644
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The Anxiety Factor: Moral Traditionalism, Interpersonal Contact Diversity and Support for Transgender Candidates and Rights

, PhDORCID Icon & , MA

References

  • Aberson, C. L., & Haag, S. C. (2007). Contact, perspective taking, and anxiety as predictors of stereotype endorsement, explicit attitudes, and implicit attitudes. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 10(2), 179–201. doi:10.1177/1368430207074726
  • Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • American National Election Studies. (2015). User’s guide and codebook for the ANES 2012 time series study. Retrieved from https://electionstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/anes_timeseries_2012_userguidecodebook.pdf
  • Bartels, L. M. (2000). Partisanship and voting behavior, 1952-1996. American Journal of Political Science, 44(1), 35–50. doi:10.2307/2669291
  • Beachum, L. (2019, March9). Transgender political candidates are increasingly common. The money backing them is not. The Center for Public Integrity. Retrieved fromhttps://publicintegrity.org/politics/elections/transgender-political-candidates-are-increasingly-common-the-money-backing-them-is-not/
  • Berinsky, A. J., Huber, G. A., & Lenz, G. S. (2012). Evaluating online labor markets for experimental research: Amazon’s mechanical turk. Political Analysis, 20(3), 351–368. doi:10.1093/pan/mpr057
  • Binder, J., Zagefka, H., Brown, R., Funke, F., Kessler, T., Mummendey, A., … Leyens, J. P. (2009). Does contact reduce prejudice or does prejudice reduce contact? A longitudinal test of the contact hypothesis among majority and minority groups in three European countries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(4), 843–856. doi:10.1037/a0013470
  • Broockman, D., & Kalla, J. (2016). Durable reducing transphobia: A field experiment on door-to-door canvassing. Science, 352(6282), 220–224. doi:10.1126/science.aad9713
  • Broussard, K. A., & Warner, R. H. (2019). Gender nonconformity is perceived differently for cisgender and transgender targets. Sex Roles, 80(7–8), 409–428. doi:10.1007/s11199-018-0947-z
  • Castle, J. (2019). New fronts in the culture wars? Religion, partisanship, and polarization on religious liberty and transgender rights in the United States. American Politics Research, 47(3), 650–679. doi:10.1177/1532673X18818169
  • Cook, E. A., Jelen, T. G., & Wilcox, C. C. (1992). Between two absolutes: Public opinion and the politics of abortion. Boulder, CO: Westview.
  • Doan, A. E., & Haider-Markel, D. P. (2010). The role of intersectional stereotypes on evaluations of gay and lesbian political candidates. Politics & Gender, 6(1), 63–91. doi:10.1017/S1743923X09990511
  • Dyck, J. J., & Pearson-Merkowitz, S. (2014). To know you is not necessarily to love you: The partisan mediators of intergroup contact. Political Behavior, 36(3), 553–580. doi:10.1007/s11109-013-9240-6
  • Feldman, S. (2003). Values, ideology, and the structure of political attitudes. In D. Sears, L. Huddy, & R. Jervis (Eds.), Oxford handbook of political psychology (pp. 477–508). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Flores, A. R. (2015). Attitudes toward transgender rights: Perceived knowledge and secondary interpersonal contact. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 3(3), 398–416. doi:10.1080/21565503
  • Flores, A. R., Haider-Markel, D. P., Lewis, D. C., Miller, P. R., Tadlock, B. L., & Taylor, J. K. (2018a). Challenged expectations: Mere exposure effects on attitudes about transgender people and rights. Political Psychology, 39(1), 197–216. doi:10.1111/pops
  • Flores, A. R., Haider-Markel, D. P., Lewis, D. C., Miller, P. R., Tadlock, B. L., & Taylor, J. K. (2018b). Transgender prejudice reduction and opinions on transgender rights: Results from a mediation analysis on experimental data. Research and Politics, 5(1), 1–7. doi:10.1177/2053168018764945
  • Flores, A. R., Haider-Markel, D. P., Lewis, D. C., Miller, P. R., Tadlock, B. L., & Taylor, J. K. (2020). Public attitudes about transgender participation in sports: The roles of gender, gender identity conformity, and sports fandom. Sex Roles, 83(5–6), 382–398. doi:10.1007/s11199-019-01114-z
  • Flores, A. R., Herman, J. L., Gates, G. J., & Brown, T. N. T. (2016). How many adults identify as transgender in the United States? The Williams Institute. Retrieved from https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/trans-adults-united-states/
  • Garner, A. (2013). Ambivalence, the intergroup contact hypothesis, and attitudes about gay rights. Politics & Policy, 41(2), 241–266. doi:10.1111/polp.12010
  • Gazzola, S. B., & Morrison, M. A. (2014). Cultural and personal endorsed stereotypes of transgender men and transgender women: Notable correspondence or disjunction? International Journal of Transgenderism, 15(2), 76–99. doi:10.1080/15532739.2014.937041
  • Gillig, T. K., Rosenthal, E. L., Murphy, S. T., & Folb, K. L. (2018). More than a media moment: The influence of televised storylines on viewers’ attitudes toward transgender people and policies. Sex Roles, 78(7–8), 515–527. doi:10.1007/s11199-017-0816-1
  • Haider-Markel, D., Miller, P., Flores, A., Lewis, D. C., Tadlock, B., & Taylor, J. (2017). Bringing “T” to the table: Understanding individual support of transgender candidates for public office. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 5(3), 399–417. doi:10.1080/21565503
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  • Herek, G. M. (1986). The instrumentality of attitudes: Toward a neofunctional theory. Journal of Social Issue, 42(2), 99–114. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1986.tb00227.x
  • Hoffarth, M. R., & Hodson, G. (2018). When intergroup contact is uncommon and bias is strong: The case of anti-transgender bias. Psychology & Sexuality, 9(3), 237–250. doi:10.1080/19419899.2018.1470107
  • James, S. E., Herman, J. L., Rankin, S., Keisling, M., Mottet, L., & Anafi, M. (2016). The report of the 2015 U.S. transgender survey. National Center for Transgender Equality. Retrieved from https://www.transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS%20Full%20Report%20-%20FINAL%201.6.17.pdf
  • Johnson, S. D., & Tamney, J. B. (2001). Social traditionalism and economic conservatism: Two conservative political ideologies in the United States. The Journal of Social Psychology, 141(2), 233–243. doi:10.1080/00224540109600549
  • Jones, P. E., & Brewer, P. R. (2020). Elite cues and public polarization on transgender rights. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 8(1), 71–85. doi:10.1080/21565503.2018.1441722
  • Jones, P. E., Brewer, P. R., Young, D. G., Lambe, J. L., & Hoffman, L. H. (2018). Explaining public opinion toward transgender people, rights, and candidates. Public Opinion Quarterly, 82(2), 252–278. doi:10.1093/poq/nfy009
  • Jones, R. P., Jackson, N., Najle, M., Bola, O., & Greenberg, D. (2019). America's growing support for transgender rights. PRRI. Retrieved from https://www.prri.org/research/americas-growing-support-for-transgender-rights/
  • Kennedy, R., Clifford, S., Burleigh, T., Waggoner, P. D., Jewell, R., & Winter, N. J. (2020). The shape of and solutions to the MTurk quality crisis. Political Science Research and Method, 8(4), 614–629. doi:10.1017/psrm.2020.6
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. American Psychologist, 46(8), 819–834. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.46.8.819
  • Lewis, D. C., Flores, A. R., Haider-Markel, D. P., Miller, P. R., Tadlock, B. L., & Taylor, J. K. (2017). Degree of acceptance: Variation in public attitudes toward segments of the LGBT community. Political Research Quarterly, 70(4), 861–875. doi:10.1177/1065912917717352
  • Lewis, D. C., Tadlock, B. L., Flores, A. R., Haider-Markel, D. P., Miller, P. R., & Taylor, J. K. (in press). Public attitudes on transgender military service: The role of gender. Armed Forces and Society. doi:10.1177/0095327X19861737
  • Lewis, G. B. (2011). The friends and family plan: Contact with gays and support for gay rights. The Policy Studies Journal, 39(2), 217–238. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2011.00405.x
  • Maurer, K. L., Park, B., & Rothhart, M. (1995). Subtyping versus subgrouping processes in stereotype representation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 812–824. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.812
  • McCann, J. A. (1997). Electoral choices and core value change: The 1992 presidential campaign. American Journal of Political Science, 41(2), 564–583.
  • McCarthy, J. (2017). Americans split over new LGBT protections, restroom policies. Gallup. Retrieved fromhttps://news.gallup.com/poll/210887/americans-split-new-lgbt-protections-restroom-policies.aspx
  • Miller, P. R., Flores, A. R., Haider-Markel, D. P., Lewis, D. C., Tadlock, B. L., & Taylor, J. K. (2017). Transgender politics as body politics: Effects of disgust sensitivity and authoritarianism on transgender rights attitudes. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 5(1), 4–24. doi:10.1080/21565503.2016.1260482
  • Moors, A., Ellsworth, P. C., Scherer, K. R., & Frijda, N. H. (2013). Appraisal theories of emotion: State of the art and future development. Emotion Review, 5(2), 119–124. doi:10.1177/1754073912468165
  • Morean, J. (2020, December 10). Record number of LGBT candidates won in November, new data reveals. NBC News. Retrieved from https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/record-number-lgbtq-candidates-won-november-new-data-reveals-n1250718
  • Mullinix, K. J., Leeper, T. J., Druckman, J. N., & Freese, J. (2015). The generalizability of survey experiments. Judgement and Decision Making, 5(5), 411–419.
  • Murib, Z. (2015). Transgender: Examining an emerging political identity using three political processes. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 3(3), 381–397. doi:10.1080/21565503.2015
  • Norton, A. T., & Herek, G. M. (2013). Heterosexuals’ attitudes toward transgender people: Findings from a national probability sample of U.S. adults. Sex Roles, 68(11–12), 738–753. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0110-6
  • Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(1), 65–85. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65
  • Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
  • Pew Research Center. (2014). Ideological placement of each source’s audience. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/pj_14-10-21_mediapolarization-08-2/
  • Richards, Z., & Hewstone, M. (2001). Subtyping and subgrouping: Processes for the prevention and promotion of stereotype change. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(1), 52–73. doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0501_4
  • Rojas, R., & Swales, V. (2019, September 27). 18 transgender killings this year raise fears of an ‘epidemic. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/27/us/transgender-women-deaths.html
  • Rokeach, M. (1968). Beliefs, attitudes, and values. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Schiappa, E., Gregg, P. B., & Hewes, D. E. (2005). The parasocial contact hypothesis. Communication Monographs, 72(1), 92–115. doi:10.1007/s11199-017-0816-1
  • Stack, L. (2018, November 5). Facing threats and bias, L.G.B.T. candidates are running in record numbers. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/05/us/politics/lgbt-candidates.html?module=inline
  • Stephan, W. G., Boniecki, K. A., Ybarra, O., Bettencourt, A., Ervin, K. S., Jackson, L. A., … Renfro, C. L. (2002). The role of threats in the racial attitudes of blacks and whites. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(9), 1242–1254. doi:10.1177/01461672022812009
  • Stephan, W. G., Diaz-Loving, R., & Duran, A. (2000). Integrated threat theory and intercultural attitudes: Mexico and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31(2), 240–249. doi:10.1177/0022022100031002006
  • Stephan, W. G., & Stepan, C. W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41(3), 157–175. doi:10.1177/1088868314530518
  • Tadlock, B. L., Flores, A. R., Haider-Markel, D. P., Lewis, D. C., Miller, P. R., & Taylor, J. K. (2017). Testing contact theory and attitudes on transgender rights. Public Opinion Quarterly, 81(4), 956–972. doi:10.1093/poq/nfx021
  • Tam, T., Hewstone, M., Harwood, J., Voci, A., & Kenworthy, J. (2006). Intergroup contact and grandparent-grandchild communication: The effects of self-disclosure on implicit and explicit biases against older people. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 9(3), 413–429. doi:10.1177/1368430206064642
  • Taylor, J. K., Lewis, D. C., & Haider-Markel, D. P. (2018). The remarkable rise of transgender rights. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • The LGBTQ Victory Fund. (2020). Out on the trail. Retrieved from https://victoryfund.org/outonthetrail/
  • Turner, R. N., Dhont, K., Hewstone, M., Prestwich, A., & Vonofakou, C. (2014). The role of personality factors in the reduction of intergroup anxiety and amelioration of outgroup attitudes via intergroup contact. European Journal of Personality, 28(2), 180–192. doi:10.1002/per.1927
  • Voci, A., & Hewstone, M. (2003). Intergroup contact and prejudice toward immigrants in Italy: The mediational role of anxiety and the moderational role of group salience. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 6(1), 37–54. doi:10.1177/1368430203006001011
  • Weisberg, H. F. (2005). The structure and effects of moral predisposition in contemporary American politics. The Journal of Politics, 67(3), 646–668. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2005.00333.x

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.