References
- Berinsky, A. J., Huber, G. A., & Lenz, G. S. (2012). Evaluating online labor markets for experimental research: Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk. Political Analysis, 20, 351–368. doi:10.1093/pan/mpr057
- Blinde, E. M., & Taub, D. E. (1992). Women athletes as falsely accused deviants: Managing the lesbian stigma. Sociological Quarterly, 33, 521–533. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1992.tb00141.x
- Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. Berkeley, CA: University of California.
- Bortolin, S. (2010). “I don’t want him hitting on me”: The role of masculinities in creating a chilly high school climate. Journal of LGBT Youth, 7, 200–223. doi:10.1080/19361653.2010.486116
- Bosson, J. K., Prewitt-Freilino, J. L., & Taylor, J. N. (2005). Role rigidity: A problem of identity misclassification? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 552–565. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.552
- Bosson, J. K., Taylor, J. N., & Prewitt- Freilino, J. L. (2006). Gender role violations and identity misclassification: The roles of audience and actor variables. Sex Roles, 55, 13–24. doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9056-5
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research, 3, 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Buck, D. M., Plant, E. A., Ratcliff, J., Zielaskowski, K., & Boerner, P. (2013). Concern over the misidentification of sexual orientation: Social contagion and the avoidance of sexual minorities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105, 941–960. doi:10.1037/a0034145
- Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon’s Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 3–5. doi:10.1177/1745691610393980
- Carnaghi, A., Maass, A., & Fasoli, F. (2011). Enhancing masculinity by slandering homosexuals: The role of homophobic epithets in heterosexual gender identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1655–1665. doi:10.1177/0146167211424167
- Cascio, J. L., & Plant, E. A. (2016). Judged by the company you keep? Exposure to nonprejudiced norms reduces concerns about being misidentified as gay/lesbian. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42, 1164–1176. doi:10.1177/0146167216652858
- Clair, J. A., Beatty, J. E., & Maclean, T. L. (2005). Out of sight but not out of mind: Managing invisible social identities in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 30, 78–95. doi:10.5465/AMR.2005.15281431
- Clark, C. L., Shaver, P. R., & Abrahams, M. F. (1999). Strategic behaviors in romantic relationship initiation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 709–722. doi:10.1177/0146167299025006006
- Coates, J. (2013). The discursive production of everyday heterosexualities. Discourse & Society, 24, 536–552. doi:10.1177/0957926513486070
- Currier, D. M. (2013). Strategic ambiguity: Protecting emphasized femininity and hegemonic masculinity in the hookup culture. Gender & Society, 27, 704–727. doi:10.1177/0891243213493960
- Davis-Delano, L. R., & Morgan, E. M. (2016). Heterosexual identity management: How social context affects heterosexual marking practices. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 16, 299–318. doi:10.1080/15283488.2016.1229611
- Davis-Delano, L. R., Pollock, A., & Vose, J. E. (2009). Apologetic behavior among female athletes: A new questionnaire and initial results. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 44, 131–150. doi:10.1177/1012690209335524
- Dean, J. J. (2011). The cultural construction of heterosexual identities. Sociology Compass, 5, 679–687. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2011.00395.x
- Dean, J. J. (2014). Straights: Heterosexuality in post-closeted culture. New York, NY: New York University Press.
- Frankel, L. (2004). An appeal for additional research about the development of heterosexual male sexual identity. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 16(4), 1–16. doi:10.1300/J056v16n04_01
- Froyum, C. M. (2007). “At least I’m not gay”: Heterosexual identity making among poor Black teens. Sexualities, 10, 603–622. doi:10.1177/1363460707083171
- Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
- Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
- Herek, G. M. (1986). On heterosexual masculinity. American Behavioral Scientist, 29, 563–577. doi:10.1177/000276486029005005
- Hockey, J., Meah, A., & Robinson, V. (2007). Mundane heterosexualities: From theory to practice. Houndsmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Holden, C. J., Dennie, T., & Hicks, A. D. (2013). Assessing the reliability of the M5-120 on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 1749–1754. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.020
- Konik, J., & Stewart, A. (2004). Sexual identity development in the context of compulsory heterosexuality. Journal of Personality, 72, 815–844. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00281.x
- Lasser, J., & Tharinger, D. (2003). Visibility management in school and beyond: A qualitative study of gay, lesbian, bisexual youth. Journal of Adolescence, 26, 233–244. doi:10.1016/S0140-1971(02)00132-X
- Martin, K. A. (2009). Normalizing heterosexuality: Mothers’ assumptions, talk, and strategies with young children. American Sociological Review, 74, 190–207. doi:10.1177/000312240907400202
- McCall, G. J. (2003). The me and the not-me: Positive and negative poles of identity. In P. J. Burke, T. J. Owens, R. Serpe, & P. A. Thoits (Eds.), Advances in identity theory and research (pp. 11–25). New York, NY: Springer.
- Mead, G. H. (1962). Mind, self, & society from the standpoint of a social behaviorist. C. W. Morris (Ed.), Chicago, IL: University of Chicago.
- Morgan, E. M. (2013). Contemporary issues in sexual orientation and identity development in emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 1, 52–66. doi:10.1177/2167696812469187
- Morgan, E. M., & Davis-Delano, L. R. (2016a). Heterosexual marking and binary cultural conceptions of sexual orientation. Journal of Bisexuality, 16, 125–143. doi:10.1080/15299716.2015.1113906
- Morgan, E. M., & Davis-Delano, L. R. (2016b). How public displays of heterosexual identity reflect and reinforce gender stereotypes, gender differences, and gender inequality. Sex Roles, 75, 257–271. doi:10.1007/s11199-016-0613-2
- Nielsen, J. M., Walden, G., & Kunkel, C. A. (2000). Gendered heteronormativity: Empirical illustrations in everyday life. Sociological Quarterly, 41, 283–296. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2000.tb00096.x
- Paolacci, G., Chandler, J., & Ipeirotis, P. G. (2010). Running experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Judgment and Decision Making, 5, 411–419.
- Pascoe, C. J. (2007). Dude, you’re a fag: Masculinity and sexuality in high school. Berkeley, CA: University of California.
- Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Pirlott, A. G., & Neuberg, S. L. (2014). Sexual prejudice: Avoiding unwanted sexual interest? Social Psychology and Personality Science, 5, 92–101. doi:10.1177/1948550613486674
- Plant, E. A., Zielaskowski, K., & Buck, D. M. (2014). Mating motives and concerns about being misidentified as gay or lesbian: Implications for the avoidance and derogation of sexual minorities. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40, 633–645. doi:10.1177/0146167214521467
- Plummer, D. (1999). One of the boys: Masculinity, homophobia, and modern manhood. New York, NY: Harrington Park.
- Poteat, V. P., DiGiovanni, C. D., & Scheer, J. R. (2013). Predicting homophobic behavior among heterosexual youth: Domain general and sexual orientation-specific factors at the individual and contextual level. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 351–362. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9813-4
- Prewitt-Freilino, J. L., & Bosson, J. K. (2008). Defending the self against identity misclassification. Self and Identity, 7, 168–183. doi:10.1080/17405620701330706
- Pruit, J. C. (2015). Preschool teachers and the discourse of suspicion. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 44, 510–534. doi:10.1177/0891241614545882
- Quinn, B. A. (2002). Sexual harassment and masculinity: The power and meaning of “girl watching.” Gender & Society, 16, 386–402. doi:10.1177/0891243202016003007
- Rand, D. G. (2012). The promise of Mechanical Turk: How online labor markets can help theorists run behavioral experiments. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 299, 172–179. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.03.004
- Renold, E. (2000). “Coming out”: Gender, (hetero)sexuality and the primary school. Gender and Education, 12, 309–326. doi:10.1080/09540250050122221
- Savin-Williams, R. C. (2011). Identity development among sexual-minority youth. In S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 671–689). New York, NY: Springer.
- Schafer, C. E., & Shaw, G. M. (2009). The polls – trends: Tolerance in the United States. Public Opinion Quarterly, 73, 404–431. doi:10.1093/poq/nfp022
- Schleider, J. L., & Weisz, J. R. (2015). Using Mechanical Turk to study family processes and youth mental health: A test of feasibility. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 3235–3246. doi:10.1037/t00540-000
- Seidman, S. (2002). Beyond the closet: The transformation of gay and lesbian life. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Shulman, S., & Connolly, J. (2015). The challenge of romantic relationships in emerging adulthood. In J. J. Arnett (Ed.), Oxford handbook of emerging adulthood (pp. 245–2261). New York, NY: Oxford University.
- Sigelman, C. K., Howell, J. L., Cornell, D. P., Cutright, J. D., & Dewey, J. C. (1991). Courtesy stigma: The social implications of associating with a gay person. Journal of Social Psychology, 131, 45–56. doi:10.1080/00224545.1991.9713823
- Simms, D. C., & Byers, S. (2013). Heterosexual daters’ sexual initiation behaviors: Use of the theory of planned behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 105–116. doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9994-7
- Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Swank, E., Fahs, B., & Frost, D. M. (2013). Region, social identities, and disclosure practices as predictors of heterosexist discrimination against sexual minorities in the United States. Sociological Inquiry, 83, 238–258. doi:10.1111/soin.12004
- West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing gender. Gender & Society, 1, 125–151. doi:10.1177/0891243287001002002