The Mediating Role of Attachment Avoidance in the Association between Sexual Orientation and Mental Health

References

• Balsam, K. F., Beauchaine, T. P., Mickey, R. M., & Rothblum, E. D. (2005). Mental health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and heterosexual siblings: Effects of gender, sexual orientation, and family. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 471–476. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.3.471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893–897. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss, volume 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46–76). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ciocca, G., Tuziak, B., Limoncin, E., Mollaioli, D., Capuano, N., Martini, A., … Siracusano, A. (2015). Psychoticism, immature defense mechanisms and a fearful attachment style are associated with a higher homophobic attitude. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12, 1953–1960. doi:10.1111/jsm.12975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran, S. D. (2001). Emerging issues in research on lesbians’ and gay men’s mental health: Does sexual orientation really matter? American Psychologist, 56, 931–947. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.11.931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran, S. D., Sullivan, J. G., & Mays, V. M. (2003). Prevalence of mental disorders, psychological distress, and mental health services use among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 53–61. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.1.53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, S. H., & Calebs, B. J. (2016). The integrated attachment and sexual minority stress model: Understanding the role of adult attachment in the health and well-being of sexual minority men. Behavioral Medicine, 42, 164–173. doi:10.1080/08964289.2016.1165173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creamer, M., Foran, J., & Bell, R. (1995). The beck anxiety inventory in a non-clinical sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 477–485. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00082-U
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davila, J., Burge, D., & Hammen, C. (1997). Why does attachment style change? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 826–838. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.4.826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, L. T., Weiss, N. H., Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2017). The relation of protective factors to deliberate self-harm among African-American adults: Moderating roles of gender and sexual orientation identity. Journal of Mental Health, 26, 351–358. doi:10.1080/09638237.2017.1340610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, G. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, M. E., & Resnick, M. D. (2006). Suicidality among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth: The role of protective factors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, 662–668. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.04.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erez, C., & Shenkman, G. (2016). Gay dads are happier: Subjective well-being among gay and heterosexual fathers. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 12, 451–467. doi:10.1080/1550428X.2015.1102668
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankin, B. L., Kassel, J. D., & Abela, J. R. (2005). Adult attachment dimensions and specificity of emotional distress symptoms: Prospective investigations of cognitive risk and interpersonal stress generation as mediating mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 136–151. doi:10.1177/0146167204271324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2009). How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 707–730. doi:10.1037/a0016441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzenbuehler, M. L., McLaughlin, K. A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2008). Emotion regulation and internalizing symptoms in a longitudinal study of sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 1270–1278. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01924.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Dovidio, J. (2009). How does stigma “get under the skin”? The mediating role of emotion regulation. Psychological Science, 20(10), 1282–1289. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new Millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408–420. doi:10.1080/03637750903310360
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). An introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511–524. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1994). Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry, 5, 1–22. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0501_1
   Google Scholar
• Herek, G. M. (2009). Sexual stigma and sexual prejudice in the United States: A conceptual framework. In D. A. Hope (Ed.), Contemporary perspectives on lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities (pp. 65–111). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Katz-Wise, S. L. (2015). Sexual fluidity in young adult women and men: Associations with sexual orientation and sexual identity development. Psychology & Sexuality, 6, 189–208. doi:10.1080/19419899.2013.876445
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, M., Semlyen, J., Tai, S., Killaspy, H., Osborn, D., Popelyuk, D., & Nazareth, I. (2008). A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self-harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 70. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-8-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsey, A., Pomeroy, W., & Martin, C. (1948). Sexual behavior in the human male. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders.
   Google Scholar
• Kurdek, L. A. (2002). On being insecure about the assessment of attachment styles. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 19(6), 811–834. doi:10.1177/0265407502196005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landolt, M. A., Bartholomew, K., Saffrey, C., Oram, D., & Perlman, D. (2004). Gender nonconformity, childhood rejection, and adult attachment: A study of gay men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 33, 117–128. doi:10.1023/B:ASEB.0000014326.64934.50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormack, M. (2014). Innovative sampling and participant recruitment in sexuality research. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31(4), 475–481. doi:10.1177/0265407514522889
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674–697. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics and change (2nd ed., pp. 3–26). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mohr, J., & Jackson, S. (2016). Same-sex romantic attachment. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 484–506). New York, NY: Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Mohr, J. J., & Fassinger, R. E. (2003). Self-acceptance and self-disclosure of sexual orientation in lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults: An attachment perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 482–495. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.50.4.482
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nematy, A., & Oloomi, M. (2016). The comparison of attachment styles among Iranian lesbian, gay, and bisexual and heterosexual people. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 28, 369–378. doi:10.1080/10538720.2016.1225545
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of satisfaction with life scale. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 164–172. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.5.2.164
   Google Scholar
• Picardi, A., Fagnani, C., Nisticò, L., & Stazi, M. A. (2011). A twin study of attachment style in young adults. Journal of Personality, 79, 965–992. doi:10.1111/j.14676494.2010.00707.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurements, 1, 385–401. doi:10.1177/014662167700100306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridge, S. R., & Feeney, J. A. (1998). Relationship history and relationship attitudes in gay males and lesbians: Attachment style and gender differences. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 32, 848–859. doi:10.3109/00048679809073875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosario, M., Reisner, S. L., Corliss, H. L., Wypij, D., Calzo, J., & Austin, S. B. (2014). Sexual-orientation disparities in substance use in emerging adults: A function of stress and attachment paradigms. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 28, 790–804. doi:10.1037/a0035499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safren, S. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (1999). Depression, hopelessness, suicidality, and related factors in sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 859–866. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.67.6.859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenkman, G. (2012). The gap between fatherhood and couplehood desires among Israeli gay men and estimations of their likelihood. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(5), 828–832. doi:10.1037/a0029471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenkman, G., Bos, H., & Kogan, S. (2019). Attachment avoidance and parenthood desires in gay men and lesbians and their heterosexual counterparts. Journal of Reproductive & Infant Psychology, 37, 344–357. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/02646838.2019.1578872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenkman, G., & Shmotkin, D. (2010). Mental health among Israeli homosexual adolescents and young adults. Journal of Homosexuality, 58, 97–116. doi:10.1080/00918369.2011.533630
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenkman, G., & Shmotkin, D. (2016). The hostile-world scenario and mental health concomitants among gays and lesbians. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 20(1), 70–86. doi:10.1080/19359705.2015.1048915
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenkman, G., & Shmotkin, D. (2019). Self-perceived parental role and mental health concomitants among Israeli gay and heterosexual fathers. Journal of Homosexuality, 1–21. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/00918369.2018.1555392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanbury, J. P., Ried, L. D., & Velozo, C. A. (2006). Unidimensionality and bandwidth in the center for epidemiologic studies depression (CES-D) scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 86(1), 10–22. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8601_03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watters, J. K., & Biernacki, P. (1989). Targeted sampling: Options for the study of hidden populations. Social Problems, 36, 416–430. doi:10.2307/800824
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, M., Russell, D. W., & Zakalik, R. A. (2005). Adult attachment, social self-efficacy, self-disclosure, loneliness, and subsequent depression for freshman college students: A longitudinal study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 602–614. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.4.602
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Q., & Li, N. (2017). The impact of major physical diseases and its outcomes on depressive symptoms among Chinese population. Journal of Mental Health. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/09638237.2017.1417561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar