Closeness Discrepancies and Relationship Quality in German Partnered Women and Men

References

• American Association for Public Opinion Research. (2016). Standard definitions—Final dispositions of case codes and outcome rates for surveys. Retrieved from https://www.aapor.org/AAPOR_Main/media/publications/Standard-Definitions20169theditionfinal.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Aron, A., & Aron, E. N. (1997). Self-expansion motivation and including other in the self. In Handbook of personal relationships: Theory, research and interventions (2nd ed., pp. 251–270). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Aron, A., Aron, E. N., & Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(4), 596–612. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aron, A., Aron, E. N., Tudor, M., & Nelson, G. (1991). Close relationships as including other in the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(2), 241–253. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.2.241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aron, A., Lewandowski, G., Branand, B., Mashek, D., & Aron, E. (2022). Self-expansion motivation and inclusion of others in self: An updated review. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 39(12), 3821–3852. doi:10.1177/02654075221110630
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T., Mashek, D., Lewandowski, G., Wright, S. C., & Aron, E. N. (2004). Including others in the self. European Review of Social Psychology, 15(1), 101–132. doi:10.1080/10463280440000008
   Google Scholar
• Aron, A., Melinat, E., Aron, E. N., Vallone, R. D., & Bator, R. J. (1997). The experimental generation of interpersonal closeness: A procedure and some preliminary findings. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(4), 363–377. doi:10.1177/0146167297234003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belsky, J., Spanier, G. B., & Rovine, M. (1983). Stability and change in marriage across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 45(3), 567–577. doi:10.2307/351661
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bower, G. H., & Gilligan, S. G. (1979). Remembering information related to one’s self. Journal of Research in Personality, 13(4), 420–432. doi:10.1016/0092-6566(79)90005-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branand, B., Mashek, D., & Aron, A. (2019). Pair-bonding as inclusion of other in the self: A literature review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2399–2405. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner, M. (1973). The next-in-line effect. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12(3), 320–323. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(73)80076-3
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J. (2021). The potent cocktail of love, intimacy, sex, and power: An assessment pyramid for couples therapy. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 36(4), 413–437. doi:10.1080/14681994.2019.1682540
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230–258. doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhrke, R. A., & Fuqua, D. R. (1987). Sex differences in same- and cross-sex supportive relationships. Sex Roles, 17(5–6), 339–352. doi:10.1007/BF00288457
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, M. S., & Mills, J. (1979). Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(1), 12–24. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.1.12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claxton, A., & Perry-Jenkins, M. (2008). No fun anymore: Leisure and marital quality across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(1), 28–43. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00459.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darwiche, J., Favez, N., Simonelli, A., Antonietti, J. P., & Frascarolo, F. (2015). Prenatal coparenting alliance and marital satisfaction when pregnancy occurs after assisted reproductive technologies or spontaneously. Family Relations, 64(4), 534–546. doi:10.1111/fare.12131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, K. E. (2009). Closeness. In H. Reis & S. Sprecher (Eds.), Encyclopedia of human relationships. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc (pp. 216–219). doi:10.4135/9781412958479.n74
   Google Scholar
• Destatis. (2021). Quality of employment: Persons on parental leave. Retrieved from https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Labour/Labour-Market/Quality-Employment/Dimension3/3_9_PersonsParentalLeave.html
   Google Scholar
• Dibble, J. L., Levine, T. R., & Park, H. S. (2012). The unidimensional relationship closeness scale (URCS): Reliability and validity evidence for a new measure of relationship closeness. Psychological Assessment, 24(3), 565–572. doi:10.1037/a0026265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doss, B. D., & Rhoades, G. K. (2017). The transition to parenthood: Impact on couples’ romantic relationships. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13,25–28. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.04.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, D. M., & Eliason, M. J. (2014). Challenging the assumption of fusion in female same-sex relationships. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(1), 65–74. doi:10.1177/0361684313475877
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, D. M., & Forrester, C. (2013). Closeness discrepancies in romantic relationships: Implications for relational well-being, stability, and mental health. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(4), 456–469. doi:10.1177/0146167213476896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, D. M., & LeBlanc, A. J. (2022). The complicated connection between closeness and the quality of romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 39(5), 1237–1255. doi:10.1177/02654075211050070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, D. M., & LeBlanc, A. J. (2023). How stigma gets “in between”: Associations between changes in perceived stigma, closeness discrepancies, and relationship satisfaction among same-sex couples. Journal of Social Issues, 79(1), 129–146. doi:10.1111/josi.12571
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, D. M., McClelland, S. I., & Dettmann, M. (2017). Sexual closeness discrepancies: What they are and why they matter for sexual well-being in romantic relationships. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(8), 2353–2364. doi:10.1007/s10508-017-0960-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gächter, S., Starmer, C., & Tufano, F. (2015). Measuring the closeness of relationships: A comprehensive evaluation of the “inclusion of the other in the self” scale. PLoS One, 10(6), 1–19. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129478
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamarel, K. E., & Golub, S. A. (2019). Closeness discrepancies and intimacy interference: Motivations for HIV prevention behavior in primary romantic relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(2), 270–283. doi:10.1177/0146167218783196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass, S. P., & Wright, T. L. (1985). Sex differences in type of extramarital involvement and marital dissatisfaction. Sex Roles, 12(9–10), 1101–1120. doi:10.1007/BF00288108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenn, N. D. (1990). Quantitative research on marital quality in the 1980s: A critical review. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52(4), 818–832. doi:10.2307/353304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardie, J. H., Geist, C., & Lucas, A. (2014). His and hers: Economic factors and relationship quality in Germany. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(4), 728–743. doi:10.1111/jomf.12129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helgeson, V. S., Shaver, P., & Dyer, M. (1987). Prototypes of intimacy and distance in same-sex and opposite-sex relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 4(2), 195–233. doi:10.1177/0265407587042006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesse, C., & Floyd, K. (2019). Affection substitution: The effect of pornography consumption on close relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(11–12), 3887–3907. doi:10.1177/0265407519841719
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg, M. A., & Turner, J. C. (1987). Intergroup behaviour, self‐stereotyping and the salience of social categories. British Journal of Social Psychology, 26(4), 325–340. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00795.x
   Google Scholar
• Kashdan, T. B., Adams, L. M., Farmer, A. S., Ferssizidis, P., McKnight, P. E., & Nezlek, J. B. (2014). Sexual healing: Daily diary investigation of the benefits of intimate and pleasurable sexual activity in socially anxious adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(7), 1417–1429. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0171-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashdan, T. B., Goodman, F. R., Stiksma, M., Milius, C. R., & McKnight, P. E. (2018). Sexuality leads to boosts in mood and meaning in life with no evidence for the reverse direction: A daily diary investigation. Emotion, 18(4), 563–576. doi:10.1037/emo0000324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashdan, T. B., Volkmann, J. R., Breen, W. E., & Han, S. (2007). Social anxiety and romantic relationships : The costs and benefits of negative emotion expression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(4), 475–492. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, M., & Kahle, I. (2018). Realisierte Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern und Vätern zu Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. WISTA—Wirtschaft Und Statistik, 3, 54–71. Retrieved from https://www.destatis.de/DE/Methoden/WISTA-Wirtschaft-und-Statistik/2018/03/realisierte-erwerbstaetigkeit-032018.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
   Google Scholar
• Koeske, G. F., & Koeske, R. D. (1990). The buffering effect of social support on parental stress. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60(3), 440–451. doi:10.1037/h0079164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeMasters, E. E. (1957). Parenthood as crisis. Marriage and Family Living, 19(4), 352–355. doi:10.2307/347802
   Google Scholar
• Lewandowski, G. W., & Ackerman, R. A. (2006). Something’s missing: Need fulfillment and self-expansion as predictors of susceptibility to infidelity. Journal of Social Psychology, 146(4), 389–403. doi:10.3200/SOCP.146.4.389-403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C. (2016). Supplemental Material for The performance of ML, DWLS, and ULS estimation with robust corrections in structural equation models with ordinal variables. Psychological Methods, 21(3), 369–387. doi:10.1037/met0000093.supp
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mashek, D., Le, B., Israel, K., & Aron, A. (2011). Wanting less closeness in romantic relationships. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 33(4), 333–345. doi:10.1080/01973533.2011.614164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mashek, D. J., & Sherman, M. D. (2004). Desiring less closeness with intimate others. In D. J. Mashek, & A. Aron (Eds.), Handbook of closeness and intimacy (pp. 343–356). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Matthiesen, S., Dekker, A., & Briken, P. (2018). Pilot study on adult sexuality in Germany—First results on feasibility and comparison of methods. Zeitschrift fur Sexualforschung, 31(3), 218–236. doi:10.1055/a-0663-4354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthiesen, S., Pietras, L., Bode, H., Cholmakow-Bodechtel, C., Cerwenka, S., Pfister, M., … Dekker, A. (2021). Methodology of the German National Sex Survey–GeSiD (German Health and Sexuality Survey). Journal of Sex Research, 58(8), 1008–1018. doi:10.1080/00224499.2021.1875188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattingly, B. A., & Lewandowski, G. W. (2014). Broadening horizons: Self-expansion in relational and non-relational contexts. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(1), 30–40. doi:10.1111/spc3.12080
   Google Scholar
• Mattingly, B. A., McIntyre, K. P., & Lewandowski, G. W. (2012). Approach motivation and the expansion of self in close relationships. Personal Relationships, 19(1), 113–127. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01343.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell, G. M. (1985). Behaviour of lovers: Measuring the closeness of relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2(2), 215–238. doi:10.1177/0265407585022007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattingly, B. A., McIntyre, K. P., & Lewandowski, G. W. Jr. (Eds.), (2020). Interpersonal relationships and the self-concept, Basel: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43747-3
   Google Scholar
• Nyström, K., & Öhrling, K. (2004). Parenthood experiences during the child’s first year: Literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 46(3), 319–330. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.02991.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orbuch, T. L., House, J. S., Mero, R. P., & Webster, P. S. (1996). Marital quality over the life course. Social Psychology Quarterly, 59(2), 162–171. doi:10.2307/2787050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascoal, P. M., Raposo, C. F., & Oliveira, L. B. (2015). Predictors of body appearance cognitive distraction during sexual activity in a sample of men with ED. International Journal of Impotence Research, 27(3), 103–107. doi:10.1038/ijir.2014.40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrick, H., Knee, C. R., Canevello, A., & Lonsbary, C. (2007). The role of need fulfillment in relationship functioning and well-being: A self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(3), 434–457. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietras, L., & Briken, P. (2021). Inclusion of other in the self and couple’s sexuality: A scoping review inclusion of other in the self and couple’s sexuality : Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 47(3), 285–304. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2020.1865494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietras, L., Wiessner, C., & Briken, P. (2022). How inclusion of other in the self relates to couple’s sexuality and functioning—Results from the German Health and Sexuality Survey (GeSiD). Journal of Sex Research, 59(4), 493–503. doi:10.1080/00224499.2021.1998307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popovic, M., Milne, D., & Barrett, P. (2003). The scale of Perceived Interpersonal Closeness (PICS). Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 10(5), 286–301. doi:10.1002/cpp.375
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pusch, S., Neyer, F. J., & Hagemeyer, B. (2023). Closeness discrepancies in couple relationships: A dyadic response surface analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 49(12), 1709–1722. doi:10.1177/01461672221113981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridley, J. (1993). Gender and couples: Do men and women seek different kinds of intimacy? Sexual and Marital Therapy, 8(3), 243–253. doi:10.1080/02674659308404971
   Google Scholar
• Rollè, L., Prino, L. E., Sechi, C., Vismara, L., Neri, E., Polizzi, C., … Brustia, P. (2017). Parenting stress, mental health, dyadic adjustment: A structural equation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(MAY), 1–10. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00839
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. doi:10.1037//0003-066x.55.1.68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez, L., & Thomson, E. (1997). Becoming mothers and fathers: Parenthood, gender, and the division of labor. Gender and Society, 11(6), 747–772. doi:10.1177/089124397011006003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sande, G. N., Goethals, G. R., & Radloff, C. E. (1988). Perceiving one’s own traits and others’: The multifaceted self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(1), 13–20. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.1.13
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheinkman, M., Iasenza, S., Ludwig, K., Cronin, T., Lemor, S., & Papp, P. (2022). Sexual intimacy and aging: An integrative framework to promote intimacy resilience in couple therapy. Family Process, 61(2), 456–475. doi:10.1111/famp.12767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprecher, S., & Sedikides, C. (1993). Gender differences in perceptions of emotionality: The case of close heterosexual relationships. Sex Roles, 28(9–10), 511–530. doi:10.1007/BF00289678
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stadtmüller, S., Silber, H., Daikeler, J., Martin, S., Sand, M., Schmich, P., Schröder, J., Struminskaya, B., Weyandt, K. W., & Zabal, A. (2019). Adaptation of the AAPOR Final Disposition Codes for the German Survey Context. Mannheim: GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences (GESIS - Survey Guidelines). doi:10.15465/gesis-sg_en_026
   Google Scholar
• ter Kuile, H., der Lippe, T., & Kluwer, E. S. (2021). Relational processes as predictors of relationship satisfaction trajectories across the transition to parenthood. Family Relations, 70(4), 1238–1252. doi:10.1111/fare.12546
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thai, S., & Lockwood, P. (2015). Comparing you = Comparing me: Social comparisons of the expanded self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(7), 989–1004. doi:10.1177/0146167215588094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, L., & Walker, A. J. (1989). Gender in families: Women and men in marriage, work, and parenthood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51(4), 845–871. doi:10.2307/353201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Træen, B., & Thuen, F. (2021). Non-consensual and consensual non-monogamy in Norway. International Journal of Sexual Health, 34(1), 1–16. doi:10.1080/19317611.2021.1947931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twenge, J. M., Campbell, W. K., & Foster, C. A. (2003). Parenthood and marital satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65(3), 574–583. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00574.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umberson, D., Williams, K., Powers, D. A., Chen, M. D., & Campbell, A. M. (2005). As good as it gets? A life course perspective on marital quality. Social Forces, 84(1), 493–511. doi:10.14515/monitoring.2016.1.03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urganci, B., Sevi, B., & Sakman, E. (2021). Better relationships shut the wandering eye: Sociosexual orientation mediates the association between relationship quality and infidelity intentions. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(4), 1401–1409. doi:10.1177/0265407521995261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanderDrift, L. E., Lewandowski, G. W., & Agnew, C. R. (2011). Reduced self-expansion in current romance and interest in relationship alternatives. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28(3), 356–373. doi:10.1177/0265407510382321
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner-Raphael, L., Seal, D., & Ehrhardt, A. (2001). Close emotional relationships with women versus men: A qualitative study of 56 heterosexual men living in an inner-city neighborhood. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 9(2), 243–256. doi:10.3149/jms.0902.243
   Google Scholar
• Walsh, C. M., & Neff, L. A. (2018). We’re better when we blend: The benefits of couple identity fusion. Self and Identity, 17(5), 587–603. doi:10.1080/15298868.2018.1430062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watzlawick, P., Bavelas, J. B., & Jackson, D. D. (2011). Pragmatics of human communication. New York City, NY: Norton Professional Books.
   Google Scholar
• Wenzel, M., Staab, D., Rowland, Z., & van Scheppingen, M. A. (2020). Relationship satisfaction can help to maintain the positive effect of childbirth on parental self-esteem. Social Psychological and Personality Science 12(7), 1358-1368. doi:10.1177/1948550620971532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, Y., & Yang, Y. (2019). RMSEA, CFI, and TLI in structural equation modeling with ordered categorical data: The story they tell depends on the estimation methods. Behavior Research Methods, 51(1), 409–428. doi:10.3758/s13428-018-1055-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaughn, E., & Nowicki, S. (1999). Close relationships and complementary interpersonal styles among men and women. Journal of Social Psychology, 139(4), 473–478. doi:10.1080/00224549909598406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar