-ad-making/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Stietz, Julia, Emanuel Jauk, Soren Krach, and Philipp Kanske. 2019. “Dissociating Empathy from Perspective-Taking: Evidence from Intra-and Inter-Individual Differences Research.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 10:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, Ed S. 1996. Emotion and the Structure of Narrative Film: Film as an Emotion Machine. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Tellis, Gerard J., Deborah J. MacInnis, Seshadri Tirunillai, and Yanwei Zhang. 2019. “What Drives Virality (Sharing) of Online Digital Content? The Critical Role of Information, Emotion, and Brand Prominence.” Journal of Marketing 83 (4):1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Laer, Tom, Ko De Ruyter, Luca M. Visconti, and Martin Wetzels. 2014. “The Extended Transportation-Imagery Model: A Meta-Analysis of the Antecedents and Consequences of Consumers' Narrative Transportation.” Journal of Consumer Research 40 (5):797–817.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Laer, Tom, Jennifer Edson Escalas, Stephan Ludwig, and Ellis A. Van Den Hende. 2019. “What Happens in Vegas Stays on TripAdvisor? A Theory and Technique to Understand Narrativity in Consumer Reviews.” Journal of Consumer Research 46 (2):267–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Tilburg, Wijnand A., Bruder Martin, Tim Wildschut, Constantine Sedikides, and Anja S. Göritz. 2019. “An Appraisal Profile of Nostalgia.” Emotion 19 (1):21–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wondra, Joshua D., and Phoebe C. Ellsworth. 2015. “An Appraisal Theory of Empathy and Other Vicarious Emotional Experiences.” Psychological Review 122 (3):411–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, Alex M., John Maltby, Neil Stewart, P. Alex Linley, and Stephen Joseph. 2008. “A Social-Cognitive Model of Trait and State Levels of Gratitude.” Emotion 8 (2):281–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yih, Jennifer, Andero Uusberg, Jamie L. Taxer, and James J. Gross. 2019. “Better Together: A Unified Perspective on Appraisal and Emotion Regulation.” Cognition and Emotion 33 (1):41–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zebregs, Simon, Bas van den Putte, Peter Neijens, and Anneke de Graaf. 2015. “The Differential Impact of Statistical and Narrative Evidence on Beliefs, Attitude, and Intention: A Meta-Analysis.” Health Communication 30 (3):282–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zillmann, Dolf. 1971. “Excitation Transfer in Communication-Mediated Aggressive Behavior.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 7 (4):419–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zillmann, Dolf. 1994. “Mechanisms of Emotional Involvement with Drama.” Poetics 23 (1-2):33–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zillmann, Dolf. 1996. “The Psychology of Suspense in Dramatic Exposition.” In Suspense: Conceptualizations, Theoretical Analyses, and Empirical Explorations, edited by H. J. Wulff & M. Friedrichsen, 199–231. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar