Coming Out to Family and Friends in the Trans and Gender Diverse Context

References

• Alanko, K., & Lund, H. (2020). Transgender youth and social support: A survey study on the effects of good relationships on well-being and mental health. Young, 28(2), 199–216. doi:10.1177/1103308819850039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176–181. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr, S. M., Budge, S. L., & Adelson, J. L. (2016). Transgender community belongingness as a mediator between strength of transgender identity and well-being. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(1), 87. doi:10.1037/cou0000127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beemyn, G., & Rankin, S. (2011). The lives of transgender people. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bockting, W. O., Miner, M. H., Swinburne Romine, R. E., Hamilton, A., & Coleman, E. (2013). Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the US transgender population. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 943–951. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford, J., Reisner, S. L., Honnold, J. A., & Xavier, J. (2013). Experiences of transgender-related discrimination and implications for health: Results from the Virginia transgender health initiative study. American Journal of Public Health, 103(10), 1820–1829. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslow, A. S., Brewster, M. E., Velez, B. L., Wong, S., Geiger, E., & Soderstrom, B. (2015). Resilience and collective action: Exploring buffers against minority stress for transgender individuals. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(3), 253–265. doi:10.1037/sgd0000117
   Google Scholar
• Brumbaugh-Johnson, S. M., & Hull, K. E. (2019). Coming out as transgender: Navigating the social implications of a transgender identity. Journal of Homosexuality, 66(8), 1148–1177. doi:10.1080/00918369.2018.1493253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bry, L. J., Mustanski, B., Garofalo, R., & Burns, M. N. (2018). Resilience to discrimination and rejection among young sexual minority males and transgender females: A qualitative study on coping with minority stress. Journal of Homosexuality, 65(11), 1435–1456. doi:10.1080/00918369.2017.1375367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budge, S. L., Adelson, J. L., & Howard, K. A. S. (2013). Anxiety and depression in transgender individuals: The roles of transition status, loss, social support, and coping. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(3), 545–557. doi:10.1037/a0031774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budge, S. L., Rossman, H. K., & Howard, K. A. S. (2014). Coping and psychological distress among genderqueer individuals: The moderating effect of social support. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 8(1), 95–117. doi:10.1080/15538605.2014.853641
   Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Claes, L., Bouman, W. P., Witcomb, G., Thurston, M., Fernandez-Aranda, F., & Arcelus, J. (2015). Non-suicidal self-injury in trans people: Associations with psychological symptoms, victimization, interpersonal functioning, and perceived social support. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12(1), 168–179. doi:10.1111/jsm.12711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummins, R. A., Eckersley, R., Pallant, J., Jackie van, V., & Misajon, R. (2003). Developing a national index of subjective wellbeing: The Australian unity wellbeing index. Social Indicators Research, 64(2), 160–190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devor, A. H. (2004). Witnessing and mirroring: A fourteen stage model of transsexual identity formation. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy, 8(1/2), 41–67.
   Google Scholar
• Durwood, L., Eisner, L., Fladeboe, K., Ji, C., Barney, S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Olson, K. R. (2021). Social support and internalizing psychopathology in transgender youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(5), 841–854. doi:10.1007/s10964-020-01391-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinstein, B. A., Turner, B. C., Beach, L. B., Korpak, A. K., & Phillips, G., II. (2019). Racial/ethnic differences in mental health, substance use, and bullying victimization among self-identified bisexual high school-aged youth. LGBT Health, 6(4), 174–183. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2018.0229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, M., Peled, M., & Saewyc, E. M. (2021). Health and healthcare service use: The experiences of runaway trans adolescents compared to their peers. Journal of Homosexuality, 69(5), 821–835. doi:10.1080/00918369.2021.1892404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores, A. R. (2021). Social acceptance of LGBTI people in 175 countries and locations. (Vol. 2022). UCLA: The Williams Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Fuller, K. A., & Riggs, D. W. (2018). Family support and discrimination and their relationship to psychological distress and resilience amongst transgender people. International Journal of Transgenderism, 19(4), 379–388. doi:10.1080/15532739.2018.1500966
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short-form version of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS-21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(2), 227–239. doi:10.1348/014466505X29657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1. Retrieved from 10.1080/10705519909540118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israel, G. E. (2005). Translove: Transgender persons and their families. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 1(1), 53. doi:10.1300/J461v01n01_05
   Google Scholar
• James, S. E., Herman, J. L., Rankin, S., Keisling, M., Mottet, L., & Anafi, M. (2015). The report of the 2015 U.S. transgender survey. Washington, DV: National Center for Transgender Equality.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, A. H. (2016). Transnormativity: A new concept and its validation through documentary film about transgender men. Sociological Inquiry, 86(4), 465–491. doi:10.1111/soin.12127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozee, H. B., Tylka, T. L., & Bauerband, L. A. (2012). Measuring transgender individuals’ comfort with gender identity and appearance: Development and validation of the transgender congruence scale. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36(2), 179–196. Retrieved from http://pwq.sagepub.com/content/36/2/179.short
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefevor, G. T., Janis, R. A., Franklin, A., & Stone, W.-M. (2019). Distress and therapeutic outcomes among transgender and gender nonconforming people of color. The Counseling Psychologist, 47(1), 34–58. doi:10.1177/0011000019827210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt, H. M., & Ippolito, M. R. (2014). Being transgender: The experience of transgender identity development. Journal of Homosexuality, 61(12), 1727–1758. doi:10.1080/00918369.2014.951262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayeza, E. (2021). South African LGBTPQ youth: The perceptions and realities of coming out and parental reactions. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 17(3), 292–303. doi:10.1080/1550428X.2021.1897051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizock, L., & Lundquist, C. (2016). Missteps in psychotherapy with transgender clients: Promoting gender sensitivity in counseling and psychological practice. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(2), 148–155. doi:10.1037/sgd0000177
   Google Scholar
• Moskowitz, D. A., Rendina, H. J., Alvarado Avila, A., & Mustanski, B. (2021). Demographic and social factors impacting coming out as a sexual minority among Generation-Z teenage boys. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. doi:10.1037/sgd0000484
   Google Scholar
• Pflum, S. R., Testa, R. J., Balsam, K. F., Goldblum, P. B., & Bongar, B. (2015). Social support, trans community connectedness, and mental health symptoms among transgender and gender nonconforming adults. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(3), 281–286. doi:10.1037/sgd0000122
   Google Scholar
• Pollitt, A. M., Muraco, J. A., Grossman, A. H., & Russell, S. T. (2017). Disclosure stress, social support, and depressive symptoms among cisgender bisexual youth. Journal of Marriage & Family, 79(5), 1278–1294. doi:10.1111/jomf.12418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puckett, J. A., Matsuno, E., Dyar, C., Mustanski, B., & Newcomb, M. E. (2019). Mental health and resilience in transgender individuals: What type of support makes a difference? Journal of Family Psychology, 33(8), 954–964. doi:10.1037/fam0000561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riggle, E. D. B., & Mohr, J. J. (2015). A proposed multi factor measure of positive identity for transgender identified individuals. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(1), 78–85. doi:10.1037/sgd0000082
   Google Scholar
• Riggle, E. D. B., & Rostosky, S. S. (2012). A positive view of LGBTQ: Embracing identity and cultivating well-being. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Riggle, E. D. B., Rostosky, S. S., McCants, L. E., & Pascale-Hague, D. (2011). The positive aspects of a transgender self-identification. Psychology & Sexuality, 2(2), 147–158. doi:10.1080/19419899.2010.534490
   Google Scholar
• Russell, S. T., Toomey, R. B., Ryan, C., & Diaz, R. M. (2014). Being out at school: The implications for school victimization and young adult adjustment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(6), 635–643. doi:10.1037/ort0000037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez, F. J., & Vilain, E. (2009). Collective self-esteem as a coping resource for male-to-female transsexuals. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(1), 202–209. doi:10.1037/a0014573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scandurra, C., Amodeo, A. L., Valerio, P., Bochicchio, V., & Frost, D. M. (2017). Minority stress, resilience, and mental health: A study of Italian transgender people. Journal of Social Issues, 73(3), 563–585. doi:10.1111/josi.12232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422–445. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194–200. doi:10.1080/10705500802222972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steensma, T. D., McGuire, J. K., Kreukels, B. P. C., Beekman, A. J., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2013). Factors associated with desistence and persistence of childhood gender dysphoria: A quantitative follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(6), 582–590. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.03.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabaac, A. R., Perrin, P. B., & Trujillo, M. A. (2015). Multiple mediational Model of outness, social support, mental health, and wellness behavior in ethnically diverse lesbian, bisexual, and queer women. LGBT Health, 2(3), 243–249. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2014.0110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics, 5th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• von Doussa, H., Power, J., & Riggs, D. W. (2020). Family matters: Transgender and gender diverse peoples’ experience with family when they transition. Journal of Family Studies, 26(2), 272–285. doi:10.1080/13229400.2017.1375965
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinhardt, L. S., Xie, H., Wesp, L. M., Murray, J., Apchemengich, I., Kioko, D., … Cook-Daniels, L. (2019). The role of family, friend, and significant other support in well-being among transgender and non-binary youth. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 15(4), 311–325. doi:10.1080/1550428X.2018.1522606
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar