Parental Responses to Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Youth: Associations with Parent Support, Parental Abuse, and Youths’ Psychological Adjustment

References

• American Psychological Association (APA). (2015). Guidelines for psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming people. American Psychologist, 70 (9), 832–864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, J. S., Beck, A. T., Jolly, J. B., & Steer, R. A. (2005). Beck youth inventories (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological.
   Google Scholar
• Beemyn, G., & Rankin, S. (2011). The lives of transgender people. New York, NY: Columbia.
   Google Scholar
• Briere, J., & Runtz, M. (1990). Differential adult symptomatology associated with three types of child abuse histories. Child Abuse & Neglect, 14(3), 357–364. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(90)90007-G
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budge, S. L., Belcourt, S., Conniff, J., Parks, R., Pantalone, D. W., & Katz-Wise, S. L. (2018). A grounded theory study of the development of trans youths’ awareness of coping with gender identity. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27, 3048–3061. doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1136-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burdge, H., Licona, A. C., & Hyemingway, Z. T. (2014). LGBTQ Youth of color: Discipline disparities, school push-out, and the school-to-prison pipeline. San Francisco, CA: Gay-Straight Alliance Network.
   Google Scholar
• Erickson-Schroth, L. A., & Jacobs, L. A. (2017). “You’re in the wrong bathroom!” And 20 other myths and misconceptions about transgender and gender-nonconforming people. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Factor, R. J., & Rothblum, E. (2007). A study of transgender adults and their non-transgender siblings on demographic characteristics, social support, and experiences of violence. Journal of LGBT Health Research, 3(3), 11–30. doi:10.1080/15574090802092879
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fuller, K. A. (2017). Interpersonal acceptance-rejection theory: Application to lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 9(4), 507–520. doi:10.1111/jftr.2017.9.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller, K. A., & Riggs, D. W. (2018). Family support and discrimination and their relationship to psychological distress and resilience amongst transgender people. International Journal of Transgenderism, 19(4), 379–388. doi:10.1080/15532739.2018.1500966
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodnough, A., Green, E. L., & Sanger-Katz, M. (2019, May 24). Trump administration proposes rollback of transgender protections. New York Times, p. 1. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/24/us/politics/donald-trump-transgender-protections.html
   Google Scholar
• Grossman, A. H., & D’Augelli, A. R. (2006). Transgender youth: Invisible and vulnerable. Journal of Homosexuality, 51(1), 111–128. doi:10.1300/J082v51n01_06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman, A. H., D’Augelli, A. R., Howell, T. J., & Hubbard, S. (2005). Parents’ reactions to transgender youths’ gender nonconforming expression and identity. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 18(1), 3–16. doi:10.1300/J041v18n01_02
   Google Scholar
• Hendricks, M. L., & Testa, R. J. (2012). A conceptual framework for clinical work with transgender and gender nonconforming clients: An adaptation of the minority stress model. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(5), 460–467. doi:10.1037/a0029597
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildago, M. A., Chen, D., Garofalo, R., & Forbes, C. (2017). Perceived parental attitudes of gender expansiveness: Development and preliminary factor structure of a self-report youth questionnaire. Transgender Health, 2(1), 18–187.
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine (IOM). (2011). The health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people: Building a foundation for a better understanding. Washington, DC: National Academies of Science.
   Google Scholar
• Israel, G. E. (2006). Translove: Transgender persons and families. In J. C. Bigner (Ed.), An introduction to GLBT family studies (pp. 51–65). New York, NY: Haworth Press.
   Google Scholar
• Katz-Wise, S. L., Rosario, M., & Tsappis, M. (2016). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth and family acceptance. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 63(6), 1011–1025. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2016.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, A., & Golub, S. A. (2016). Family rejection as a predictor of suicide attempts and substance misuse among transgender and gender nonconforming adults. LGBT Health, 3(3), 193–199. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2015.0111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koken, J. A., Bimbi, S. S., & Parsons, J. T. (2009). Experiences of familial acceptance-rejection among transwomen of color. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(6), 853–860. doi:10.1037/a0017198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malecki, C. K., Demaray, M. K., & Elliott, S. N. (2000). The child and adolescent social support scale (rev ed.). DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University.
   Google Scholar
• McConnell, E. A., Birkett, M., & Mustanski, B. (2016). Families matter: Social support and mental health trajectories among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59, 674–680. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.07.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire, J. K., Kuvalanka, K. A., Catalpa, J. M., & Toomey, R. B. (2016). Transfamily theory: How the presence of trans* family members informs gender development in families. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 8(1), 60–73. doi:10.1111/jftr.2016.8.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H., & Frost, D. M. (2012). Minority stress and the health of sexual minorities. In C. J. Patterson & A. R. D’Augelli (Eds.), Handbook of psychology and sexual orientation (pp. 252–266). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mills-Koonce, W. R., Rehder, P. D., & McCurdy, A. L. (2018). The significance of parenting and parent-child relationships for sexual and gender minority adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 28(3), 637–649. doi:10.1111/jora.2018.28.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson, K. R., & Gulgoz, S. (2018). Early findings from the transyouth project: Gender development in transgender children. Child Development Perspectives, 12(2), 93–97. doi:10.1111/cdep.2018.12.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardo, S. T. (2008, March). Growing Up transgender: Research and theory. Retrieved from http:/www.actforyouth
   Google Scholar
• Pearlin, L. I. (1999). The stress process revisited. In C. S. Aneshensel & J. C. Phelan (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of mental health (pp. 395–415). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Pearlin, L. I., & Bierman, A. (2013) Current issues and future directions in research into the stress process. In C. S. Aneschensel, J. C. Phelan, & A. Bierman (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of mental health. Handbooks of sociology and social research. (pp. 325–340). Dordrecht, Switzerland: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Rahilly, E. P. (2015). The gender binary meets the gender-variant child. Gender & Society, 29(3), 338–361. doi:10.1177/0891243214563069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rood, B. A., Reisner, S. L., Surace, F. I., Puckett, J. A., Maroney, M. R., & Pantalone, D. W. (2016). Expecting rejection: Understanding the minority stress experiences of transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals. Transgender Health, 1(1), 151–164. doi:10.1089/trgh.2016.0012
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosario, M., & Schrimshaw, E. W. (2013). The sexual identity development and health of lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents: An ecological perspective. In C. J. Patterson & A. R. D’Augelli (Eds.), Handbook of psychology and sexual orientation (pp. 87–101). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rosario, M., Rotheram-Borus, M. J., & Reid, H. (1996). Gay-related stress and its correlates among gay and bisexual male adolescents of predominantly Black and Hispanic background. Journal of Community Psychology, 24(2), 136–159. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1520-6629
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothman, E. F., Sullivan, M., Keyes, S., & Boehmer, U. (2012). Parents’ supportive reactions to sexual orientation disclosure associated with behavioral health: Results from a population- based survey of LGB adults in Massachusetts. Journal of Homosexuality, 59, 186–200. doi:10.1080/00918369.2012.648878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, S. T., Pollitt, A. M., Li, G., & Grossman, A. H. (2018). Chosen name use is linked to reduced depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and suicidal behavior among transgender youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 63, 503–505. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, C., Huebner, D., Diaz, R. M., & Sanchez, J. (2009). Family rejection as a predictor of negative health outcomes in White and Latino lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults. Pediatrics, 123(1), 346–352. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, C., Russell, S. T., Huebner, D., Diaz, R., & Sanchez, J. (2010). Family acceptance in adolescence and the health of LGBT young adults. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 23(4), 205–213. doi:10.1111/jcap.2010.23.issue-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samarova, V., Shilo, G., & Diamond, G. M. (2013). Changes in youths’ perceived parental acceptance of their sexual minority status over time. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24(4), 681–688. doi:10.1111/jora.12071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savin-Williams, R. C. (1989). Coming out to parents and self-esteem among gay and lesbian youths. Journal of Homosexuality, 18(1–2), 1–35. doi:10.1300/J082v18n01_01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savin-Williams, R. C. (2001a). A critique of research on sexual-minority youths. Journal of Adolescence, 24(1), 5–13. doi:10.1006/jado.2000.0369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savin-Williams, R. C. (2001b). Mom, dad, I’m gay: How families negotiate coming out. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Simons, L., Schrager, S. M., Clark, L. F., Belzer, M., & Olson, J. (2013). Parental support and mental health among transgender adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(6), 791–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, A., & Dickey, L. M. (Eds.). (2017). Affirmative counseling and psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming clients. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Su, D., Irwin, J. A., Fisher, C., Ramos, A., Kelley, M., Mendoza, D. A. R., & Coleman, J. D. (2016). Mental health disparities within the LGBT population: A comparison between transgender and nontransgender individuals. Transgender Health, 1(1), 12–20. doi:10.1089/trgh.2015.0001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watson, R. J., Grossman, A. H., & Russell, S. T. (2016). Sources of social support and mental health among LGB youth. Youth & Society, 51, 0044118×16660110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White-Hughto, J. M., Rose, A. J., Pachankis, J. E., & Reisner, S. L. (2017). Barriers to gender transition-related healthcare: Identifying underserved transgender adults in Massachusetts. Transgender Health, 2(1), 107–118. doi:10.1089/trgh.2017.0014
   PubMedGoogle Scholar