Deeds, Not Words: Sexual Identities and Antiracist Activism Among White Americans

References

• Allen, S., McCright, A. M., & Dietz, T. (2017). A social movement identity instrument for integrating survey methods into social movements research. SAGE Open, 7(2), 2158244017708819. doi:10.1177/2158244017708819
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen, E. A., & Jennings, M. K. (2010). Exploring multi-issue activism. PS, Political Science & Politics, 43, 63–67. doi:10.1017/S1049096510990604
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews, K. T. (2001). Social movements and policy implementation: The Mississippi civil rights movement and the war on poverty, 1965 to 1971. American Sociological Review, 66(1), 71–95. doi:10.2307/2657394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayoub, P. (2019). Intersectional and transnational coalitions during times of crisis: The European LGBTI movement. Social Politics, 26(1), 1–29. doi:10.1093/sp/jxy007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battle, J., & Harris, A. (2013). Connectedness and the sociopolitical involvement of same-gender-loving Black men. Men and Masculinities, 16(2), 260–267. doi:10.1177/1097184X13487909
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beran, N., Claybaker, C., Dillon, C., & Haverkamp, R. (1992). Attitudes toward minorities. Journal of Homosexuality, 23(3), 65–84. doi:10.1300/J082v23n03_05
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobo, L. D. (1999). Prejudice as group position: Microfoundations of a sociological approach to racism and race relations. Journal of Social Issues, 55(3), 445–472. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonilla-Silva, E. (2007). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Brad, L. C. E., Spisz, T. J., & Tanega, C. G. (2019). Does “privilege checking” make us less racist, or more? Generation and political orientation matter. Race and Social Problems, 11(1), 1–14. doi:10.1007/s12552-018-9246-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Schiffhauer, K. (2007). Racial attitudes in response to thoughts of White privilege. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(2), 203–215. doi:10.1002/ejsp.348
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridges, T., & Moore, M. R. (2018). Young women of color and shifting sexual identities. Contexts, 17(1), 86–88. doi:10.1177/1536504218767125
   Google Scholar
• Brown, K. T., & Ostrove, J. M. (2013). What does it mean to be an ally? The perception of allies from the perspective of people of color. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(11), 2211–2222. doi:10.1111/jasp.12172
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callander, D., Newman, C. E., & Holt, M. (2015). Is sexual racism really racism? Distinguishing attitudes toward sexual racism and generic racism among gay and bisexual men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(7), 1991–2000. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0487-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Case, K. A. (2007). Raising white privilege awareness and reducing racial prejudice: Assessing diversity course effectiveness. Teaching of Psychology, 34(4), 231–235. doi:10.1080/00986280701700250
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherng, H.-Y. S. (2017). The color of LGB: Racial and ethnic variations in conceptualizations of sexual minority status. Population Review, 56(1). doi:10.1353/prv.2017.0002
   Google Scholar
• Cho, S., Crenshaw, K. W., & McCall, L. (2013). Toward a field of intersectionality studies: Theory, applications, and praxis. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 38(4), 785–810. doi:10.1086/669608
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong, E. S., & Mohr, J. J. (2020). How far can stigma-based empathy reach? Effects of societal (in) equity of LGB people on their allyship with transgender and Black people. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 90(6), 760–771. doi:10.1037/ort0000510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citrin, J., & Sears, D. O. (2014). American identity and the politics of multiculturalism. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cochran, S. D., Mays, V., Corliss, H., Smith, T. W., & Turner, J. (2009). Self-reported altruistic and reciprocal behaviors among homosexually and heterosexually experienced adults: Implications for HIV/AIDS service organizations. AIDS Care, 21(6), 675–682. doi:10.1080/09540120802511919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, E. R. (2008). Coalitions as a model for intersectionality: From practice to theory. Sex Roles, 59(5–6), 443–453. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9419-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, M. A., & Richeson, J. A. (2014). Discrimination divides across identity dimensions: Perceived racism reduces support for gay rights and increases anti-gay bias. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 55, 169–174. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, M. A., & Richeson, J. A. (2016). Stigma-based solidarity: Understanding the psychological foundations of conflict and coalition among members of different stigmatized groups. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(1), 21–27. doi:10.1177/0963721415611252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham, J. P., & Gillezeau, R. (2021). Don’t shoot! The impact of historical African American protest on police killings of civilians. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 37(1), 1–34. doi:10.1007/s10940-019-09443-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danforth, L., Hsu, H. T., & Miller, J. W. (2020). Color-blind racial attitudes among social work students. Journal of Social Work Education, 56(3), 412–427. doi:10.1080/10437797.2019.1661910
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFilippis, J. N., & Anderson-Nathe, B. (2017). Embodying margin to center: Intersectional activism among queer liberation organizations. In M. Brettschneider, S. Burgess, & C. Keating (Eds.), LGBTQ politics: A critical reader (pp. 110–133). New York, NY: NYU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., & Gaertner, S. L. (2002). Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 62–68. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Droogendyk, L., Wright, S. C., Lubensky, M., & Louis, W. R. (2016). Acting in solidarity: Cross‐group contact between disadvantaged group members and advantaged group allies. Journal of Social Issues, 72(2), 315–334. doi:10.1111/josi.12168
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dull B D, Hoyt L Till, Grzanka P R & Zeiders K H. (2021). Can White Guilt Motivate Action? The Role of Civic Beliefs. J Youth Adolescence, 50(6), 1081–1097. doi:10.1007/s10964-021-01401-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, L. E., Mincer, E., & Dunn, S. R. (2017). Assessing politicized sexual orientation identity: Validating the queer consciousness scale. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(8), 1069–1091. doi:10.1080/00918369.2016.1236599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egan, P. J., Edelman, M. S., & Sherrill, K. (2008). Findings from the Hunter College Poll of lesbians, gays and bisexuals. New York, NY: Human Rights Campaign Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Egan, P. J. (2008). Explaining the distinctiveness of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals in American politics. Working paper, New York University. Social Science Research Network.
   Google Scholar
• Egan, P. J. (2012). Group cohesion without group mobilization: The case of lesbians, gays and bisexuals. British Journal of Political Science, 42(3), 597–616. doi:10.1017/S0007123411000500
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egan, P. J. (2020). Identity as dependent variable: How Americans shift their identities to align with their politics. American Journal of Political Science, 64(3), 699–716. doi:10.1111/ajps.12496
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feagin, J. R. (2010). Racist America: Roots, current realities, and future reparations. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Federico, C. M., & Sidanius, J. (2002). Sophistication and the antecedents of Whites’ racial policy attitudes: Racism, ideology, and affirmative action in America. Public Opinion Quarterly, 66(2), 145–176. doi:10.1086/339848
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferber, A. L. (1999). White man falling: Race, gender, and white supremacy. Lanham. MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Fine, M., Torre, M. E., Frost, D. M., & Cabana, A. L. (2018). Queer solidarities: New activisms erupting at the intersection of structural precarity and radical misrecognition. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 6(2), 608–630. doi:10.5964/jspp.v6i2.905
   Google Scholar
• Fingerhut, A. W., & Hardy, E. R. (2020). Applying a model of volunteerism to better understand the experiences of White ally activists. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 23(3), 344–360. doi:10.1177/1368430219837345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, D. R., Jasny, L., & Dow, D. M. (2018). Why are we here? Patterns of intersectional motivations across the resistance. Mobilization, 23(4), 451–468. doi:10.17813/1086-671X-23-4-451
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores, A. R. (2017, July 7). Yes, there’s racism in the LGBT community. But there’s more outside it. The Washington Post, Monkey Cage.
   Google Scholar
• Gaertner, Samuel, Dovidio, John. (2000). Reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model. (Philadelphia: Psychology Press)
   Google Scholar
• Garrett-Walker, J. N., Poole, S. M., Williams, S. L., Banks, C. J., Stallings, J. A., Balgobin, K. R., & Moore, D. P. (2018). Racial color-blindness and privilege awareness in relation to interest in social justice among college students. Journal Committed to Social Change on Race and Ethnicity (JCSCORE), 4(2), 39–63.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, S. K., Rothblum, E. D., Russell, S. T., & Meyer, I. H. (2020). Exploring the Q in LGBTQ: Demographic characteristic and sexuality of queer people in a US representative sample of sexual minorities. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 7(1), 101–112. doi:10.1037/sgd0000359
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gray, A., & Desmarais, S. (2014). Not all one and the same: Sexual identity, activism, and collective self-esteem. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 23(2), 116–122. doi:10.3138/cjhs.2400
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, R. M. (2008). Intersectional political consciousness: Appreciation for intragroup differences and solidarity in diverse groups. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32(1), 36–47. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00405.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grollman, E. A. (2017). Sexual orientation differences in attitudes about sexuality, race, and gender. Social Science Research, 61, 126–141. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grollman, E. A. (2018). Sexual orientation differences in Whites’ racial attitudes. Sociological Forum, 33, 186–210. doi:10.1111/socf.12405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grzanka, P. R., Gonzalez, K. A., & Spanierman, L. B. (2019). White supremacy and counseling psychology: A critical-conceptual framework. The Counseling Psychologist, 47(4), 478–529. doi:10.1177/0011000019880843
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardiman, R., Jackson, B., & Griffin, P. (2007). Conceptual foundations for social justice education. In M. Adams, L. A. Bell, & P. Griffin (Eds.), Teaching for diversity and social justice (pp. 35–66). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Harnois, C. E. (2014). Are perceptions of discrimination unidimensional, oppositional, or intersectional? Examining the relationship among perceived racial–ethnic-, gender-, and age-based discrimination. Sociological Perspectives, 57(4), 470–487. doi:10.1177/0731121414543028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, A., & Battle, J. (2013). Unpacking civic engagement: The sociopolitical involvement of same-gender loving black women. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 17(2), 195–207. doi:10.1080/10894160.2012.711679
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hays, D. G., Chang, C. Y., & Decker, S. L. (2007). Initial development and psychometric data for the privilege and oppression inventory. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 40(2), 66–79. doi:10.1080/07481756.2007.11909806
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaney, M. T. (2021). Intersectionality at the grassroots. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 9(3), 608–628. doi:10.1080/21565503.2019.1629318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill M J. (2013). Is the Black Community More Homophobic?: Reflections on the Intersectionality of Race, Class, Gender, Culture and Religiosity of the Perception of Homophobia in the Black Community. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 17(2), 208–214. doi:10.1080/19359705.2013.768089
   Google Scholar
• Hinkson, K. (2021). The colorblind rainbow: Whiteness in the gay rights movement. Journal of Homosexuality, 68(9), 1393–1416. doi:10.1080/00918369.2019.1698916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holley, L., Larson, N., Adelman, M., & Treviño, J. (2008). Attitudes among university undergraduates toward LGB and five ethnic/racial groups. Journal of LGBT Youth, 5(1), 79–101. doi:10.1300/J524v05n01_07
   Google Scholar
• Hornsey, M. J., Spears, R., Cremers, I., & Hogg, M. A. (2003). Relations between high and low power groups: The importance of legitimacy. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(2), 216–227. doi:10.1177/0146167202239047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughey, M. W. (2012). Stigma allure and white antiracist identity management. Social Psychology Quarterly, 75(3), 219–241. doi:10.1177/0190272512446756
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huo, Y. J., & Molina, L. E. (2006). Is pluralism a viable model of diversity? The benefits and limits of subgroup respect. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 9(3), 359–376. doi:10.1177/1368430206064639
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jardina, A. (2019). White identity politics. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, L. (2016). “If a Muslim says ‘homo,’ nothing gets done”: Racist discourse and in-group identity construction in an LGBT youth group. Language in Society, 45(1), 113–133. doi:10.1017/S0047404515000792
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, P. E. (2021). Political distinctiveness and diversity among LGBT Americans. Public Opinion Quarterly, 85(2), 594–622. doi:10.1093/poq/nfab030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost, J. T., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2004). A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology, 25(6), 881–919. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00402.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleiman, S., Spanierman, L., & Grant Smith, N. (2015). Translating oppression: Understanding how sexual minority status is associated with White men’s racial attitudes. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 16(4), 404–415. doi:10.1037/a0038797
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles, E. D., Lowery, B. S., Chow, R. M., & Unzueta, M. M. (2014). Deny, distance, or dismantle? How white Americans manage a privileged identity. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9(6), 594–609. doi:10.1177/1745691614554658
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lake, J. S., Alston, A. T., & Kahn, K. B. (2021). How social networking use and beliefs about inequality affect engagement with racial justice movements. Race and Justice, 11(4), 500–519. 10.2153368718809833 doi:10.1177/2153368718809833
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, G. B., Rogers, M. A., & Sherrill, K. (2011). Lesbian, gay, and bisexual voters in the 2000 US presidential election. Politics & Policy, 39(5), 655–677. doi:10.1111/j.17471346.2011.00315.x
   Google Scholar
• Lipsitz, G. (2006). The possessive investment in whiteness: How white people profit from identity politics. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lundquist, J. H., & Lin, K. H. (2015). Is love (color) blind? The economy of race among gay and straight daters. Social Forces, 93(4), 1423–1449. doi:10.1093/sf/sov008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major, B., Blodorn, A., & Major Blascovich, G. (2018). The threat of increasing diversity: Why many White Americans support Trump in the 2016 presidential election. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 21(6), 931–940. doi:10.1177/1368430216677304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallett, R. K., Huntsinger, J. R., Sinclair, S., & Swim, J. K. (2008). Seeing through their eyes: When majority group members take collective action on behalf of an outgroup. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 11(4), 451–470. doi:10.1177/1368430208095400
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConnell, A. R., & Leibold, J. M. (2001). Relations among the implicit association test, discriminatory behavior, and explicit measures of racial attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37(5), 435–442. doi:10.1006/jesp.2000.1470
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor, A. J., Bogart, L. M., Higgins-Biddle, M., Strolovitch, D. Z., & Ojikutu, B. (2019). Marginalized yet mobilized: Race, sexuality, and the role of “political hypervigilance” in African American political participation in 2016. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 16(1), 131–156. doi:10.1017/S1742058X19000031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier, A., Hull, K. E., & Ortyl, T. A. (2009). Young adult relationship values at the intersection of gender and sexuality. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(3), 510–525. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00616.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, A. H., Gurin, P., Gurin, G., & Malanchuk, O. (1981). Group consciousness and political participation. American Journal of Political Science, 25(3), 494–511. doi:10.2307/2110816
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nummi, J., Jennings, C., & Feagin, J. (2019). # BlackLivesMatter: Innovative Black resistance. Sociological Forum, 34, 1042–1064. doi:10.1111/socf.12540
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, M., & Shapiro, T. (2013). Black wealth/White wealth: A new perspective on racial inequality. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Olzak, S., & Ryo, E. (2007). Organizational diversity, vitality and outcomes in the civil rights movement. Social Forces, 85(4), 1561–1591. doi:10.1353/sof.2007.0076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrove, J. M., & Brown, K. T. (2018). Are allies who we think they are? A comparative analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48(4), 195–204. doi:10.1111/jasp.12502
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, K., Horowitz, J. M., & Anderson, M. (2020). Amid protests, majorities across racial and ethnic groups express support for the Black Lives Matter movement. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/06/PSDT_06.12.20_protest_fullreport.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pender, K. N., Hope, E. C., & Riddick, K. N. (2019). Queering Black activism: Exploring the relationship between racial identity and Black activist orientation among Black LGBTQ youth. Journal of Community Psychology, 47(3), 529–543. doi:10.1002/jcop.22136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinterits, E. J., Poteat, V. P., & Spanierman, L. B. (2009). The White privilege attitudes scale: Development and initial validation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(3), 417. doi:10.1037/a0016274
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poston, D. L., D’Lane, R., Xiong, Q., & Knox, E. A. (2017). The residential segregation of same-sex households from different-sex households in metropolitan USA, circa-2010. Population Review, 56(2), 1–29. doi:10.1353/prv.2017.0005
   Google Scholar
• Putnam, L., Pressman, J., & Chenoweth, E. (2020, July 8). Black lives matter beyond America’s big cities. Washington Post. The Monkey House.
   Google Scholar
• Riggle, E., Mohr, J., Rostosky, S., Fingerhut, A., & Balsam, K. (2014). A multifactor lesbian, gay, and bisexual positive identity measure. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(4), 398–411. doi:10.1037/sgd0000057
   Google Scholar
• Riley, E. Y., & Peterson, C. (2020). I can’t breathe: Assessing the role of racial resentment and racial prejudice in Whites’ feelings toward Black lives matter. National Review of Black Politics, 1(4), 496–515. doi:10.1525/nrbp.2020.1.4.496
   Google Scholar
• Savin-Williams, R. (2005). The new gay teenager. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schaffner, B., & Senic, N. (2006). Rights or benefits? Explaining the sexual identity gap in American political behavior. Political Research Quarterly, 59(1), 123–132. doi:10.1177/106591290605900111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schildkraut, D. J. (2017). White attitudes about descriptive representation in the US: The roles of identity, discrimination, and linked fate. Politics, Groups, & Identities, 5(1), 84–106. doi:10.1080/21565503.2015.1089296
   Google Scholar
• Schnabel, L. (2018). Sexual orientation and social attitudes. Socius, 4, 1–18. doi:10.1177/2378023118769550
   Google Scholar
• Selvanathan, H. P., Techakesari, P., Tropp, L. R., & Barlow, F. K. (2018). Whites for racial justice: How contact with Black Americans predicts support for collective action among White Americans. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 21(6), 893–912. doi:10.1177/1368430217690908
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, T. J., & Whaley, R. B. (2018). Bud-sex, dude-sex, and heteroflexible men: The relationship between straight identification and social attitudes in a nationally representative sample of men with same-sex attractions or sexual practices. Sociological Perspectives, 61(3), 426–443. doi:10.1177/0731121417745024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, B., & Grabow, H. (2014). To be respected and to respect: The challenge of mutual respect in intergroup relations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 53(1), 39–53. doi:10.1111/bjso.12019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, T. W., & Kim, J. (2015). A review of survey data-collection modes: With a focus on computerizations. Sociological Theory and Methods, 30(2), 185–200. doi:10.11218/ojjams.30.185
   Google Scholar
• Staggenborg S and Taylor V. (2005). Whatever Happened to The Women's Movement?. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 10(1), 37–52. doi:10.17813/maiq.10.1.46245r7082613312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, A. L., & Tran, J. (2018). Protesting racial hierarchy: Testing a social dominance theory model of collective action among white Americans. Journal of Social Issues, 74(2), 299–316. doi:10.1111/josi.12270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strolovitch, D. Z., Wong, J. S., & Proctor, A. (2017). A possessive investment in White heteropatriarchy? The 2016 election and the politics of race, gender, and sexuality. Politics, Groups, & Identities, 5(2), 353–363. doi:10.1080/21565503.2017.1310659
   Google Scholar
• Sumerau, J. E., Forbes, T. D., Grollman, E. A., & Mathers, L. A. (2021). Constructing allyship and the persistence of inequality. Social Problems, 68(2), 358–373. doi:10.1093/socpro/spaa003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swank, E., & Fahs, B. (2017). College Students, Sexualities Identities, and Participation in Political Marches. Sex Res Soc Policy, 14(2), 122–132. doi:10.1007/s13178-016-0242-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swank, E. (2018a). Sexual identities and participation in liberal and conservative social movements. Social Science Research, 74 176–186. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swank, E. (2018b). Who Voted for Hillary Clinton? Sexual Identities, Gender, and Family Influences. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 14(1–2), 21–42. doi:10.1080/1550428X.2017.1421335
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swank, E., & Fahs, B. (2019). Explaining the Sexuality Gap in Protest Participation. Journal of Homosexuality, 66(3), 324–348. doi:10.1080/00918369.2017.1406210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swank, E. (2019). Sexual Identities and Racial Attitudes among Black, Latinx, and White Individuals. Journal of Bisexuality, 19(3), 305–336. doi:10.1080/15299716.2019.1630186
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swim, J. K., & Miller, D. L. (1999). White Guilt: Its Antecedents and Consequences for Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 25(4), 500–514. doi:10.1177/0146167299025004008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, V., Kimport, K., Van Dyke, N., & Andersen, E. A. (2009). Culture and mobilization: Tactical repertoires, same-sex weddings, and the impact on gay activism. American Sociological Review, 74(6), 865–890. doi:10.1177/000312240907400602
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terriquez, V. (2015). Intersectional mobilization, social movement spillover, and queer youth leadership in the immigrant rights movement. Social Problems, 62(3), 343–362. doi:10.1093/socpro/spv010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomarken, A. J., & Serlin, R. C. (1986). Comparison of ANOVA alternatives under variance heterogeneity and specific noncentrality structures. Psychological Bulletin, 99(1), 90–99. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.90
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tropp, L. R., & Uluğ, Ö. M. (2019). Are white women showing up for racial justice? Intergroup contact, closeness to people targeted by prejudice, and collective action. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 43(3), 335–347. doi:10.1177/0361684319840269
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsunokai, G. T., Kposowa, A. J., & Adams, M. A. (2009). Racial preferences in internet dating. Western Journal of Black Studies, 33(1), 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Turnbull-Dugarte, S. J. (2021). Multidimensional issue preferences of the European lavender vote. Journal of European Public Policy, 28(11), 1827–1848. doi:10.1080/13501763.2020.1804987
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueno, K., Wright, E. R., Gayman, M. D., & McCabe, J. M. (2012). Segregation in gay, lesbian and bisexual youth’s personal networks: Testing structural constraint, choice homophily and compartmentalization hypotheses. Social Forces, 90(3), 971–991. doi:10.1093/sf/sor022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasow, O. (2020). Agenda seeding: How 1960s black protests moved elites, public opinion and voting. American Political Science Review, 114(3), 638–659. doi:10.1017/S000305542000009X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson-Singleton, N. N., Mekawi, Y., Wilkins, K. V., & Jatta, I. F. (2021). Racism’s effect on depressive symptoms: Examining perseverative cognition and Black Lives Matter activism as moderators. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 68(1), 27–37. doi:10.1037/cou0000436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg, J. D., Freese, J., & McElhattan, D. (2014). Comparing data characteristics and results of an online factorial survey between a population-based and a crowdsource-recruited sample. Sociological Science, 1, 292–310. doi:10.15195/v1.a19
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, P. A., Valera, P., Ventuneac, A., Balan, I., Rowe, M., & Carballo-Dieguez, A. (2009). Race-based sexual stereotyping and sexual partnering among men who use the internet to identify other men for bareback sex. Journal of Sex Research, 46(5), 399–413. doi:10.1080/00224490902846479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, C., & Cho, G. E. (2005). Two‐headed coins or Kandinskys: White racial identification. Political Psychology, 26(5), 699–720. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00440.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthen, M. G. (2020a). “All the gays are liberal?” Sexuality and gender gaps in political perspectives among lesbian, gay, bisexual, mostly heterosexual, and heterosexual college students in the Southern USA. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 17(1), 27–42. doi:10.1007/s13178-018-0365-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthen, M. G. (2020b). A rainbow wave? LGBTQ liberal political perspectives during Trump’s presidency: An exploration of sexual, gender, and queer identity gaps. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 17(2), 263–284. doi:10.1007/s13178-019-00393-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar