1,151
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

“Wealthy Gay Couples Buying Babies Produced in India by Poor Womb-Women: Audience Interpretations of Transnational Surrogacy in TV News

, MA ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Agnafors, M. (2014). The harm argument against surrogacy revisited: Two versions not to forget. Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy, 17, 357–363. doi:10.1007/s11019-014-9557-x
  • AGSE. (2015, June 24). Comunicado de las mujeres de la Asociación por la Gestación Subrogada con capacidad de gestar y de decidir hacerlo, en contestación al manifiesto publicado en nosomosvasijas.eu. Asociación por la Gestación Subrogada en España[Statement by the women of the Association for the Surrogate Gestation with the capacity to gestate and to decide to do so, in response to the manifesto published on nosomosvasijas.eu].  Retrieved from http://xn–gestacionsubrogadaenespaa-woc.es/index.php/2013-10-17-13-37-28/noticias-asociacion/68-comunicado-de-las-mujeres-de-la-asociacion-por-la-gestacion-subrogada-con-capacidad-de-gestar-y-de-decidir-hacerlo-en-contestacion-al-manifiesto-publicado-en-nosomosvasijas-eu
  • Altheide, D. L. (1997). The news media, the problem frame, and the production of fear. Sociological Quarterly, 38, 647–668. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1997.tb00758.x
  • Anleu, S. R. (1992). Surrogacy: For love but not for money? Gender & Society, 6, 30–48. doi:10.1177/089124392006001003
  • Bailey, A. (2011). Reconceiving surrogacy: Toward a reproductive justice account of Indian surrogacy. Hypatia, 26, 715–741. doi:10.1111/hypa.2011.26.issue-4
  • Baiocco, R., Nardelli, N., Pezzuti, L., & Lingiardi, V. (2013). Attitudes of Italian heterosexual older adults towards lesbian and gay parenting. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 10, 285–292. doi:10.1007/s13178-013-0129-2
  • Banerjee, A. (2010). Reorienting the ethics of transnational surrogacy as a feminist pragmatist. The Pluralist, 5, 107–127. doi:10.1353/plu.2010.0014
  • BBC. (2016, August 25). India unveils plans to ban surrogacy. BBC News. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37182197
  • Becker, L. B., & Vlad, T. (2009). News organizations and routines. In K. Wahl-Jorgensen & T. Hanitzsch (Eds.), The handbook of journalism studies (pp. 59–72). London, UK: Routledge.
  • Best, R. (2010). Situation or social problem: The influence of events on media coverage of homelessness. Social Problems, 57, 74–91. doi:10.1525/sp.2010.57.1.74
  • Blake, L., Carone, N., Slutsky, J., Raffanello, E., Ehrhardt, A. A., & Golombok, S. (2016). Gay father surrogacy families: Relationships with surrogates and egg donors and parental disclosure of children’s origins. Fertility and Sterility, 106, 1503–1509. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.08.013
  • Bos, H., & van Balen, F. (2010). Children of the new reproductive technologies: Social and genetic parenthood. Patient Education and Counseling, 81, 429–435. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2010.09.012
  • Brinsden, P. R. (2003). Gestational surrogacy. Human Reproduction Update, 9, 483–491. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmg033
  • Bromfield, N. F. (2016). “Surrogacy has been one of the most rewarding experiences in my life”: A content analysis of blogs by U.S. commercial gestational surrogates. IJFAB: International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics, 9, 192–217.
  • Bryant, J., & Oliver, M. B. (Eds.). (2009). Media effects: Advances in theory and research. London, UK: Routledge.
  • Carratalá, A. (2011). La representación eufemística de la relación gay en el periodismo serio [The euphemistic representation of the gay relationship in serious journalism]. Miguel Hernandez Communication Journal, 2, 155–172.
  • CIS. (2016). Estudio 3126. Enero-marzo 2016. Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas [Study 3126. January-March 2016. Center for Sociological Research]. Retrieved from http://www.cis.es/cis/export/sites/default/-Archivos/Marginales/3120_3139/3126/es3126mar.pdf
  • Constantinidis, D., & Cook, R. (2012). Australian perspectives on surrogacy: The influence of cognitions, psychological and demographic characteristics. Human Reproduction, 27, 1080–1087. doi:10.1093/humrep/der470
  • Costa, P. A., Pereira, H., & Leal, I. (2015). “The contact hypothesis” and attitudes toward same-sex parenting. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 12, 125–136. doi:10.1007/s13178-014-0171-8
  • Crawshaw, M., Blyth, E., & van den Akker, O. (2012). The changing profile of surrogacy in the UK: Implications for national and international policy and practice. Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 34, 267–277. doi:10.1080/09649069.2012.750478
  • Creswell, J. W. (2012). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. London, UK: Sage.
  • DasGupta, S., & Dasgupta, S. D. (Eds.). (2014). Globalization and transnational surrogacy in India: Outsourcing life. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
  • De Miguel, A., & Nuño, L. (2016, June 1). Vientres de alquiler: Pensar antes de actuar [Wombs for hire: Think before acting]. El Diario. Retrieved from http://www.eldiario.es/tribunaabierta/Vientres-alquiler-Pensar-actuar_6_522207786.html
  • Deomampo, D. (2013). Gendered geographies of reproductive tourism. Gender & Society, 27, 514–537. doi:10.1177/0891243213486832
  • Deonandan, R., Green, S., & Van Beinum, A. (2012). Ethical concerns for maternal surrogacy and reproductive tourism. Journal of Medical Ethics, 38, 742–745. doi:10.1136/medethics-2012-100551
  • Desai, K. (2012, June 5). India’s surrogate mothers are risking their lives. They urgently need protection. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jun/05/india-surrogates-impoverished-die
  • Domínguez, L., & Montalbán, F. M. (2014). Estrategias discursivas de normalización en la producción audiovisual sobre la homoparentalidad [Discursive strategies of normalization in audiovisual production on same-sex parenting]. Arbor, 190(769), a166. doi:10.3989/arbor.2014.i769
  • Dowler, K. (2003). Media consumption and public attitudes toward crime and justice: The relationship between fear of crime, punitive attitudes, and perceived police effectiveness. Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 10, 109–126.
  • Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
  • EOS Gallup Europe. (2003). Homosexual marriage, child adoption by homosexual couples: Is the public ready? Brussels, Belgium: Gallup Organization. Retrieved from http://old.ilga-europe.org/home/issues/families/recognition_of_relationships/public_opinion_and_surveys/public_opinion_and_same_sex_unions_2003/full_text_of_eos_gallup_europe_report_in_english
  • Frias-Navarro, D., Monterde-i-Bort, H., Pascual-Soler, M., & Badenes-Ribera, L. (2015). Etiology of homosexuality and attitudes toward same-sex parenting: A randomized study. Journal of Sex Research, 52, 151–161. doi:10.1080/00224499.2013.802757
  • Gato, J., & Fontaine, A. M. (2016). Attitudes toward adoption by same-sex couples: Effects of gender of the participant, sexual orientation of the couple, and gender of the child. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 12, 46–67. doi:10.1080/1550428X.2015.1049771
  • Gerhards, J. (2010). Non-discrimination towards homosexuality: The European Union’s policy and citizens’ attitudes towards homosexuality in 27 European countries. International Sociology, 25, 5–28. doi:10.1177/0268580909346704
  • Golombok, S., Murray, C., Jadva, V., Lycett, E., MacCallum, F., & Rust, J. (2006). Non-genetic and non-gestational parenthood: Consequences for parent–Child relationships and the psychological well-being of mothers, fathers, and children at age 3. Human Reproduction, 21, 1918–1924. doi:10.1093/humrep/del039
  • Golombok, S., Readings, J., Blake, L., Casey, P., Marks, A., & Jadva, V. (2011). Families created through surrogacy: Mother–child relationships and children’s psychological adjustment at age 7. Developmental Psychology, 47, 1579–1588. doi:10.1037/a0025292
  • Goslinga-Roy, G. M. (2000). Body boundaries, fiction of the female self: An ethnographic perspective on power, feminism, and the reproductive technologies. Feminist Studies, 26, 113–140. doi:10.2307/3178595
  • Griffin, E. A. (2011). A first look at communication theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Guasch, O. (2011). Social stereotypes and masculine homosexualities: The Spanish case. Sexualities, 14, 526–543. doi:10.1177/1363460711415216
  • Hamilton, J. (2004). All the news that’s fit to sell: How the market transforms information into news. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Happer, C., & Philo, G. (2013). The role of the media in the construction of public belief and social change. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 1, 321–336. doi:10.5964/jspp.v1i1.96
  • Hennink, M. (2014). Focus group discussions. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Hester, J. B., & Gibson, R. (2007). The agenda-setting function of national versus local media: A time-series analysis for the issue of same-sex marriage. Mass Communication & Society, 10, 299–317. doi:10.1080/15205430701407272
  • Hooghe, M., & Meeusen, C. (2013). Is same-sex marriage legislation related to attitudes toward homosexuality? Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 10, 258–268. doi:10.1007/s13178-013-0125-6
  • Humbyrd, C. (2009). Fair trade international surrogacy. Developing World Bioethics, 9, 111–118. doi:10.1111/dewb.2009.9.issue-3
  • Imrie, S., & Jadva, V. (2014). The long-term experiences of surrogates: Relationships and contact with surrogacy families in genetic and gestational surrogacy arrangements. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 29, 424–435. doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.06.004
  • Indian Express. (2016, September 19). For the mother and child: The proposed surrogacy bill addresses major ethical concerns. Indian Express. Retrieved from http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/surrogacy-bill-india-ban-on-commercial-surrogacy-3037937/
  • Ioverno, S., Carone, N., Lingiardi, V., Nardelli, N., Pagone, P., Pistella, J., … Baiocco, R. (2017). Assessing prejudice toward two-father parenting and two-mother parenting: The beliefs on same-sex parenting scale. Journal of Sex Research, 1–12. doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1348460
  • Iyengar, S. (1990). Framing responsibility for political issues: The case of poverty. Political Behavior, 12, 19–40. doi:10.1007/BF00992330
  • Iyengar, S. (1994). Is anyone responsible?: How television frames political issues. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Jadva, V., Blake, L., Casey, P., & Golombok, S. (2012). Surrogacy families 10 years on: Relationship with the surrogate, decisions over disclosure and children’s understanding of their surrogacy origins. Human Reproduction, 27, 3008–3014. doi:10.1093/humrep/des273
  • Jadva, V., & Imrie, S. (2014). Children of surrogate mothers: Psychological well-being, family relationships, and experiences of surrogacy. Human Reproduction, 29, 90–96. doi:10.1093/humrep/det410
  • Jadva, V., Imrie, S., & Golombok, S. (2014). Surrogate mothers 10 years on: A longitudinal study of psychological well-being and relationships with the parents and child. Human Reproduction, 30, 373–379. doi:10.1093/humrep/deu339
  • Jadva, V., Murray, C., Lycett, E., MacCallum, F., & Golombok, S. (2003). Surrogacy: The experiences of surrogate mothers. Human Reproduction, 18, 2196–2204. doi:10.1093/humrep/deg397
  • Kantar Media. (2016). Anuario de audiencia TV [TV audience yearbook]. Madrid, Spain: Author.
  • Kedia, B. L., & Lahiri, S. (2007). International outsourcing of services: A partnership model. Journal of International Management, 13, 22–37. doi:10.1016/j.intman.2006.09.006
  • Kirby, J. (2014). Transnational gestational surrogacy: Does it have to be exploitative? American Journal of Bioethics, 14(5), 24–32. doi:10.1080/15265161.2014.892169
  • Kite, M. E., & Bryant-Lees, K. B. (2016). Historical and contemporary attitudes toward homosexuality. Teaching of Psychology, 43, 164–170. doi:10.1177/0098628316636297
  • Kleinpeter, C. H., & Hohman, M. M. (2000). Surrogate motherhood: Personality traits and satisfaction with service providers. Psychological Reports, 87, 957–970. doi:10.2466/pr0.2000.87.3.957
  • Kroløkke, C. H., & Pant, S. (2012). “I only need her uterus”: Neo-liberal discourses on transnational surrogacy. NORA: Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 20, 233–248. doi:10.1080/08038740.2012.729535
  • Kumar, P., Inder, D., & Sharma, N. (2013). Surrogacy and women’s right to health in India: Issues and perspective. Indian Journal of Public Health, 57, 65–70. doi:10.4103/0019-557X.114984
  • Lamm, E. (2012). Gestación por sustitución. Ni maternidad subrogada ni alquiler de vientres[Pregnancy by substitution. Neither surrogacy nor rent of wombs]. Barcelona, Spain: Universitat de Barcelona.
  • Larrañeta, A. (2016, May 19). Gestación subrogada en España: ¿regularla o prohibirla? [Surrogacy in Spain: regulate or prohibit it?] 20 Minutos. Retrieved from http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/2741309/0/gestacion-subrogada-espana-debate-legalizar-prohibir/#xtor=AD-15&xts=467263
  • León, P. (2015, January 24). Papá, mamá y la tía Samantha [Dad, mom and aunt Samantha]. El País. Retrieved from http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2015/01/24/actualidad/1422116335_391939.html#comentarios
  • MacCallum, F., Lycett, E., Murray, C., Jadva, V., & Golombok, S. (2003). Surrogacy: The experience of commissioning couples. Human Reproduction, 18, 1334–1342. doi:10.1093/humrep/deg253
  • Madriz, E. (2003). Focus groups in feminist research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Collecting and interpreting qualitative materials (pp. 363–388). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Markens, S. (2012). The global reproductive health market: U.S. media framings and public discourses about transnational surrogacy. Social Science & Medicine, 74, 1745–1753. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.09.013
  • McCombs, M., & Evatt, D. (1995). Los temas y los aspectos: Explorando una nueva dimensión de la agenda setting [The themes and aspects: Exploring a new dimension of the agenda setting]. Comunicación y Sociedad, 8, 7–32.
  • McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36, 176–187. doi:10.1086/267990
  • Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research. A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Morgan, D. (1997). Focus groups as qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Neuendorf, K. A. (2016). The content analysis guidebook. London, UK: Sage.
  • Ng, E. (2013). A “post gay” era?: Media gaystreaming, homonormativity, and the politics of LGBT integration. Communication, Culture, & Critique, 6, 258–283. doi:10.1111/cccr.12013
  • Norton, W., Crawshaw, M., Hudson, N., Culley, L., & Law, C. (2015). A survey of UK fertility clinics’ approach to surrogacy arrangements. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 31, 327–338. doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2015.06.009
  • Norton, W., Hudson, N., & Culley, L. (2013). Gay men seeking surrogacy to achieve parenthood. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 27, 271–279. doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2013.03.016
  • Orlov, S., & Orlov, D. (2007). Commercial surrogacy: Commodification or choice? University of Toronto Medical Journal, 84, 177–179.
  • Pande, A. (2010a). Commercial surrogacy in India: Manufacturing a perfect mother worker. Signs, 35, 969–992. doi:10.1086/651043
  • Pande, A. (2010b). “At least I am not sleeping with anyone”: Resisting the stigma of commercial surrogacy in India. Feminist Studies, 36, 292–312.
  • Pande, A. (2011). Transnational commercial surrogacy in India: Gifts for global sisters? Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 23, 618–625. doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2011.07.007
  • Pande, A. (2014). Wombs in labor: Transnational commercial surrogacy in India. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Pande, A. (2015). Blood, sweat, and dummy tummies: Kin labour and transnational surrogacy in India. Anthropologica, 57, 53–62.
  • Pande, A. (2016). Global reproductive inequalities, neo-eugenics, and commercial surrogacy in India. Current Sociology, 64, 244–258. doi:10.1177/0011392115614786
  • Panitch, V. (2013). Global surrogacy: Exploitation to empowerment. Journal of Global Ethics, 9, 329–343. doi:10.1080/17449626.2013.818390
  • Pew Research Center. (2013). The global divide on homosexuality: Greater acceptance in more secular and affluent countries. Retrieved from http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality
  • Pew Research Center. (2017). Support for same-sex marriage grows, even among groups that had been skeptical. Retrieved from http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2017/06/23153542/06-26-17-Same-sex-marriage-release.pdf
  • Qadeer, I. (2009). Social and ethical basis of legislation on surrogacy: Need for debate. Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, 6, 28–31.
  • Ratzinger, J. (1987). Instruction on respect for human life in its origin and on the dignity of procreation. Vatican City: Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved from http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19870222_respect-for-human-life_en.html
  • Readings, J., Blake, L., Casey, P., Jadva, V., & Golombok, S. (2011). Secrecy, disclosure and everything in-between: Decisions of parents of children conceived by donor insemination, egg donation, and surrogacy. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 22, 485–495. doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2011.01.014
  • Riggs, D. W. (2012). “Paradoxes of visibility”: Lesbian and gay parents in the Australian print media. Jindal Global Law Review, 4, 201–218.
  • Riggs, D. W., & Due, C. (2010). Gay men, race privilege, and surrogacy in India. Outskirts, 22. Retrieved from http://www.outskirts.arts.uwa.edu.au/volumes/volume-22/riggs
  • Riggs, D. W., & Due, C. (2013). Representations of reproductive citizenship and vulnerability in media reports of offshore surrogacy. Citizenship Studies, 17, 956–969. doi:10.1080/13621025.2013.851145
  • Rudrappa, S. (2010). Making India the “mother destination”: Outsourcing labor to Indian surrogates. Research in the Sociology of Work, 20, 253–285.
  • Rudrappa, S., & Collins, C. (2015). Altruistic agencies and compassionate consumers: Moral framing of transnational surrogacy. Gender & Society, 29, 937–959. doi:10.1177/0891243215602922
  • Ruiz-Robledillo, N., & Moya-Albiol, L. (2016). Gestational surrogacy: Psychosocial aspects. Psychosocial Intervention, 25, 187–193. doi:10.1016/j.psi.2016.05.001
  • Sádaba, T. (2006). Framing: Una teoría para los medios de comunicación [Framing: A theory for the media]. Pamplona, Spain: Ulzama Digital.
  • Scheufele, D. A., & Tewksbury, D. (2007). Framing, agenda setting, and priming: The evolution of three media effects models. Journal of Communication, 57, 9–20.
  • Scott, E. S. (2009). Surrogacy and the politics of commodification. Law and Contemporary Problems, 72, 109–146.
  • Shelton, K. H., Boivin, J., Hay, D., van den Bree, M. B., Rice, F. J., Harold, G. T., & Thapar, A. (2009). Examining differences in psychological adjustment problems among children conceived by assisted reproductive technologies. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33, 385–392. doi:10.1177/0165025409338444
  • Shetty, P. (2012). India’s unregulated surrogacy industry. Lancet, 380(9854), 1633–1634. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61933-3
  • Shoemaker, P. J., & Vos, T. (2009). Gatekeeping theory. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Smerdon, U. R. (2008). Crossing bodies, crossing borders: International surrogacy between the United States and India. Cumberland Law Review, 39, 15.
  • Söderström-Anttila, V., Wennerholm, U. B., Loft, A., Pinborg, A., Aittomäki, K., Romundstad, L. B., & Bergh, C. (2016). Surrogacy: Outcomes for surrogate mothers, children and the resulting families—a systematic review. Human Reproduction Update, 22, 260–276.
  • Stake, R. E. (2011). Qualitative case studies. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (pp. 443–466). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Tieu, M. M. (2009). Altruistic surrogacy: The necessary objectification of surrogate mothers. Journal of Medical Ethics, 35, 171–175. doi:10.1136/jme.2008.024679
  • Twenge, J. M., Sherman, R. A., & Wells, B. E. (2016). Changes in American adults’ reported same-sex sexual experiences and attitudes, 1973–2014. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 1713–1730. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0769-4
  • Twine, F. W. (2015). Outsourcing the womb: Race, class, and gestational surrogacy in a global market. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • van den Akker, O. (2003). Genetic and gestational surrogate mothers’ experience of surrogacy. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 21, 145–161. doi:10.1080/0264683031000124091
  • van den Akker, O., Fronek, P., Blyth, E., & Frith, L. (2016). “This neo-natal ménage à trois”: British media framing of transnational surrogacy. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 34, 15–27. doi:10.1080/02646838.2015.1106454
  • Vora, K. (2013). Potential, risk, and return in transnational Indian gestational surrogacy. Current Anthropology, 54(S7), S97–S106. doi:10.1086/671018
  • Webb, S. N., Chonody, J. M., & Kavanagh, P. S. (2017). Do we think children need a mom and dad?: Understanding how gender ideology impact attitudes toward same-gender parent family rights. Journal of Homosexuality. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/00918369.2017.1374071
  • Wennberg, A. L., Rodriguez‐Wallberg, K. A., Milsom, I., & Brännström, M. (2016). Attitudes towards new assisted reproductive technologies in Sweden: A survey in women 30–39 years of age. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 95, 38–44. doi:10.1111/aogs.12781
  • Wilkinson, S. (2003). The exploitation argument against commercial surrogacy. Bioethics, 17, 169–187. doi:10.1111/biot.2003.17.issue-2
  • Yin, R. K. (2013). Case study research: Design and methods. London, UK: Sage.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.