Contributions of Parents, Peers, and Media to Attitudes Toward Homosexuality: Investigating Sex and Ethnic Differences

REFERENCES

• Ballard , S. M. and Morris , M. L. 1998 . Sources of sexuality information for university students . Journal of Sex Education and Therapy , 24 ( 4 ) : 278 – 287 .
   Google Scholar
• Barkely , B. H. and Mosher , E. S. 1995 . Sexuality and Hispanic culture: Counseling with children and their parents . Journal of Sex Education and Therapy , 21 ( 4 ) : 255 – 267 .
   Google Scholar
• Bowleg , L. , Huang , J. , Brooks , K. , Black , A. and Burkholder , G. 2003 . Triple jeopardy and beyond: Multiple minority stress and resilience among Black lesbians . Journal of Lesbian Studies , 7 ( 4 ) : 87 – 108 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burt , M. R. 1980 . Cultural myths and supports for rape . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 38 ( 2 ) : 217 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chng , C. L , Wong , F. Y. , Park , R. J. , Edberg , M. C. and Lai , D. S. 2003 . A model for understanding sexual health . AIDS Education & Prevention , 15 ( 1 ) : 21 – 38 . Suppl. among Asian American/Pacific Islander men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cochran , S. D. and Mays , V. M. 1994 . Depressive distress among homosexually active African American men and women . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 ( 4 ) : 524 – 529 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran , S. D. , Mays , V. M. and Leung , L. 1991 . Sexual practices of heterosexual Asian-American young adults: Implications for risk of HIV infection . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 20 ( 4 ) : 381 – 391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyne-Beasley , T. and Schoenbach , V. J. 2000 . The African-American church: A potential forum for adolescent comprehensive sexuality education . Journal of Adolescent Health , 26 ( 4 ) : 289 – 294 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Augelli , A. R. 1992 . Lesbians and gay male undergraduates' experiences of harassment and fear on campus . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 7 : 383 – 395 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darling , C. A. and Hicks , M. W. 1982 . Parental influence on adolescent sexuality: implication for parents as educators . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 11 ( 3 ) : 231 – 245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , S. M. and Harris , M. B. 1982 . Sexual knowledge, sexual interests, and sources of sexual information of rural and urban adolescents from three cultures . Adolescence , 17 ( 66 ) : 471 – 492 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLamater , J. 1989 . “ The social control of human sexuality ” . In Human sexuality: The societal and interpersonal context , Edited by: McKinney , K. and Sprecher , S. 30 – 62 . Norwood, NJ : Ablex .
   Google Scholar
• Downie , J. and Coates , R. 1999 . The impact of gender on parent-child sexuality communication: Has anything changed? . Sexual and Marital Therapy , 14 ( 2 ) : 109 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Dubé , E. M. , Savin-Williams , R. C. and Diamond , L. M. 2001 . “ Intimacy development, gender, and ethnicity among sexual minority youths ” . In Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities and youth: Psychological perspectives , Edited by: D'Augelli , A. R. and Patterson , C. J. 129 – 152 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fisher , T. D. 1986a . An exploratory study of parent-child communication about sex and the sexual attitudes of early, middle, and late adolescents . Journal of Genetic Psychology , 147 ( 4 ) : 543 – 557 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , T. D. 1986b . Parent-child communication about sex and young adolescents' sexual knowledge and attitudes . Adolescence , 21 ( 83 ) : 517 – 527 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , T. D. 1993 . A comparison of various measures of family sexual communication: psychometric properties, validity, and behavioral correlates . Journal of Sex Research , 30 : 229 – 238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graber , J. A. and Archibald , A. B. 2001 . “ Psychosocial change at puberty and beyond: understanding adolescent sexuality and sexual orientation ” . In Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities and youth: Psychological perspectives , Edited by: D'Augelli , A. R. and Patterson , C. J. 3 – 26 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Herek , G. M. 2002 . Gender gaps in public opinion about lesbians and gay men . Public Opinion Quarterly , 66 : 40 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek , G. M. , Cogan , J. C. and Gillis , J. R. 2002 . Victim experiences in hate crimes based on sexual orientation . Journal of Social Issues , 58 ( 2 ) : 319 – 339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek , G. M. and Gonzalez-Rivera , M. 2006 . Attitudes toward homosexuality among U.S. residents of Mexican descent . Journal of Sex Research , 43 ( 2 ) : 122 – 135 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks , G. R. and Lee , T. 2006 . Public attitudes toward gays and lesbians: trends and predictors . Journal of Homosexuality , 51 ( 2 ) : 57 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hockenberry-Eaton , M. , Richman , M. J. , DiIorio , C. , Rivero , T. and Maibach , E. 1996 . Mother and adolescent knowledge of sexual development: the effects of gender, age, and sexual experience . Adolescence , 31 ( 121 ) : 35 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hom , A. Y. 1998 . “ Stories from the homefront: perspectives of Asian American parents with lesbian daughters and gay sons ” . In Asians in America: Asian American women & gender , Edited by: Ng , F. 561 – 571 . New York : Garland .
   Google Scholar
• Jaccard , L. and Dittus , P. 1993 . Parent adolescent communication about premarital pregnancy . Families in Society , 74 ( 6 ) : 329 – 343 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , S. 2004 . The lowdown on the “down low.” . Survival News , 15 ( 1 ) : 7
   Google Scholar
• Kennamer , J. D. , Honnold , J. , Bradford , J. and Hendricks , M. 2000 . Differences in disclosure of sexuality among African American and white gay/bisexual men: implications for HIV/AIDS prevention . AIDS Education and Prevention , 12 ( 6 ) : 519 – 531 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korobov , N. 2004 . Inoculating against prejudice: a discursive approach to homophobia and sexism in adolescent male talk . Psychology of Men & Masculinity , 5 ( 2 ) : 178 – 189 .
   Google Scholar
• Larson , K. S. , Cate , R. and Reed , M. 1983 . Anti-Black attitudes, religious orthodoxy, permissiveness, and sexual information: A study of the attitudes of heterosexuals toward homosexuality . Journal of Sex Research , 19 : 105 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Lefkowitz , E. S. 2001 . “ Beyond the yes-no question: measuring parent-adolescent communication about sex ” . In Talking sexuality: Parent-adolescent communication, new directions for child and adolescent development, no. 97 , Edited by: Feldman , S. S. and Rosenthal , D. A. 43 – 56 . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Lehne , G. 1976 . “ Homophobia among men ” . In The forty-nine percent majority: The male sex role , Edited by: David , D. and Brannon , R. 66 – 88 . Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , G. B. 2003 . Black-White differences in attitudes toward homosexuality and gay rights . Public Opinion Quarterly , 67 : 59 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln , C. E. and Mamiya , L. W. 1990 . The Black church in the African American experience , Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mahalik , J. R. , Talmadge , W. T. , Locke , B. D. and Scott , R. P. J. 2005 . Using the conformity to masculinity norms inventory to work with men in a clinical setting . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 61 ( 6 ) : 661 – 674 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matteson , D. R. 1997 . Bisexual and homosexual behavior and HIV risk among Chinese-, Filipino-, and Korean-American men . Journal of Sex Research , 34 ( 1 ) : 93 – 104 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattis , J. S. , Fontenot , D. L. , Hatcher , K. , Carrie , A. , Grayman , N. A. and Beale , R. L. 2004 . Religiosity, optimism, and pessimism among African Americans . Journal of Black Psychology , 30 : 187 – 207 .
   Google Scholar
• Mays , V. M. , Cochran , S. D. and Zamudio , A. 2004 . HIV prevention research: are we meeting the needs of African American men who have sex with men? . Journal of Black Psychology , 30 ( 1 ) : 78 – 105 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McHale , S. M. , Kim , J. , Whiteman , S. and Crouter , A. C. 2004 . Links between sex-typed time use in middle childhood and gender development in early adolescence . Developmental Psychology , 40 ( 5 ) : 868 – 881 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagel , J. 2000 . Ethnicity and sexuality . Annual Review of Sociology , 26 : 107 – 133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negy , C. and Eisenman , R. 2005 . A comparison of African American and White college students' affective and attitudinal reactions to lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals: An exploratory study . Journal of Sex Research , 42 ( 4 ) : 291 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pleck , J. H. , Sonenstein , F. L. and Ku , L. C. 1994 . Attitudes toward male roles among adolescent males: A discriminant validity analysis . Sex Roles , 30 ( 7/8 ) : 481 – 501 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savin-Williams , R. C. 1996 . “ Ethnic- and sexual-minority youth ” . In The lives of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals: Children to adults , Edited by: Savin-Williams , R. C. 152 – 165 . Orlando, FL : Harcourt Brace College Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Schulte , L. J. and Battle , J. 2004 . The relative importance of ethnicity and religion in predicting attitudes towards gays and lesbians . Journal of Homosexuality , 47 ( 2 ) : 127 – 142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somers , C. L. and Gleason , J. H. 2001 . Does source of sex education predict adolescents' sexual knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors? . Education , 121 ( 4 ) : 674 – 681 .
   Google Scholar
• Sutton , M. J. , Brown , J. D. , Wilson , K. M. and Klein , J. D. 2002 . “ Shaking the tree of knowledge for forbidden fruit: Where adolescents learn about sexuality and contraception ” . In Sexual teens, sexual media: Investigating media's influence on adolescent sexuality , Edited by: Brown , J. D. , Steele , J. R. and Walsh-Childers , K. 25 – 55 . Mahway, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki , L. K. and Calzo , J. P. 2004 . The search for peer advice in cyberspace: an examination of online teen health bulletin boards about health and sexuality . Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , 25 ( 6 ) : 685 – 698 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward , L. M. 2002 . Does television exposure affect emerging adults' attitudes and assumptions about sexual relationships? Correlational and experimental confirmation . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 31 ( 1 ) : 1 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward , L. M. 2003 . Understanding the role of entertainment media in the sexual socialization of American youth: a review of empirical research . Developmental Review , 23 : 347 – 388 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodyward , J. L. , Peterson , J. L. and Stokes , J. P. 2000 . “Let us go into the house of the Lord”: Participation in African American churches among young African American men who have sex with men . Journal of Pastoral Care , 54 : 4510 – 460 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoshioka , M. and Schustack , A. 2001 . Disclosure of HIV status: Cultural issues of Asian patients . AIDS Patient Care and STDs , 15 ( 2 ) : 77 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar