228
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Specialized Salt Production During the Ancient Maya Classic Period at Two Paynes Creek Salt Works, Belize: Chan b’i and Atz’aam Na

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Andrews, A. P. 1983. Maya Salt Production and Trade. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
  • Andrews, A. P., and S. B. Mock. 2002. “New Perspectives on the Prehispanic Maya Salt Trade.” In Ancient Maya Political Economies, edited by M. A. Masson and D. A. Freidel, 307–334. Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira Press.
  • Andrieu, C. 2013. “Late Classic Maya Lithic Production and Exchange at Rio Bec and Calakmul, Mexico.” Journal of Field Archaeology 38 (1): 21–37. doi: 10.1179/0093469012Z.00000000034
  • Antczak, K. 2017. “Cultivating Salt: Socio-Natural Assemblages on the Saltpans of the Venezuelan Islands, Seventeenth to Nineteenth Century.” Environmental Archaeology 23 (1): 56–68. doi: 10.1080/14614103.2017.1345097
  • Aoyama, K. 2007. “Elite Artists and Craft Producers in Classic Maya Society: Lithic Evidence from Aguateca, Guatemala.” Latin American Antiquity 18 (1): 3–26. doi: 10.2307/25063083
  • Arnold III, P. J. 1991. “Dimensional Standardization and Production Scale in Mesoamerican Ceramics.” Latin American Antiquity 2 (4): 363–370. doi: 10.2307/971784
  • Ashmore, W., ed. 1981. Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
  • Ashmore, W. 1990. “Ode to a Dragline: Demographic Reconstructions at Classic Quirigua.” In Precolumbian Population History in the Maya Lowlands, edited by T. P. Culbert and D. S. Rice, 63–82. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
  • Carrasco, R. V., and M. Cordeiro Baquerio. 2012. “The Murals of Chiik Nahb Structure Sub 1–4, Calakmul Mexico.” In Maya Archaeology 2, edited by C. Golden, S. D. Houston, and J. Skidmore, 8–59. San Francisco: Mesoweb Press.
  • Carrasco, R. V., V. López, and S. Martin. 2009. “Daily Life of The Ancient Maya Recorded on Murals at Calakmul, Mexico.” Proceedings for the National Academy of Sciences 106 (46): 19245–19249. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0904374106
  • Chase, A. F., D. Z. Chase, R. E. Terry, J. M. Horlacher, and A. S. Z. Chase. 2015. “Markets Among the Ancient Maya: The Case of Caracol, Belize.” In The Ancient Maya Marketplace, edited by E. King, 226–250. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
  • Chase, D. Z., and A. F. Chase. 2004. “Archaeological Perspective on Classic Maya Social Organization from Caracol, Belize.” Ancient Mesoamerica 15 (1): 139–147. doi: 10.1017/S0956536104151080
  • Chase, D. Z., and A. F. Chase. 2012. “Belize Red Ceramics and Their Implications for Trade and Exchange in the Eastern Maya Lowlands.” Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 9: 3–14.
  • Clark, J. E. 1986. “From Mountains to Molehills: A Critical Review of Teotihuacan’s Obsidian Industry.” In Research in Economic Anthropology, Supplement 2, edited by B. L. Issac, 23–74. Greenwich: JAI Press.
  • Clark, J. E. 2007. “In Craft Specialization’s Penumbra: Things, Persons, Action, Value, and Surplus.” In Special Issue: Rethinking Craft Specialization in Complex Societies: Archaeological Analyses of the Social Meaning of Production, edited by Z. X. Hruby and R. K. Flad, 20–35. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 17. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association.
  • Clark, J. E., and S. D. Houston. 1998. “Craft Specialization, Gender and Personhood among the Post-conquest Maya of Yucatan, Mexico.” In Craft and Social Identity, edited by C. L. Costin and R. P. Wright, 31–46. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 8. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association.
  • Costin, C. L. 1991. “Craft Specialization: Issues in Defining, Documenting, and Explaining the Organization of Production.” In Archaeological Method and Theory Volume 1, edited by M. B. Schiffer, 1–56. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
  • Costin, C. L. 1998. “Housewives, Chosen Women, Skilled Men: Cloth Production, and Social Identity in the Late Prehispanic Andes.” In Craft and Social Identity, edited by C. L. Costin and R. P. Wright, 124–141. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 8. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association.
  • Dillon, B., K. Pope, and M. Love. 1988. “An Ancient Extractive Industry: Maya Saltmaking at Salinas de las Nueve Cerros, Guatemala.” Journal of New World Archaeology 7 (1): 37–107.
  • Earle, T. K. 1981. “Comment on Evolution of Specialized Pottery Production: A Trial Model, by Prudence M. Rice.” Current Anthropology 22 (3): 230–231.
  • Eerkens, J. W., and R. L. Bettinger. 2001. “Techniques for Assessing Standardization in Artifact Assemblages: Can We Scale Material Variability?” American Antiquity 66 (3): 493–504. doi: 10.2307/2694247
  • Emery, K. 2009. “Perspectives on Ancient Maya Bone Crafting from a Classic Period Bone-Artifact Manufacturing Assemblage.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28 (1): 458–470. doi: 10.1016/j.jaa.2009.07.003
  • Emery, K., and K. Aoyama. 2007. “Bone, Shell, and Lithic Evidence for Crafting in Elite Maya Household at Aguateca, Guatemala.” Ancient Mesoamerica 18 (1): 69–89. doi: 10.1017/S0956536107000089
  • Feinman, G. M. 1999. “Rethinking Our Assumptions: Economic Specialization at the Household Scale in Ancient Ejutla, Oaxaca, Mexico.” In Pottery and People: A Dynamic Interaction, edited by J. Skibo and G. M. Feinman, 81–98. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
  • Gonlin, N. 2004. “Methods for Understanding Classic Maya Commoners: Structure Function, Energetics, and More.” In Ancient Maya Commoners, edited by J. C. Lohse and F. Valdez Jr., 225–254. Austin: University Press of Texas.
  • Good, C. 1995. “Salt Production and Commerce In Guerrero, Mexico: An Ethnographic Contribution to Historical Reconstruction.” Ancient Mesoamerica 6 (1): 1–14.
  • Hammond, N. 1975. Lubaantun: A Classic Maya Realm. Monographs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 2. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Helm, M. 1993. Craft and the Kingly Ideal: Art, Trade, and Power. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Hirth, K. G. 1993. “The Household as an Analytical Unit: Problems in Method and Theory.” In Household, Compound, and Residence: Studies of Prehispanic Domestic Units in Western Mesoamerica, edited by R. S. Santley and K. G. Hirth, 21–36. Boca Raton: Taylor and Francis.
  • Hirth, K. G. 2009. “Craft Production, Household Diversification, and Domestic Economy in Prehispanic Mesoamerica.” In Housework: Craft Production and Domestic Economy in Ancient Mesoamerica, edited by K. G. Hirth, 13–32. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 19. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association.
  • Hirth, K. G. 2013. “The Merchant’s World: Commercial Diversity and the Economics of Interregional Exchange in Highland Mesoamerica.” In Merchants, Markets, and Exchange in the Pre-Columbian World, edited by K. G. Hirth and J. Pillsbury, 85–112. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Hopkins, N. 2012. Dictionary of The Chuj (Mayan) Language: As Spoken in San Mateo Ixtatan, Huehuetenango, Guatemala, ca. 1964–1965. Tallahassee, FL: The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America.
  • Inomata, T. 2001. “The Power and Ideology of Artistic Creation.” Current Anthropology 42 (3): 321–349.
  • Inomata, T. 2007. “Knowledge and Belief in Artistic Production by Classic Maya Elites.” In Special Issue: Rethinking Craft Specialization in Complex Societies: Archaeological Analyses of the Social Meaning of Production, edited by Z. X. Hruby and R. K. Flad, 129–141. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 17. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association.
  • Inomata, T., and D. Triadan, eds. 2010. Burned Palaces and Elite Residences of Aguateca: Excavations and Ceramics. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
  • Jordan, J. M., and K. M. Prufer. 2017. “Identifying Domestic Ceramic Production in the Maya Lowlands: A Case Study from Uxbenka, Belize.” Latin American Antiquity 28 (1): 66–87. doi: 10.1017/laq.2016.3
  • Kepecs, S. M. 2003. “Chickinchel.” In The Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by M. E. Smith and F. F. Berdan, 259–268. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
  • Lohse, J. C., and F. Valdez, Jr., eds. 2004. Ancient Maya Commoners. Austin: University Press of Texas.
  • Longacre, W. A. 1999. “Standardization and Specialization: What's the Link?” In Pottery and People: A Dynamic Interaction, edited by J. Skibo and G. Feinman, 44–58. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
  • Macintyre, I. G., M. A. Toscano, R. G. Lightly, and G. B. Bond. 2004. “Holocene of the Mangrove Islands of Twin Cays, Belize, Central America.” Atoll Research Bulletin 510: 1–16.
  • MacKinnon, J. J., and S. M. Kepecs. 1989. “Prehispanic Saltmaking in Belize: New Evidence.” American Antiquity 53 (3): 522–533. doi: 10.2307/280780
  • Martin, S. 2012. “Hieroglyphs and the Painted Pyramid: The Epigraphy of Chiik Nahb Structure Sub 1–4, Calakmul.” In Maya Archaeology 2, edited by C. Golden, S. D. Houston, and J. Skidmore, 60–81. San Francisco: Precolumbia Mesoweb Press.
  • Masson, M. A. 2001. “The Economic Organization of Late and Terminal Classic Period Stone Tool Craft Specialist Workshops at Colha, Belize.” Lithic Technology 26 (1): 29–49. doi: 10.1080/01977261.2001.11720974
  • Masson, M. A., T. S. Hare, C. P. Lope, B. C. Escamilla Ojeda, E. H. Paris, B. Kohut, B. W. Russell, and W. C. Alverado. 2016. “Household Craft Production in the Prehispanic Urban Setting of Mayapan, Yucatan, Mexico.” Journal of Archaeological Research 24 (3): 229–274. doi: 10.1007/s10814-016-9091-x
  • McKee, K. L., and P. L. Faulkner. 2000. “Mangrove Peat Analysis and Reconstruction of Vegetation History at the Pelican Cays, Belize.” Atoll Research Bulletin 468: 45–57. doi: 10.5479/si.00775630.468.47
  • McKillop, H. 1995. “Underwater Archaeology, Salt Production, and Coastal Maya Trade at Stingray Lagoon, Belize.” Latin American Antiquity 6 (3): 214–228. doi: 10.2307/971673
  • McKillop, H. 2002. Salt: White Gold of the Ancient Maya. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
  • McKillop, H. 2005a. “Finds in Belize Document Late Classic Maya Salt Making and Canoe Transport.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 (15): 5630–5634. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0408486102
  • McKillop, H. 2005b. In Search of Maya Sea Traders. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
  • McKillop, H. 2006. “Underwater Maya: Ancient Maya Wooden Architecture.” Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 3: 247–255.
  • McKillop, H. 2007. “GIS of the Maya Canoe Paddle Site, K'ak’ Naab’.” FAMSI Research Report. http://www.famsi.org/reports/05032/.
  • McKillop, H. 2008. “One Hundred Salt Works! The Infrastructure of the Ancient Maya Salt Industry.” Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 5: 251–260.
  • McKillop, H. 2009. “Mapping Ancient Maya Wooden Architecture on the Sea Floor, Belize.” ACUA Underwater Archaeology Proceedings 2009: 277–286.
  • McKillop, H. 2010a. “Ancient Maya Canoe Navigation and their Implications for Classic and Postclassic Maya Economy and Trade.” Journal of Caribbean Archaeology 3 (1): 93–105.
  • McKillop, H. 2010b. “Underwater Maya: Spatial Analysis of Briquetage and Wooden Buildings at the Paynes Creek Saltworks, Belize, Central America.” In Salt Archaeology in China, Volume 2: Global Comparative Perspectives, edited by S. Li and L. von Falkenhausen, 348–373. Beijing: Science Press.
  • McKillop, H. 2015. “Evaluating Ancient Maya Salt Production and the Domestic Economy: The Paynes Creek Salt Works and Beyond.” Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 12: 97–105.
  • McKillop, H. 2017a. “Diving Deeper in Punta Ycacos Lagoon at the Paynes Creek Salt Works, Belize.” Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 14: 279–288.
  • McKillop, H. 2017b. “Early Maya Navigation and Maritime Connections in Mesoamerica.” In The Sea in History, The Medieval World, edited by M. Balard, 701–715. Rochester: Boydell and Brewer.
  • McKillop, H., and E. C. Sills. 2016. “Spatial Patterning of Salt Production and Wooden Buildings Evaluated by Underwater Excavations at Paynes Creek Salt Work 74.” Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 13: 229–237.
  • McKillop, H., and E. C. Sills. 2017. “The Paynes Creek Salt Works, Belize: A Model for Ancient Maya Salt Production.” In The Value of Things: Commodities in the Maya Region from Prehistoric to Contemporary, edited by J. Matthews and T. Guderjan, 67–86. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
  • McKillop, H., E. C. Sills, and V. Cellucci. 2014. “The Ancient Maya Canoe Paddle and the Canoe from Paynes Creek National Park, Belize.” Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 11: 297–306.
  • McKillop, H., E. C. Sills, and J. Harrison. 2010a. “Ancient Vegetation and Landscape of Salt Production in Paynes Creek National Park, Belize.” Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 7: 245–252.
  • McKillop, H., E. C. Sills, and J. Harrison. 2010b. “A Late Holocene Record of Caribbean Sea-Level Rise: the K’ak’ Naab’ Underwater Site Sediment Record, Belize.” ACUA Underwater Archaeology Proceedings 2010: 200–207.
  • Mock, S. 1997. “Monkey Business at Northern River Lagoon: A Coastal-Inland Interaction Sphere in Northern Belize.” Ancient Mesoamerica 8 (2): 165–183. doi: 10.1017/S0956536100001668
  • Moholy-Nagy, H. 1997. “Middens, Construction Fill, and Offerings: Evidence For The Organization of Classic Period Craft Production At Tikal, Guatemala.” Journal of Field Archaeology 24 (3): 293–313.
  • Moore, J. D., and J. L. Gasco. 1990. “Perishable Structures and Serial Dwellings from Coastal Chiapas: Implications for the Archaeology of Households.” Ancient Mesoamerica 1 (2): 205–212. doi: 10.1017/S0956536100000225
  • Netting, R. M., R. R. Wilk, and E. J. Arnould, eds. 1984. Households. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Parsons, J. R. 2001. The Last Saltmakers of Nexquipayac, Mexico: An Archaeological Ethnography. Anthropological Papers 92, Museum of Anthropology. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
  • Reina, R. E., and J. Monaghan. 1981. “The Ways of the Maya: Salt Production in Sacapulas, Guatemala.” Expedition 23 (1): 13–33.
  • Reents-Budet, D. 1998. “Elite Maya Pottery and Artisans as Social Indicators.” In Craft and Social Identity, edited by C. L. Costin and R. P. Wright, 71–89. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 8. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association.
  • Rice, P. M. 1981. “Evolution of Specialized Pottery Production: A Trial Model.” Current Anthropology 22 (3): 219–240. doi: 10.1086/202661
  • Rice, P. M. 1987. Pottery Analysis: A Sourcebook. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Rice, P. M. 1990. “Specialization, Standardization, and Diversity: A Retrospective.” In The Ceramic Legacy of Anna O. Shepard, edited by R. Bishop and F. Lange, 257–279. Niwot: University Press of Colorado.
  • Robin, C., ed. 2012. Chan: An Ancient Maya Farming Community. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
  • Robinson, M., and H. McKillop. 2013. “Ancient Maya Wood Selection and Forest Exploitation: A View From The Paynes Creek Salt Works, Belize.” Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (10): 3584–3595. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2013.04.028
  • Robinson, M., and H. McKillop. 2014. “Fueling the Ancient Maya Salt Industry.” Economic Botany 68 (1): 96–108. doi: 10.1007/s12231-014-9263-x
  • Rochette, E. T. 2009. “Jade in Full: Prehispanic Domestic Production of Wealth Goods in the Middle Motagua Valley, Guatemala.” Housework: Craft Production and Domestic Economy in Ancient Mesoamerica, edited by K. G. Hirth, 205–224. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 19. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association.
  • Sabloff, J. A. 1975. Excavations at Seibal, Department of the Petén, Guatemala: Ceramics. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 13 (2). Cambridge: Harvard University.
  • Scarborough, V. L., and R. A. Robertson. 1986. “Civic and Residential Settlement at a Late Preclassic Maya Center.” Journal of Field Archaeology 13 (2): 155–175.
  • Shafer, H. J., and T. R. Hester. 1983. “Ancient Maya Chert Workshops in Northern Belize, Central America.” American Antiquity 48 (3): 519–543. doi: 10.2307/280559
  • Shafer, H. J., and T. R. Hester. 1991. “Lithic Craft Specialization and Product Distribution at the Maya Site of Colha.” World Archaeology 23 (1): 79–97. doi: 10.1080/00438243.1991.9980160
  • Sheets, P., C. Dixon, D. Lentz, R. Egan, A. Halmbacher, V. Slotten, R. Herrera, and C. Lamb. 2015. “The Sociopolitical Economy of an Ancient Maya Village: Ceren and its Sacbe.” Latin American Antiquity 26 (3): 341–361. doi: 10.7183/1045-6635.26.3.341
  • Sills, E. C. 2016. “Re-evaluating the Ancient Maya Salt Works at Placencia Lagoon, Belize.” Mexicon XXXVIII (3): 69–74.
  • Sills, E. C., and H. McKillop. 2010. “The Architecture of Salt Production at the John Spang Site, Paynes Creek National Park, Belize.” Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 7: 253–258.
  • Sills, E. C. and H. McKillop. 2013. “Underwater Excavations of Classic Period Salt Works, Paynes Creek National Park, Belize.” Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 10: 281–288.
  • Sills, E. C., H. McKillop, and E. C. Wells. 2016. “Chemical Signatures of Ancient Activities at Chan b’i – A Submerged Maya Salt Works, Belize.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 9 (1): 654–662. doi: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.08.024
  • Smith, R. E., and J. C. Gifford. 1966. Maya Ceramic Varieties, Types, and Wares at Uaxactun, Guatemala. New Orleans: Middle America Research Institute Tulane University.
  • Stark, B. L. 1991. “Problems in Analysis of Standardization and Specialization in Pottery.” In Ceramic Production in the American Southwest, edited by B. Mills and P. Crown, 231–267. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
  • Stark, B. L., and C. P. Garraty. 2010. “Detecting Marketplace Exchange in Archaeology: A Methodological Review.” In Archaeological Approaches to Market Exchange in Ancient Societies, edited by C. P. Garraty and B. L. Stark, 33–60. Boulder: University Press of Colorado.
  • Valdez, F., Jr., and S. Mock. 1991. “Additional Considerations for Prehispanic Saltmaking in Belize.” Latin American Antiquity 56 (3): 520–525. doi: 10.2307/280900
  • Watson, R., H. McKillop, and E. C. Sills. 2013. “Brine Enriching Slag Heaps or Mounded Remains of Salt Makers Homes? Earthen Mounds in the Mangroves at the Paynes Creek Salt Works.” Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 10: 297–304.
  • Wauchope, R. 1938. Modern Maya Houses: A Study of Their Archaeological Significance. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington.
  • Williams, E. 1999. “The Ethnoarchaeology of Salt Production at Lake Cuitzeo, Michoacan, Mexico.” Latin American Antiquity 10 (4): 400–414. doi: 10.2307/971964
  • Williams, E. 2004. “The Ethnoarchaeology of Salt Production in the Lake Cuitzeo Basin Michoacán, México.” FAMSI Research Report. http://www.famsi.org/reports/02006/02006Williams01.pdf.
  • Wölfel, U., and L. Frühsorge. 2008. “Archaeological Sites near San Mateo Ixtatán: Hints at Ethnic Plurality.” Mexicon 30 (4): 86–93.
  • Woodfill, B. K. S., B. D. Dillon, M. Wolf, C. Avendaño, and R. Canter. 2015. “Salinas de Las Nueve Cerros, Guatemala: A Major Economic Center in the Southern Maya Lowlands.” Latin American Antiquity 26 (2): 162–179. doi: 10.7183/1045-6635.26.2.162
  • Wright, C., D. H. Romney, R. H. Arbuckle, and V. E. Vial. 1959. Land in British Honduras: Report of the British Land Use Survey Team. Colonial Research Publication 24. London: Colonial Office.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.