Correlates of Attitudes Toward Bisexuality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (1952). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Vol. 1). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, J., & Ferguson, R. (2018). Demographic and ideological correlates of negative attitudes towards asylum seekers: A meta‐analytic review. Australian Journal of Psychology, 70(1), 18–29. doi:10.1111/ajpy.12162
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. R., Campbell, M., & Koc, Y. (2020). A qualitative exploration of the impact of the marriage equality debate on same-sex attracted Australians and their allies. Australian Psychologist, 55(6), 700–714. doi:10.1111/ap.12473
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. R., & Holland, E. (2015). The legacy of medicalising ‘homosexuality’: A discussion on the historical effects of non-heterosexual diagnostic classifications. Sensoria, 11(1), 4–15. https://doi.org/10.7790/sa.v11i1.405
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong, H. L., & Reissing, E. D. (2014). Attitudes toward casual sex, dating, and committed relationships with bisexual partners. Journal of Bisexuality, 14(2), 236–264. doi:10.1080/15299716.2014.902784
   Google Scholar
• Arndt, M., & De Bruin, K. (2011). Measurement of attitudes toward bisexual men and women among South African university students: The validation of an instrument. Journal of Homosexuality, 58(4), 497–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2011.555672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2015). Most australians satisfied with their lives, but not everyone. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/lookup/4159.0Media%20Release12014
   Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2017). Australian marriage law postal survey, 2017. Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/
   Google Scholar
• Baams, L., Grossman, A. H., & Russell, S. T. (2015). Minority stress and mechanisms of risk for depression and suicidal ideation among lesbian, gay and bisexual youth. Developmental Psychology, 51(5), 699. doi:10.1037/a0038994
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, E., & Rothstein, H. R. (2014). Comprehensive meta-analysis (Version 3.0). Englewood, NJ: Biostat.
   Google Scholar
• Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Bronson, J. C. (2006). Examining the efficacy of fact-based and personal-story-based information on attitudes towards bisexuality [Doctoral dissertation, University of Kansas].
   Google Scholar
• Burke, S. E. (2016). The excluded middle: Attitudes and beliefs about bisexual people, biracial people, and novel intermediate social groups [Doctoral dissertation, Yale University].
   Google Scholar
• *Burke, S. E., Dovidio, J. F., LaFrance, M., Przedworski, J. M., Perry, S. P., Phelan, S. M., … Van Ryn, M. (2017). Beyond generalized sexual prejudice: Need for closure predicts negative attitudes toward bisexual people relative to gay/lesbian people. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 71, 145–150. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Burke, S. E., & LaFrance, M. (2016). Lay conceptions of sexual minority groups. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 45(3), 635–650. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0655-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Casazza, S. P., Ludwig, E., & Cohn, T. J. (2015). Heterosexual attitudes and behavioural intentions toward bisexual individuals: Does geographic area make a difference? Journal of Bisexuality, 15(4), 532–553. doi:10.1080/15299716.2015.1093994
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowling, M. M., Anderson, J. R., & Ferguson, R. (2019). Prejudice-relevant correlates of attitudes towards refugees: A meta-analysis. Journal of Refugee Studies, 32(3), 502–524. doi:10.1093/jrs/fey062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, S., Bimbi, D. S., & Parsons, J. T. (2013). Examination of social contact on binegativity among lesbians and gay men. Journal of Bisexuality, 13(2), 215–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2013.782596
   Google Scholar
• Cragun, R. T., & Sumerau, J. E. (2015). The last bastion of sexual and gender prejudice? Sexualities, race, gender, religiosity, and spirituality in the examination of prejudice toward sexual and gender minorities. Journal of Sex Research, 52(7), 821–834. doi:10.1080/00224499.2014.925534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *De Bruin, K., & Arndt, M. (2010). Attitudes toward bisexual men and women in a university context: Relations with race, gender, knowing a bisexual man or woman and sexual orientation. Journal of Bisexuality, 10(3), 233–252. doi:10.1080/15299716.2010.500955
   Google Scholar
• Dodge, B., Herbenick, D., Friedman, M. R., Schick, V., Fu, T. C., Bostwick, W., and Sandfort, T. G. (2016). Attitudes toward bisexual men and women among a nationally representative probability sample of adults in the United States. PloS One, 11(10), e0164430. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000). Trim and fill: A simple funnel‐plot–based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta‐analysis. Biometrics, 56(2), 455–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyar, C., & Feinstein, B. A. (2018). Binegativity: Attitudes toward and stereotypes about bisexual individuals. In D. J. Swan & S. Habibi (Eds.), Bisexuality: Theories, research, and recommendations for the invisible sexuality (pp. 95–111). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Eccles, T. C. (2014). Teacher positioning on the teaching of sexuality education in Life Orientation [Doctoral dissertation, University of the Free State].
   Google Scholar
• Ecker, S., Riggle, E. D., Rostosky, S. S., & Byrnes, J. M. (2019). Impact of the Australian marriage equality postal survey and debate on psychological distress among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex and queer/questioning people and allies. Australian Journal of Psychology, 71(3), 285–295. doi:10.1111/ajpy.12245
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliason, M. (1997). The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 26(3), 317–326. doi:10.1023/A:1024527032040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falls, T., & Anderson, J. (2022). Attitudes towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia: A systematic review. Australian Journal of Psychology, 74(1), 2039043. doi:10.1080/00049530.2022.2039043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falomir-Pichastor, J. M., Berent, J., & Anderson, J. (2019). Perceived men’s feminization and attitudes toward homosexuality: Heterosexual men’s reactions to the decline of the anti-femininity norm of masculinity. Sex Roles, 81(3–4), 208–222. doi:10.1007/s11199-018-0985-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinstein, B. A., Dyar, C., Bhatia, V., Latack, J. A., & Davila, J. (2016). Conservative beliefs, attitudes toward bisexuality, and willingness to engage in romantic and sexual activities with a bisexual partner. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(6), 1535–1550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0642-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Friedman, M. R., Dodge, B., Schick, V., Herbenick, D., Hubach, R., Bowling, J., … Reece, M. (2014). From bias to bisexual health disparities: Attitudes toward bisexual men and women in the United States. LGBT Health, 1(4), 309–318. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2014.0005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller, C. B., Chang, D. F., & Rubin, L. R. (2009). Sliding under the radar: Passing and power among sexual minorities. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 3(2), 128–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538600903005334
   Google Scholar
• *Garelick, A. S., Filip-Crawford, G., Varley, A. H., Nagoshi, C. T., Nagoshi, J. L., & Evans, R. (2017). Beyond the binary: Exploring the role of ambiguity in biphobia and transphobia. Journal of Bisexuality, 17(2), 172–189. doi:10.1080/15299716.2017.1319890
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Head, M. L., Holman, L., Lanfear, R., Kahn, A. T., & Jennions, M. D. (2015). The extent and consequences of p-hacking in science. PLoS Biology, 13(3), e1002106. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath, J., & Goggin, K. (2009). Attitudes towards male homosexuality, bisexuality, and the down low lifestyle: Demographic differences and HIV implications. Journal of Bisexuality, 9(1), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299710802659997
   Google Scholar
• *Helms, J. L., & Waters, A. M. (2016). Attitudes toward bisexual men and women. Journal of Bisexuality, 16(4), 454–467. doi:10.1080/15299716.2016.1242104
   Google Scholar
• *Herek, G. M. (2002). Heterosexuals’ attitudes toward bisexual men and women in the United States. The Journal of Sex Research, 39(4), 264–274. doi:10.1080/00224490209552150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek, G. M., & McLemore, K. A. (2013). Sexual Prejudice. Annual Review of Psychology, 64(1), 309–333. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Hertlein, K. M., Hartwell, E. E., & Munns, M. E. (2016). Attitudes toward bisexuality according to sexual orientation and gender. Journal of Bisexuality, 16(3), 339–360. doi:10.1080/15299716.2016.1200510
   Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P. T., & Green, S. (2011). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions, version 5.1.0. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. updated March 2011. Retrieved from www.handbook.cochrane.org
   Google Scholar
• Hubbard, K., & de Visser, R. O. (2015). Not just bi the bi: The relationship between essentialist beliefs and attitudes about bisexuality. Psychology & Sexuality, 6(3), 258–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2014.987682
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huedo-Medina, T. B., Sánchez-Meca, J., Marín-Martínez, F., & Botella, J. (2006). Assessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Q statistic or I2 index? Psychological Methods, 11(2), 193–206. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.11.2.193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutsell, D. W. (2012). Intragroup attitudes of the LGBT community: Assessment and correlates [Doctoral dissertation, East Tennessee State University].
   Google Scholar
• Hutsell, D. W., Chandler, S. L., Lund, B. K., & Williams, S. L. (2012). Attitudes towards bisexuality and correlates. Poster presentation. Charlotte, NC: Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues. https://www.spssi.org/_data/n_0001/resources
   Google Scholar
• Iacoviello, V., Valsecchi, G., Berent, J., Anderson, J., & Falomir-Pichastor, J. M. (2020). Heterosexual men’s attitudes towards homosexuality and ingroup distinctiveness: The role of perceived men’s feminisation. Psychology & Sexuality, 11(1–2), 45–61. doi:10.1080/19419899.2019.1675749
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Organization for Migration (IOM). (2018). World Migration Report 2018. Retrieved from https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/wmr_2018_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Israel, T., & Mohr, J. J. (2004). Attitudes toward bisexual women and men: Current research, future directions. Journal of Bisexuality, 4(1), 117–134. doi:10.1300/J159v04n01_09
   Google Scholar
• Katz-Wise, S. L., & Hyde, J. S. (2015). Sexual fluidity and related attitudes and beliefs among young adults with a same-gender orientation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(5), 1459–1470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0420-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz-Wise, S. L., Stamoulis, C., Allison, C. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2019). Attitudes toward bisexuality and other beliefs and attitudes related to sexual fluidity in attractions among heterosexual and sexual minority young adults. Journal of Bisexuality, 19(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2019.1583150
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kite, M. E., Stockdale, G. D., Whitley, B. E.,sJr, & Johnson, B. T. (2005). Attitudes toward younger and older adults: An updated meta‐analytic review. Journal of Social Issues, 61(2), 241–266. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00404.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logie, C., & Gadalla, T. M. (2009). Meta-analysis of health and demographic correlates of stigma towards people living with HIV. AIDS Care, 21(6), 742–753. doi:10.1080/09540120802511877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lytle, A., Dyar, C., Levy, S. R., & London, B. (2017). Contact with bisexual individuals reduces binegativity among heterosexuals and lesbian women and gay men. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(5), 580–599. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsick, J. L., & Rubin, J. D. (2018). Bisexual prejudice among lesbian and gay people: Examining the roles of gender and perceived sexual orientation. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 5(2), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000283
   Google Scholar
• Mereish, E., & Poteat, V. P. (2015). Effects of heterosexuals' direct and extended friendships with sexual minorities on their attitudes and behaviors: Intergroup anxiety and attitude strength as mediators and moderators. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 45(3), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1), 38–56. doi:10.2307/2137286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., Group, T. P., & Group, T. P. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed1000097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., … Stewart, L. A. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews, 4(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-4-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Mohr, J. J., & Rochlen, A. B. (1999). Measuring attitudes regarding bisexuality in lesbian, gay male, and heterosexual populations. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 46(3), 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.46.3.353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, T. G., Harrington, R., & McDermott, D. T. (2010). Bi now, gay later: Implicit and explicit binegativity among Irish university students. Journal of Bisexuality, 10(3), 211–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2010.500952
   Google Scholar
• *Morrison, K. E., Gruenhage, J. M., & Pedersen, C. L. (2016). Challenging binaries by saying good bi: Perceptions of bisexual men’s identity legitimacy. Journal of Bisexuality, 16(3), 361–377. doi:10.1080/15299716.2016.1183157
   Google Scholar
• *Mulick, P. S., & Wright, L. W.,sJr. (2002). Examining the existence of biphobia in the heterosexual and homosexual populations. Journal of Bisexuality, 2(4), 47–64. doi:10.1300/J159v02n04_03
   Google Scholar
• National LGBTI Health Alliance. (2020). Snapshot of mental health and suicide prevention statistics for LGBTI people. LGBTI Health. Retrieved from https://lgbtihealth.org.au/statistics/
   Google Scholar
• Oswalt, S. B., & Vargas, T. M. (2013). How safe is the playing field? Collegiate coaches' attitudes towards gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals. Sport in Society, 16(1), 120–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2012.690407
   Google Scholar
• Pirlott, A. (2012). Sexual prejudices fluctuate according to active fundamental life goals [Doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University].
   Google Scholar
• Pirlott, A. G., & Neuberg, S. L. (2014). Sexual prejudice: Avoiding unwanted sexual interest?. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(1), 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F1948550613486674
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puchlopek, A. (2012). UNH undergraduate students’ attitudes toward bisexuality. Perspectives (University of New Hampshire), 4, 6–17.
   Google Scholar
• Rohatgi, A. (2015). WebplotDigitizer (Version 4.2). Computer software. Retrieved from https://apps.automeris.io/wpd/
   Google Scholar
• *Rubinstein, T., Makov, S., & Sarel, A. (2013). Don’t bi-negative: Reduction of negative attitudes toward bisexuals by blurring the gender dichotomy. Journal of Bisexuality, 13(3), 356–373. doi:10.1080/15299716.2013.813419
   Google Scholar
• Smith, S. J., Axelton, A. M., & Saucier, D. A. (2009). The effects of contact on sexual prejudice: A meta-analysis. Sex Roles, 61(3), 178–191. doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9627-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stebing, C. E. (2018). Perceived unwanted sexual interest and binegativity among gay men and lesbian women [Doctoral dissertation, Indiana State University].
   Google Scholar
• *Steffens, M. C., & Wagner, C. (2004). Attitudes toward lesbians, gay men, bisexual women, and bisexual men in Germany. Journal of Sex Research, 41(2), 137–149. doi:10.1080/00224490409552222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Tomassilli, J. C. (2007). Bi-Negativity: The role of gender in lesbian and gay populations. Division 44 Newsletter, 23(2), 11–12.
   Google Scholar
• Valsecchi, G., Iacoviello, V., Berent, J., Anderson, J. R., Borinca, I., & Falomir-Pichastor, J. M. (2020, in press). Gay-gender expression and attitudes toward gay people: The moderating role of perceived men’s feminization. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. advanced online publication. doi: 10.1037/sgd0000452.
   Google Scholar
• Velez, B. L., Moradi, B., & Brewster, M. E. (2013). Testing the tenets of minority stress theory in workplace contexts. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 60(4), 532–542. doi:10.1037/a0033346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verrelli, S., White, F. A., Harvey, L. J., & Pulciani, M. R. (2019). Minority stress, social support, and the mental health of lesbian, gay, and bisexual Australians during the Australian marriage law postal survey. Australian Psychologist, 54(4), 336–346. doi:10.1111/ap.12380
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitley, B. E.,sJr. (2009). Religiosity and attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A meta-analysis. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19(1), 21–38. doi:10.1080/10508610802471104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthen, M. G. (2012). Understanding college student attitudes toward LGBT individuals. Sociological Focus, 45(4), 285–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2012.712857
   Google Scholar
• Worthen, M. G. (2014). Blaming the jocks and the greeks?: Exploring collegiate athletes' and fraternity/sorority members' attitudes toward LGBT individuals. Journal of College Student Development, 55(2), 168–195. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2014.0020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthen, M. G. (2020). “All the gays are liberal?” Sexuality and gender gaps in political perspectives among lesbian, gay, bisexual, mostly heterosexual, and heterosexual college students in the Southern USA. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 17(1), 27–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-018-0365-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthen, M. G. F. (2013). An argument for separate analyses of attitudes toward lesbian, gay, bisexual men, bisexual women, MtF and FtM transgender individuals. Sex Roles, 68(11), 703–723. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0155-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthen, M. G., Lingiardi, V., & Caristo, C. (2017). The roles of politics, feminism, and religion in attitudes toward LGBT individuals: A cross-cultural study of college students in the USA, Italy, and Spain. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 14(3), 241–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-016-0244-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, L. W., Jr, Mulick, P. S., & Kincaid, S. B. (2007). Fear of and discrimination against bisexuals, homosexuals, and individuals with AIDS. Journal of Bisexuality, 6(4), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1300/J159v06n04_06
   Google Scholar
• *Yost, M. R., & Thomas, G. D. (2012). Gender and binegativity: Men’s and women’s attitudes toward male and female bisexuals. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 41(3), 691–702. doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9767-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, Q., Abdin, E., Picco, L., Vaingankar, J. A., Shahwan, S., Jeyagurunathan, A., … Subramaniam, M. (2016). Attitudes to mental illness and its demographic correlates among general population in Singapore. PloS One, 11(11), e0167297. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar