414
Views
24
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Features - Review

Bone tunnel enlargement following hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a comprehensive review

, , &
Pages 31-40 | Received 22 Oct 2015, Accepted 24 Oct 2016, Published online: 11 Nov 2016

References

  • Meyers AB, Haims AH, Menn K, et al. Imaging of anterior cruciate ligament repair and its complications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010 Mar;194(2):476–484.
  • Farshad-Amacker NA, Potter HG. MRI of knee ligament injury and reconstruction. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2013 Oct;38(4):757–773.
  • Thomas N, Carmichael J. Failure in ACL reconstruction : etiology, treatment, and results. In: Bonnin M, Amendola NA, Bellemans J, MacDonald SJ, Menetrey J, editors. The knee joint SE - 27, no. 67. Paris: Springer; 2011. Available from: http://www.springer.com/gp/book/9782287993527?wt_mc=ThirdParty.SpringerLink.3.EPR653.About_eBook
  • L’Insalata JC, Klatt B, Fu FH, et al. Tunnel expansion following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a comparison of hamstring and patellar tendon autografts. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1997 Jan;5(4):234–238.
  • Jansson KA, Harilainen A, Sandelin J, et al. Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with the hamstring autograft and endobutton fixation technique. A clinical, radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging study with 2 years follow-up. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1999;7(5):290–295. PubMed PMID: 10525698.
  • Siegel MG, Barber-Westin SD. Arthroscopic-assisted outpatient anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 1998 Apr;14(3):268–277.
  • Lawhorn KW, Howell SM. Principles for using hamstring tendons for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clin Sports Med. 2007 Oct;26(4):567–585.
  • Poolman RW, Farrokhyar F, Bhandari M. Hamstring tendon autograft better than bone patellartendon bone autograft in ACL reconstruction A cumulative meta-analysis and clinically relevant sensitivity analysis applied to a previously published analysis. Acta Orthop. 2007 Jun;78(3):350–354.
  • Aune AK, Holm I, Risberg MA, et al. Four-strand hamstring tendon autograft compared with patellar tendon-bone autograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29(6):722–728.
  • Pinczewski LA, Lyman J, Salmon LJ, et al. A 10-year comparison of anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions with hamstring tendon and patellar tendon autograft: a controlled, prospective trial. Am J Sports Med. 2007 Apr;35(4):564–574.
  • Jaureguito JW, Paulos LE. Why grafts fail. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996 Apr;325(325):25–41.
  • Janssen RP, Scheffler SU. Intra-articular remodelling of hamstring tendon grafts after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014 Sep;22(9):2102–2108. doi:10.1007/s00167-013-2634-5.
  • Whitehead TS. Failure of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clin Sports Med. 2013 Jan;32(1):177–204.
  • Jansson KA, Karjalainen PT, Harilainen A, et al. MRI of anterior cruciate ligament repair with patellar and hamstring tendon autografts. Skeletal Radiol. 2001 Jan;30(1):8–14.
  • Fahey M, Indelicato PA. Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament replacement. Am J Sport Med. 1994 Jun;22(3):410–414.
  • Marchant MH, Willimon SC, Vinson E, et al. Comparison of plain radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of bone tunnel widening after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010 Aug;18(8):1059–1064.
  • Hantes ME, Mastrokalos DS, Yu J, et al. The effect of early motion on tibial tunnel widening after anterior cruciate ligament replacement using hamstring tendon grafts. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2004 Jul;20(6):572–580.
  • Höher J, Möller HD, Fu FH. Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: fact or fiction? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1998 Jan;6(4):231–240.
  • Segawa H, Omori G, Tomita S, et al. Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendons. Knee Surgery Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 2001 Jul;9(4):206–210.
  • Nebelung W. Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with semitendinosus tendon using Endobutton fixation on the femoral side. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 1998 Nov;14(8):810–815.
  • Singhal MC, Holzhauer M, Powell D, et al. MRI evaluation of the tibial tunnel/screw/tendon interface after ACL reconstruction using a bioabsorbable interference screw. Orthopedics. 2008 Jun;31(6):575–579.
  • Fules PJ, Madhav RT, Goddard RK, et al. Evaluation of tibial bone tunnel enlargement using MRI scan cross-sectional area measurement after autologous hamstring tendon ACL replacement. Knee. 2003 Mar;10(1):87–91.
  • Siebold R. Observations on bone tunnel enlargement after double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2007 Mar;23(3):291–298.
  • Lind M, Feller J, Webster KE. Bone tunnel widening after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using EndoButton or EndoButton continuous loop. Arthroscopy. 2009 Nov;25(11):1275–1280.
  • Peyrache MD, Djian P, Christel P, et al. Tibial tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by autogenous bone-patellar tendon-bone graft. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1996;4(1):2–8.
  • Singhal M, Johnson D, Fites B. Fixation devices in ACL surgery. Orthopedics. 2005;28(9):920–924.
  • Iorio R, Di Sanzo V, Vadalà A, et al. ACL reconstruction with hamstrings: how different technique and fixation devices influence bone tunnel enlargement. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013 Nov;17(21):2956–2961.
  • Huang JM, Liu HY, Chen FR, et al. Characteristics of bone tunnel changes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using Ligament Advanced Reinforcement System artificial ligament. Chin Med J (Engl). 2012 Nov;125(22):3961–5. Erratum in: Chin Med J (Engl). 2012 Dec;125(24):4487.PubMed PMID: 23158125.
  • Jung KA, Lee SC, Song MB, et al. Arthroscopic double bundle ACL reconstruction using a bone patellar tendon bone-gracilis tendon composite autograft: a technical note. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2008 Apr;16(4):382–385.
  • Webster KE, Feller JA, Hameister KA. Bone tunnel enlargement following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomised comparison of hamstring and patellar tendon grafts with 2-year follow-up. Knee Surgery Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 2001 Mar;9(2):86–91.
  • Buelow J-U, Siebold R, Ellermann A. A prospective evaluation of tunnel enlargement in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstrings: extracortical versus anatomical fixation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2002 Mar;10(2):80–85.
  • Iorio R, Vadalà A, Argento G, et al. Bone tunnel enlargement after ACL reconstruction using autologous hamstring tendons: a CT study. Int Orthop. 2007 Feb;31(1):49–55.
  • Webster KE, Feller JA, Elliott J, et al. A comparison of bone tunnel measurements made using computed tomography and digital plain radiography after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2004 Nov;20(9):946–950.
  • Gokce A, Beyzadeoglu T, Ozyer F, et al. Does bone impaction technique reduce tunnel enlargement in ACL reconstruction? Int Orthop. 2008 Apr;33(2):407–412.
  • Vadalà A, Iorio R, De Carli A, et al. The effect of accelerated, brace free, rehabilitation on bone tunnel enlargement after ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendons: a CT study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2007 Apr;15(4):365–371.
  • Robert H, Es-Sayeh J. The role of periosteal flap in the prevention of femoral widening in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendons. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2004 Jan;12(1):30–35.
  • Moisala A-S, Järvelä T, Paakkala A, et al. Comparison of the bioabsorbable and metal screw fixation after ACL reconstruction with a hamstring autograft in MRI and clinical outcome: a prospective randomized study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2008 Dec;16(12):1080–1086.
  • Hogervorst T, Pels Rijcken TH, van der Hart CP, et al. Abnormal bone scans in anterior cruciate ligament deficiency indicate structural and functional abnormalities. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2000 Jan;8(3):137–142.
  • Hirschmann MT, Adler T, Rasch H, et al. Painful knee joint after ACL reconstruction using biodegradable interference screws- SPECT/CT a valuable diagnostic tool? A case report. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol. 2010 Jan;2:24.
  • Hirschmann MT, Mathis D, Afifi FK, et al. Single photon emission computerized tomography and conventional computerized tomography (SPECT/CT) for evaluation of patients after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a novel standardized algorithm combining mechanical and metabolic information. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013 Apr;21(4):965–974.
  • Buck DC, Simonian PT, Larson RV, et al. Timeline of tibial tunnel expansion after single-incision hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2004 Jan;20(1):34–36.
  • Weber AE, Delos D, Oltean HN, et al. Tibial and femoral tunnel changes after ACL reconstruction: a prospective 2-year longitudinal MRI study. Am J Sport Med. 2015;43(5):1147–1156.
  • Harris NL, Indelicato PA, Bloomberg MS, et al. Radiographic and histologic analysis of the tibial tunnel after allograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in goats. Am J Sport Med. 2002 May;30(3):368–373.
  • Chen B, Sun R, Wang X, et al. The incidence and variation of tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Chin J Surg. 2007;45(2):78—81.
  • Siebold R, Kiss ZS, Morris HG. Effect of compaction drilling during ACL reconstruction with hamstrings on postoperative tunnel widening. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2008 May;128(5):461–468.
  • D’Agostino RB, Lubowitz JH, Provencher MT, et al. A modest proposal for a clinical trial on single-bundle versus double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2012 Mar;28(3):301–304.
  • Ferretti A, Conteduca F, Labianca L, et al. Evolgate fixation of doubled flexor graft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: biomechanical evaluation with cyclic loading. Am J Sports Med. 2005 Apr;33(4):574–582.
  • Fauno P, Kaalund S. Tunnel widening after hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is influenced by the type of graft fixation used: a prospective randomized study. Arthroscopy. 2005 Nov;21(11):1337–1341.
  • Ekdahl M, Wang JH-C, Ronga M, et al. Graft healing in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2008 Oct;16(10):935–947.
  • Martin S, Martin T, Brown C. Anterior cruciate ligament graft fixation. Orthop Clin North Am. 2002;33(4):685–696.
  • Giron F, Aglietti P, Cuomo P, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with double-looped semitendinosus and gracilis tendon graft directly fixed to cortical bone: 5-year results. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2005 Mar;13(2):81–91.
  • Höher J, Livesay GA, Ma CB, et al. Hamstring graft motion in the femoral bone tunnel when using titanium button/polyester tape fixation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1999 Jan;7(4):215–219.
  • Höher J, Scheffler SU, Withrow JD, et al. Mechanical behavior of two hamstring graft constructs for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Orthop Res. 2000 May;18(3):456–461.
  • Brown CH Jr., Wilson DR, Hecker AT, et al. Graft-bone motion and tensile properties of hamstring and patellar tendon anterior cruciate ligament femoral graft fixation under cyclic loading. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2004 Nov;20(9):922–935.
  • Jagodzinski M, Foerstemann T, Mall G, et al. Analysis of forces of ACL reconstructions at the tunnel entrance: is tunnel enlargement a biomechanical problem? J Biomech. 2005 Jan;38(1):23–31.
  • Augustin G, Davila S, Mihoci K, et al. Thermal osteonecrosis and bone drilling parameters revisited. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2008 Jan;128(1):71–77.
  • Vergis A, Gillquist J. Graft failure in intra-articular anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions: a review of the literature. Arthroscopy. 1995;11(3):312–321.
  • Lui PPY, Ho G, Shum WT, et al. Inferior tendon graft to bone tunnel healing at the tibia compared to that at the femur after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Sci. 2010 May;15(3):389–401.
  • Rodeo SA, Arnoczky SP, Torzilli PA, et al. Tendon-healing in a bone tunnel. A biomechanical and histological study in the dog. J Bone Jt Surg. 1993 Dec;75(12):1795–1803.
  • Tomita F, Yasuda K, Mikami S, et al. Comparisons of intraosseous graft healing between the doubled flexor tendon graft and the bone–patellar tendon–bone graft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2001 May;17(5):461–476.
  • Murakami Y, Sumen Y, Ochi M, et al. Appearance of anterior cruciate ligament autografts in their tibial bone tunnels on oblique axial MRI. Magn Reson Imaging. 1999;17(5):679–687.
  • Irie K, Uchiyama E, Iwaso H. Intraarticular inflammatory cytokines in acute anterior cruciate ligament injured knee. Knee. 2003 Mar;10(1):93–96.
  • Zysk SP, Fraunberger P, Veihelmann A, et al. Tunnel enlargement and changes in synovial fluid cytokine profile following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon and hamstring tendon autografts. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2004 Mar;12(2):98–103.
  • Cameron ML, Fu FH, Paessler HH, et al. Synovial fluid cytokine concentrations as possible prognostic indicators in the ACL-deficient knee. Knee Surgery Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 1994;2(1):38–44.
  • Agarwal S. Osteolysis—basic science, incidence and diagnosis. Curr Orthop. 2004 Jun;18(3):220–231.
  • Darabos N, Hundric-Haspl Z, Haspl M, et al. Correlation between synovial fluid and serum IL-1β levels after ACL surgery–preliminary report. Int Orthop. 2009 Apr;33(2):413–418.
  • Iorio R, Vadalà A, Di Vavo I, et al. Tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients with post-operative septic arthritis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2008 Oct;16(10):921–927.
  • Clatworthy MG, Annear P, Bulow J-U, et al. Tunnel widening in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective evaluation of hamstring and patella tendon grafts. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1999 Jan;7(3):138–145.
  • Kobayashi M, Nakagawa Y, Suzuki T, et al. A retrospective review of bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring tendons fixed with a metal round cannulated interference screw in the femur. Arthroscopy. 2006 Oct;22(10):1093–1099.
  • Hersekli MA, Akpinar S, Ozalay M, et al. Tunnel enlargement after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: comparison of bone-patellar tendon-bone and hamstring autografts. Adv Ther. 2004;21(2):123–131.
  • Murty AN, El Zebdeh MY, Ireland J. Tibial tunnel enlargement following anterior cruciate reconstruction: does post-operative immobilisation make a difference? Knee. 2001 Mar;8(1):39–43.
  • Darabos N, Haspl M, Moser C, et al. Intraarticular application of autologous conditioned serum (ACS) reduces bone tunnel widening after ACL reconstructive surgery in a randomized controlled trial. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011 Dec;19(Suppl 1):S36–46.
  • Lind M, Feller J, Webster KE. The Knee Tibial bone tunnel widening is reduced by polylactate /hydroxyapatite interference screws compared to metal screws after ACL reconstruction with hamstring grafts. Knee. 2009;16(6):447–451.
  • Maak TG, Voos JE, Wickiewicz TL, et al. Tunnel widening in revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2010 Nov;18(11):695–706.
  • Van Eck CF, Schreiber VM, Liu TT, et al. The anatomic approach to primary, revision and augmentation anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010 Sep;18(9):1154–1163.
  • Järvelä T, Moisala A-S, Paakkala T, et al. Tunnel enlargement after double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective, randomized study. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2008 Dec;24(12):1349–1357.
  • Noyes F, Barber-Westin S. Revision anterior cruciate ligament surgery: experience from Cincinnati. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996;325:116–129.
  • Demirag B, Sarisozen B, Ozer O, et al. Enhancement of tendon-bone healing of anterior cruciate ligament grafts by blockage of matrix metalloproteinases. J Bone Jt Surg. 2005 Nov;87(11):2401–2410.
  • Rodeo SA, Suzuki K, Deng X, et al. Use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 to enhance tendon healing in a bone tunnel. Am J Sport Med. 1999 Jul;27(4):476–488.
  • Martinek V, Latterman C, Usas A, et al. Enhancement of tendon-bone integration of anterior cruciate ligament grafts with bone morphogenetic protein-2 gene transfer a histological and biomechanical study. J Bone Jt Surg. 2002 Jul;84(7):1123–1131.
  • Chen C-H. Strategies to enhance tendon graft–bone healing in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Chang Gung Med J. 2009;32(5):483–493.
  • Chen C-H, Chen W-J, Shih C-H, et al. Enveloping the tendon graft with periosteum to enhance tendon-bone healing in a bone tunnel: a biomechanical and histologic study in rabbits. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2003 Mar;19(3):290–296.
  • Chen C-H, Chen W-J, Shih C-H, et al. Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with periosteum-enveloping hamstring tendon graft. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2004 Sep;12(5):398–405.
  • Chen C-H, Chang C-H, Su C-I, et al. Arthroscopic single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with periosteum-enveloping hamstring tendon graft: clinical outcome at 2 to 7 years. Arthroscopy. 2010 Jul;26(7):907–917.
  • Lui P, Lee Y, Mok T, et al. Alendronate reduced peri-tunnel bone loss and enhanced tendon graft to bone tunnel healing in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Eur Cell Mater. 2013;25:78–96.
  • Lui PPY, Lee YW, Mok TY, et al. Local administration of alendronate reduced peri-tunnel bone loss and promoted graft-bone tunnel healing with minimal systemic effect on bone in contralateral knee. J Orthop Res. 2013 Dec;31(12):1897–1906.
  • Barker T, Martins TB, Hill HR, et al. Low vitamin D impairs strength recovery after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. J Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med. 2011 Oct;16(3):201–209.
  • Bi F, Shi Z, Jiang S, et al. Intermittently administered parathyroid hormone [1-34]. promotes tendon-bone healing in a rat model. Int J Mol Sci. 2014 Jan;15(10):17366–17379.
  • Cholewinski J, Ficek K, Wiatr A, et al. Anatomiczna rekonstrukcja wiezad?a krzyzowego przedniego z zachowaniem uszkodzonych kikutow wiezad?a - aspekty techniczne i biologiczne. XXXIX Zjazd naukowy Polskiego Towarzystwa Ortopedycznego i Traumatologicznego; 2012 Sep 19–22; Rzeszow, Poland.
  • Ahn JH, Wang JH, Lee YS, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using remnant preservation and a femoral tensioning technique: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging results. Arthroscopy. 2011 Aug;27(8):1079–1089.
  • Zhang Q, Zhang S, Cao X, et al. The effect of remnant preservation on tibial tunnel enlargement in ACL reconstruction with hamstring autograft: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014 Jan;22(1):166–173. doi:10.1007/s00167-012-2341-7. PubMed PMID:23242378.
  • Robinson J, Huber C, Jaraj P, et al. Reduced bone tunnel enlargement post hamstring ACL reconstruction with poly-L-lactic acid/hydroxyapatite bioabsorbable screws. Knee. 2006 Mar;13(2):127–131.
  • Jagodzinski M, Geiges B, Von Falck C, et al. Biodegradable screw versus a press-fit bone plug fixation for hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective randomized study. Am J Sports Med. 2010 Mar;38(3):501–508.
  • Kruse LM, Gray B, Wright RW. Rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012 Oct;94(19):1737–1748.
  • Yu JK, Paessler HH. Relationship between tunnel widening and different rehabilitation procedures after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadrupled hamstring tendons. Chin Med J (Engl). 2005 Feb;118(4):320–326.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.