(Un)critical geographies of race: A critical race discourse analysis of an online local history resource

References

• About Waco History. (n.d.). Waco history. Author. https://wacohistory.org/about
   Google Scholar
• Adams, E. C., & Kerr, S. L. (2022). Always already there: Theorizing an intra-disciplinary social studies. Pedagogies: An International Journal, 17(3), 251–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/1554480X.2020.1870470
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnew, J. (2005). Space: Place. In P. Cloke & R. Johnston (Eds.), Spaces of geographical thought: Deconstructing human geographies binaries (pp. 81–96). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Agnew, J. (2011). Space and place. In J. Agnew & D. Livingston (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of geographical knowledge (pp. 316–330). SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Agnew, J., & Livingston, D. (Eds.). (2011). The SAGE handbook of geographical knowledge. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446201091
   Google Scholar
• Alderman, D. H. (2012). “History by the spoonful” in North Carolina: The textual politics of state highway historical markers. Southeastern Geographer, 52(4), 355–373. https://doi.org/10.1353/sgo.2012.0035
   Google Scholar
• Allen, D., Lawhon, M., & Pierce, J. (2019). Placing race: On the resonance of place with black geographies. Progress in Human Geography, 43(6), 1001–1019. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132518803775
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ames, E. (2021, August 5). Spotlighting historic black-owned businesses in Waco. The Texas Collection Blog. https://blogs.baylor.edu/texascollection/2021/08/05/spotlighting-historic-black-owned-businesses-in-waco/
   Google Scholar
• Aoki, K. (2000). Space invaders: Critical geography, the third world in international law and critical race theory. Villanova Law Review, 45(5), 913–958.
   Google Scholar
• Bair, S. D. (2008). Educating black girls in the early 20th century: The pioneering work of Nannie Helen Burroughs (1879–1961). Theory & Research in Social Education, 36(1), 9–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.2008.10473358
   Google Scholar
• Baylor University History Department. (n.d.). Stephen Sloan. Author. https://history.artsandsciences.baylor.edu/person/stephen-sloan
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, P. (2006). The first Waco horror: The lynching of Jesse Washington and the rise of the NAACP. Texas A&M University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bird, P. (n.d.). Cameron Park. Waco History. https://wacohistory.org/items/show/20
   Google Scholar
• Bledsoe, A. (2021). Methodological reflections on geographies of blackness. Progress in Human Geography, 45(5), 1003–1021. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132520985123
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bledsoe, A., Eaves, L. E., & Williams, B. (2017). Introduction: Black geographies in and of the United States South. Southeastern Geographer, 57(1), 6–11. https://doi.org/10.1353/sgo.2017.0002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonilla-Silva, E. (2006). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Briscoe, F. M., & Khalifa, M. A. (2015). ‘That racism thing’: A critical race discourse analysis of a conflict over the proposed closure of a black high school. Race Ethnicity and Education, 18(6), 739–763. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2013.792798
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, A. L., & Brown, K. D. (2010). Strange fruit indeed: Interrogating contemporary textbook representations of racial violence toward African americans. Teachers College Record, 112(1), 31–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146811011200108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan, L. B. (2016). Elementary preservice teachers׳ navigation of racism and whiteness through inquiry with historical documentary film. The Journal of Social Studies Research, 40(2), 137–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssr.2015.06.006
   Google Scholar
• Burdick‐Will, J., Keels, M., & Schuble, T. (2013). Closing and opening schools: The association between neighborhood characteristics and the location of new educational opportunities in a large urban district. Journal of Urban Affairs, 35(1), 59–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgard, K., & Boucher, M. (2016). Same story; different history: Students’ racialized understanding of historic sites. The Urban Review, 48(5), 696–717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-016-0374-9
   Google Scholar
• Busey, C. (2017, April 27-May 1). This who believes? A critical race discourse analysis of the association for middle level Education’s this we believe [ Paper Presentation]. American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, A., & Sinclair, K. A. (2020). Place matters: A critical review of place inquiry and spatial methods in education research. Review of Research in Education, 44(1), 64–96. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X20903303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, T., & Hamnett, C. (2007). The geography of education: Introduction. Urban Studies, 44(7), 1161–1174. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980701329174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalano, T., & Waugh, L. R. (2020). Critical discourse analysis, critical discourse studies and beyond. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Chandler, P. T., & Branscombe, A. (2015). White social studies: Protecting the white racial code. In P. T. Chandler (Ed.), Doing race in social studies: Critical perspectives (pp. 61–87). Information Age.
   Google Scholar
• Cloke, P., & Johnston, R. (Eds.). (2005). Spaces of geographical thought: Deconstructing human geography′ s binaries. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Colley, L., & Broome, J. P. (2020). Surpassing the single story: Widening the representation of BIWOC in an online history museum. In A. M. Hawkman & S. B. Shear (Eds.), Marking the “invisible”: Articulating whiteness in social studies education (pp. 271–298). Information Age.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, M. R. (2020). Textual politics of Alabama’s historical markers: Slavery, emancipation, and civil rights. In S. D. Brunn & R. Kehrein (Eds.), Handbook of the changing world language map (pp. 759–789). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K., Gotanda, N., Peller, G., & Thomas, K. (Eds.). (1995). Critical race theory: The key writings that formed the movement. The New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crocco, M. S., & Davis, O. L. (Eds.). (1999). “Bending the future to their will:” civic women, social education, and democracy. Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Crocco, M. S., & Marino, M. P. (2017). Promoting inquiry-oriented teacher preparation in social studies through the use of local history. The Journal of Social Studies Research, 41(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssr.2015.11.001
   Google Scholar
• Crowley, R. M., & Smith, W. (2015). Whiteness and social studies teacher education: Tensions in the pedagogical task. Teaching Education, 26(2), 160–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2014.996739
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, V., & Crowley, R. M. (2017). Do people get to choose where they live?: A case study of racial segregation in Austin, Texas. In P. T. Chandler & T. S. Hawley (Eds.), Race lessons: Using inquiry to teach about race in social studies (pp. 193–211). Information Age.
   Google Scholar
• DeCuir-Gunby, J. T., Chapman, T. K., & Schutz, P. A. (Eds.). (2018). Critical race theory, racial justice, and education: Understanding critical race research methods and methodologies. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315100944
   Google Scholar
• Deluney, D. (1994). The boundaries of responsibility: Interpretations of geography in school desegregation cases. Urban Geography, 15(5), 470–486. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.15.5.470
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deluney, D. (2002). The space that race makes. The Professional Geographer, 54(1), 6–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-0124.00309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dozono, T. (2022). Being in difference, together: Making the classroom an academic home through critical race theory. In A. E. Vickery & N. N. Rodríguez (Eds.), Critical race theory and social studies futures: From the nightmare of racial realism to dreaming out loud (pp. 89–97). Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Du Bois, W. E. B. (1916, July). The Waco horror. University of Massachusetts Amherst. http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b163-i124
   Google Scholar
• Duncan, K. E. (2021). The possibilities of plantation field trips as sites of racial literacy. Multicultural Education, 28(1/2), 2–8.
   Google Scholar
• Duncan, K. E., Hall, D., & Dunn, D. C. (2023). Embracing the fullness of black humanity: Centering black joy in social studies. The Social Studies, 114(5), 241–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/00377996.2023.2174926
   Google Scholar
• Dwyer, O., & Jones, J. P. (2000). White socio-spatial epistemology. Social and Cultural Geography, 1(2), 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649360020010211
   Google Scholar
• Eaves, L. E. (2017). Black geographic possibilities: On a queer black South. Southeastern Geographer, 57(1), 80–95. https://doi.org/10.1353/sgo.2017.0007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endicott, S. (n.d.). Tonkawa falls. Waco History. https://wacohistory.org/items/show/149
   Google Scholar
• Filimon, L. M., & Ivănescu, M. (2024). Bans, sanctions, and dog-whistles: A review of anti-critical race theory initiatives adopted in the United States since 2020. Policy Studies, 45(2), 183–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2023.2214088
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flinders, D. J., Noddings, N., & Thornton, S. J. (1986). The null curriculum: Its theoretical basis and practical implications. Curriculum Inquiry, 16(1), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/03626784.1986.11075989
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fullilove, M. (2004). Root shock: How tearing up city neighborhoods hurts America and what we can do about it. Ballantine.
   Google Scholar
• Gamez, R., & Monreal, T. (2021). We have that opportunity now:” Black and Latinx geographies, (Latinx) racialization, and “new Latinx south. Journal of Leadership, Equity, and Research, 7(2), 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstone, D. (2012). Integrating the 40 acres: The fifty-year struggle for racial equality at the University of Texas. University of Georgia Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grant, C. A., Brown, K. D., & Brown, A. L. (2015). Black intellectual thought in education: The missing traditions of Anna Julia Cooper, Carter G. Woodson, and Alain Leroy Locke. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gruenewald, D. A., Koppelman, N., & Elam, A. (2007). Our place in history: Inspiring place-based social history in schools and communities. The Journal of Museum Education, 32(3), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/10598650.2007.11510573
   Google Scholar
• Hall, J. D. (2005). The long civil rights movement and the political uses of the past. Journal of American History, 91(4), 1233–1263. https://doi.org/10.2307/3660172
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankins, K. B. (2007). The final frontier: Charter schools as new community institutions of gentrification. Urban Geography, 28(2), 113–128. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.28.2.113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkman, A. M. (2020). Swimming in and through whiteness: Antiracism in social studies teacher education. Theory & Research in Social Education, 48(3), 403–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.2020.1724578
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkman, A. M., & Shear, S. B. (Eds.). (2020). Marking the “invisible”: Articulating whiteness in social studies education. Information Age.
   Google Scholar
• Helfenbein, R. J. (2021). Critical geographies of education: Space, place, and curriculum inquiry. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Helfenbein, R. J., & Taylor, L. H. (2009). Critical geographies in/of education: Introduction. Educational Studies, 45(3), 236–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131940902910941
   Google Scholar
• Henry, J. (2020). Beyond the school, beyond North America: New maps for the critical geographies of education. Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences, 110, 183–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.01.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoelscher, S. (2003). Making place, making race: Performances of whiteness in the Jim Crow South. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 93(3), 657–686. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.9303008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloway, S. L., & Pimlott‐Wilson, H. (2012). Neoliberalism, policy localisation and idealised subjects: A case study on educational restructuring in England. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 37(4), 639–654. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2011.00498.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humes, K., & Hogan, H. (2009). Measurement of race and ethnicity in a changing, multicultural America. Race and Social Problems, 1(3), 111–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-009-9011-5
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, G. (n.d.). Huaco Club. Waco History. https://wacohistory.org/items/show/87
   Google Scholar
• Inwood, J. F. (2011). Geographies of race in the American south: The continuing legacies of Jim Crow segregation. Southeastern Geographer, 51(4), 564–577. https://doi.org/10.1353/sgo.2011.0033
   Google Scholar
• James-Gallaway, A. D. (2022a). Under a Black light: Implications of Mexican American school segregation challenges for African Americans in Texas. Teachers College Record, 124(12), 220–251. https://doi.org/10.1177/01614681221151191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James-Gallaway, A. D. (2022b). What got them through: Community cultural wealth, black students, and Texas school desegregation. Race Ethnicity and Education, 25(2), 173–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2021.1924132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James-Gallaway, A. D. (2023). Waco’s first Black school board trustees: Navigating institutional white supremacy in 1970s Texas. History of Education Quarterly, 63(1), 59–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/heq.2022.26
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James-Gallaway, C. D. (2023). “They were mostly sitting back and staying quiet”: A critical race discourse analysis of racial voyeurism in cross-racial intergroup dialogues. Whiteness and Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/23793406.2023.2217184
   Google Scholar
• James-Gallaway, C. D., & Dixson, A. D. (2023). We have seen this before: The racial status quo and “anti-crt” discourse. Dialogues in Social Justice: An Adult Education Journal, 8(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.55370/dsj.v8i1.1479
   Google Scholar
• James-Gallaway, C. D., Hudock, M. M., & Franklin, C. (2023). “They didn’t really have key experiences that they thought they could bring to the table”: Perceptions of white racial absolution during cross-racial intergroup dialogues. Human Communication Research, 49(2), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqad008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James-Gallaway, C. D., James-Gallaway, A. D., & Griffin, A. A. (2024). “It’s in [their] roots”: A critical race discourse analysis of media accounts depicting Black hair discrimination in K-12 school. The Urban Review, 56(1), 35–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-023-00674-5
   Google Scholar
• Kenreich, T. W. (Ed.). (2013). Geography and social justice in the classroom. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• King, L. J. (2020). Black history is not American history: Toward a framework for Black historical consciousness. Social Education, 84(6), 335–341.
   Google Scholar
• King, L. J. (Ed.). (2022). Racial literacies and social studies: Curriculum, instruction, and learning. Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kobayashi, A., & Peake, L. (2000). Racism out of place: Thoughts on whiteness and an antiracist geography in the new millennium. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 90(2), 392–403. https://doi.org/10.1111/0004-5608.00202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence, C., III. (2008). Unconscious racism revisited: Reflections on the impact and origins of “the id, the ego, and equal protection” revisited. Connecticut Law Review, 40(3), 931–978.
   Google Scholar
• Lefebvre, H. (1991). The production of space. Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Leh, D. (2024, February 21). “East Waco has a very rich history”: Baylor history experts explore black history with downtown walk. 25 news KXXV. https://www.kxxv.com/news/black-history-month/east-waco-has-a-very-rich-history-baylor-history-experts-explore-black-history-with-downtown-walk
   Google Scholar
• Lipsitz, G. (1995). The possessive investment in whiteness: Racialized social democracy and the“white” problem in American studies. American Quarterly, 47(3), 369–387. https://doi.org/10.2307/2713291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsitz, G. (2007). The racialization of space and the spatialization of race: Theorizing the hidden architecture of landscape. Landscape Journal, 26(1), 10–23. https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.26.1.10
   Google Scholar
• Lipsitz, G. (2011). How racism takes place. Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lovorn, M. G. (2012). Historiography in the methods course: Training pre-service history teachers to evaluate local historical commemorations. The History Teacher, 45(4), 569–579.
   Google Scholar
• Marino, M. P. (2012). Urban space as a primary source: Local history and historical thinking in New York City. The Social Studies, 103(3), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/00377996.2011.592166
   Google Scholar
• Marino, M. P., & Crocco, M. S. (2012). Doing local history: A case study of new brunswick, new Jersey. The Social Studies, 103(6), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/00377996.2011.630697
   Google Scholar
• Martell, C. C. (2015). Learning to teach culturally relevant social studies: A White teacher’s retrospective self-study. In P. Chandler (Ed.), Doing race in social studies: Critical perspectives (pp. 41–60). Information Age.
   Google Scholar
• Martell, C. C. (2016). Divergent views of race: Examining Whiteness in the US history classroom. Social Studies Research and Practice, 11(1), 93–111. https://doi.org/10.1108/SSRP-01-2016-B0006
   Google Scholar
• Matsuda, M. J., Lawrence, C. R., III, Delgado, R., & Crenshaw, K. (Eds.). (1993). Words that wound: Critical race theory, assaultive speech, and the First Amendment. Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• McBean, T. R., & Feinberg, J. R. (2020). Critically examining virtual history curriculum. The Journal of Social Studies Research, 44(1), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssr.2019.08.002
   Google Scholar
• McCreary, T., Basu, R., & Godlewska, A. (2013). Critical geographies of education: Introduction to the special issue. Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe Canadien, 57(3), 255–259. https://doi.org/10.1111/cag.12031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDaniel, G. W. (2014). Asking big questions of a small place. In M. van Balgooy (Ed.), Interpreting African American history and culture at museums and historic sites (pp. 129–134). Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• McGee, K. (2023). Texas lawmakers find consensus on bill banning diversity, equity and inclusion offices in public universities. Texas tribune. https://www.texastribune.org/2023/05/27/texas-university-diversity-equity-inclusion-dei-bill-conference/
   Google Scholar
• McKittrick, K. (2006). Demonic grounds: Black women and the cartographies of struggle. University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• McKittrick, K. (2011). On plantations, prisons, and a black sense of place. Social and Cultural Geography, 12(8), 947–963. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2011.624280
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKittrick, K., & Woods, C. A. (Eds.). (2007). Black geographies and the politics of place. Between the Lines.
   Google Scholar
• McLennan County. (2016). McLennan county cumulative report: Official McLennan county joint General election: November 08, 2016. Author. https://tx-mclennancounty.civicplus.com/DocumentCenter/View/4189/McLennan-County-Cumulative-Report-PDF?bidId=
   Google Scholar
• McLennan County. (2020). Cumulative report: Official McLennan county joint General Election: November 03, 2020. Author. https://tx-mclennancounty.civicplus.com/DocumentCenter/View/11174/countywidecumulative
   Google Scholar
• McLennan County. (2022). November 8, 2022 joint General election cumulative: Official McLennan County: November 8, 2022 Joint General Election: November 8, 2022. Author. https://tx-mclennancounty.civicplus.com/DocumentCenter/View/13746/McLennan-County-Cumulative-Report
   Google Scholar
• Mills, S. (2021). Mapping the moral geographies of education: Character, citizenship and values. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mills, S., & Kraftl, P. (2016). Cultural geographies of education. Cultural Geographies, 23(1), 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474474015612717
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mock Muñoz de Luna, L. I., Hernández Adkins, S. D., & Ohito, E. (2023). A Morrisonian call for the death of (critical) whiteness (studies) in teacher education. Whiteness and Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/23793406.2023.2222543
   Google Scholar
• Monreal, T., & Popielarz, K. (2022). Teaching for spatial justice: A framework for social studies educators. The Oregon Journal of Social Studies, 10(2), 34–43.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, T. (1992). Playing in the dark: Whiteness and the literary imagination. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, A. D. (2018). The development of the alternative black curriculum, 1890 –1940: Countering the master narrative. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Mylin, A., & Bird, P. (n.d.). Vivienne Lucille Malone-Mayes. Waco History. https://wacohistory.org/items/show/51
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Education Statistics. (n.d.). NCES locale classifications and criteria. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/edge/docs/locale_classifications.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Council for the Social Studies. (2013). The college, career, and civic life (C3) framework for social studies state standards: Guidance for enhancing the rigor of K-12 civics, economics, geography, and history. Author.
   Google Scholar
• Neely, B., & Samura, M. (2011). Social geographies of race: Connecting race and space. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34(11), 1933–1952. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.559262
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, B. (n.d.). Baylor homecoming parade. Waco History. https://wacohistory.org/items/show/32
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, N., Cohen, D., & Huff, A. (2017). Catching the bus: A call for critical geographies of education. Geography Compass, 11(8), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12323
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nocera, A., Newton, V., & Jiang, S. (2024). “They created segregation with the economy”: Using AI for a student-driven inquiry into redlining in the social studies classroom. Theory & Research in Social Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.2024.2331466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nxumalo, F. (2021). Disrupting anti-Blackness in early childhood qualitative inquiry: Thinking with Black refusal and Black futurity. Qualitative Inquiry, 27(10), 1191–1199. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778004211021810
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nxumalo, F., & Cedillo, S. (2017). Decolonizing place in early childhood studies: Thinking with indigenous onto-epistemologies and Black feminist geographies. Global Studies of Childhood, 7(2), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043610617703831
   Google Scholar
• Nxumalo, F., & Wallace, M. F. (2022). In conversation with Fikile Nxumalo: Refiguring onto-epistemic attunements for im/possible science pedagogies. In M. F. G. Wallace, J. Bazzul, & M. Higgins, & S. Tolbert (Eds.), Reimagining science education in the anthropocene (pp. pg. 321–330). Palgrave MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor, C., & Joffe, H. (2020). Intercoder reliability in qualitative research: Debates and practical guidelines. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406919899220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office of the Secretary of the State. (n.d.). 2018 General election: McLennan County race summary. Texas Secretary of State. https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist331_county161.htm
   Google Scholar
• Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. (n.d.). Urban population by city size. Author. https://data.oecd.org/popregion/urban-population-by-city-size.htm#:~:text=Urban%20areas%20in%20OECD%20countries,areas%20if%20their%20population%20is
   Google Scholar
• Parker, L., & Lynn, M. (2002). What’s race got to do with it? Critical race theory’s conflicts with and connections to qualitative research methodology and epistemology. Qualitative Inquiry, 8(1), 7–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800402008001002
   Google Scholar
• Peller, G. (1990). Race consciousness. Duke Law Journal, 1990(4), 758–847. https://doi.org/10.2307/1372723
   Google Scholar
• Pennell, J. (2019). Chip and Joanna Gaines bought Cottonland Castle in Waco, Texas. Today. https://www.today.com/home/chip-joanna-gaines-bought-cottonland-castle-waco-texas-t149412
   Google Scholar
• Poon, O. A., & Segoshi, M. S. (2018). The racial mascot speaks: A critical race discourse analysis of Asian Americans and Fisher vs. University of Texas. The Review of Higher Education, 42(1), 235–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, P. L. (2010). At the crossroads: Critical race theory and critical geographies of race. Progress in Human Geography, 34(2), 147–174. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132509339005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pycior, J. L. (2014). Democratic renewal and the mutual aid legacy of US Mexicans. Texas A&M University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, Z. F. (2014). This ain’t Chicago: Race, class, and regional identity in the post-soul south. University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Roediger, D. R. (1994). Towards the abolition of whiteness: Essays on race, politics, and working class history. Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Roediger, D. R. (2003). Colored White: Transcending the racial past. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sack, R. D. (1997). Homo geographicus. Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Saldaña, J. (2013). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Santiago, M. (2019). Historical inquiry to challenge the narrative of racial progress. Cognition & Instruction, 37(1), 93–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370008.2018.1539734
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, S. J. (2011). Making space for the citizen in geographic education. The Journal of Geography, 110(3), 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221341.2011.537671
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, S. J. (2013a). Claiming our turf: Students’ civic negotiation of the public space of school. Theory & Research in Social Education, 41(4), 535–551. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.2013.840717
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, S. J. (2013b). Queer geography: A query of norms in the social studies. In T. W. Kenreich (Ed.), Geography and social justice in the classroom (pp. 129–149). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, S. J. (2015). A queer arrangement of school: Using spatiality to understand inequity. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 47(2), 253–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220272.2014.986764
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, S. J. (2017). Hacked landscapes: Tensions, borders, and positionality in spatial literacy. The Journal of Geography, 116(3), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221341.2016.1257046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, S. J. (2022). “We don’t live in jungles”: Mediating Africa as a transnational socio-spatial field. Teachers College Record, 124(6), 38–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/01614681221111060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, S. J., & Kenreich, T. W. (2015). In a space but not of it: Uncovering racial narratives through geography. In P. T. Chandler (Ed.), Doing race in social studies: Critical perspectives (pp. 229–252). Information Age.
   Google Scholar
• Seagert, R. (2023, February, 12). Crowd gathers to dedicate Jesse Washington marker, reflect on legacy of lynching. Waco Tribune Herald. https://wacotrib.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/crowd-gathers-to-dedicate-jesse-washington-marker-reflect-on-legacy-of-lynching/article_74301e0a-ab39-11ed-bdec-6fcef29ac2f4.html
   Google Scholar
• Seeger, C., Mitchell Patterson, T., & Paz, M. G. (2023). Reckoning with white supremacy and anti-Black racism in the Virginia US history standards. Curriculum Inquiry, 53(3), 268–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/03626784.2022.2127620
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soja, E. W. (1989). Postmodern geographies: The reassertion of space in critical social theory. Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Soja, E. W. (2010). Spatializing the urban, part I. City, 14(6), 629–635. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2010.539371
   Google Scholar
• Solórzano, D. G., & Yosso, T. J. (2002). Critical race methodology: Counter-storytelling as an analytical framework for education research. Qualitative Inquiry, 8(1), 23–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/107780040200800103
   Google Scholar
• Stokes, M. (2007). DW Griffith’s the birth of a nation: A history of the most controversial motion picture of all time. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stoll, L. (2015). Teachers’ perspectives on race and racial inequality: Strategic intersectionality and the countervailing effects of privilege. In D. J. Davis, R. Brunn-Bevel, & J. Olive (Eds.), Intersectionality in educational research (pp. 71–92). Stylus.
   Google Scholar
• Tate, W. F. (2008). “Geography of opportunity”: Poverty, place, and educational outcomes. Educational Researcher, 37(7), 397–411. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X08326409
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, L. K. (2018). Pedagogies of remembrance and “doing critical heritage” in the teaching of history: Counter-memorializing Canada 150 with future teachers. Journal of Canadian Studies, 52(1), 217–248. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcs.2017-0056.r2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thacker, E. S., & Bodle, A. T. (2022). Seizing the moment: A critical place-based partnership for antiracist elementary social studies teacher education. Theory & Research in Social Education, 50(3), 402–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.2022.2075296
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner-Pearson, K. (2008). The stone site: A Waco Indian village frozen in time. Plains Anthropologist, 53(208), 565–593. https://doi.org/10.1179/pan.2008.039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utt, J. (2018). A case for decentering whiteness in education: How Eurocentric social studies curriculum acts as a form of white/western studies. Ethnic Studies Review, 41(1–2), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.1525/esr.2018.411205
   Google Scholar
• van Dijk, T. A. (2008). Discourse and power. Bloomsbury Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• van Dijk, T. A. (2009). Critical discourse studies: A sociocognitive approach. Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, 2(1), 62–86. https://doi.org/10.1075/z.184.79dij
   Google Scholar
• van Dijk, T. A. (2015). Critical discourse analysis. In H. E. Hamilton, D. Tannen, & D. Schiffrin (Eds.), The handbook of discourse analysis (pp. 466–485). John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Vasquez Heilig, J., Brown, K., & Brown, A. (2012). The illusion of inclusion: A critical race theory textual analysis of race and standards. Harvard Educational Review, 82(3), 403–424. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.82.3.84p8228670j24650
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vickery, A. E., & Rodríguez, N. N. (Eds.). (2022). Critical race theory and social studies futures: From the nightmare of racial realism to dreaming out loud. Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vlach, S. K., James-Gallaway, A. D., & Frieson, B. L. (2022). Nothing nice about it: Critiquing Midwest nice in teacher education. Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy. Advance online publication. 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/15505170.2022.2136804
   Google Scholar
• Waco History. (n.d.). Waco history. Author. https://wacohistory.org/
   Google Scholar
• Wade, R. C. (1993). Content analysis of social studies textbooks: A review of ten years of research. Theory & Research in Social Education, 21(3), 232–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.1993.10505703
   Google Scholar
• Walker, D. M., & Newlove, P. M. (2020). But I just never knew! Theorizing and challenging the ideologies of whiteness in social studies. In A. M. Hawkman & S. B. Shear (Eds.), Marking the “invisible”: Articulating whiteness in social studies education (pp. 55–74). Information Age.
   Google Scholar
• Wattley, C. E. B. (2014). A step toward Brown v. Board of education: Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher and her fight to end segregation. University of Oklahoma Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wenger, R. (n.d.). Walker’s auditorium. Waco History. https://wacohistory.org/items/show/211
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler, A. N. (2015). Heritage, power & cultural memory in historic markers [ Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Texas A&M University.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, A., & McMillian, R. (2024). kNow your history KNOw yourself: Fugitive praxes of Black joy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Urban Education. Advance online publication. doi. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420859241227954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wodak, R. (Ed.). (1989). Language, power and ideology. Walter Benjamin. https://doi.org/10.1075/ct.7
   Google Scholar
• Wolcott, V. W. (2012). Race, riots, and roller coasters: The struggle over segregated recreation in America. University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Woyshner, C. (2024). Civic education in informal settings: Black voluntary associations as schools for democracy, 1898–1959. Theory & Research in Social Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.2023.2277438
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeaman, A. (n.d). Mutualista Hall (La Mutualista Sociedad de Jornaleros). Waco History. https://wacohistory.org/items/show/185?tour=9&index=8
   Google Scholar
• Zuberi, T. (2010). Critical race theory of society. Connecticut Law Review, 43(5), 1573–1592.
   Google Scholar
• Zuberi, T., & Bonilla-Silva, E. (Eds.). (2008). White logic, white methods: Racism and methodology. Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar