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Journalism History Volume 40, 2014 - Issue 3
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Articles

Politics Drawn in Black and White

Henry J. Lewis's Visual Rhetoric in Late-1800s Black Editorial Cartoons

Windy Y. LawrenceView further author information
,
Benjamin BatesView further author information
&
Mark CervenkaView further author information
Pages 138-147 | Published online: 19 Mar 2019

NOTES

  • We have chosen to use the terms “Black” and “White” instead of “African American” and “European American” for two reasons: first, we think that it would be anachronistic to use the term “African American” because “Black” was the term in use during the post-Reconstruction era; second, we think it is important to highlight the terms “Black” and “White” as they force us to directly address issues of color; skin color being the way that society in the post-Reconstruction era divided people into races. They did not use continental ancestry.
  • See Emma Lou Thornbrough, “American Negro Newspapers, 1880–1914,” Business History Review 40, no. 44 (Winter, 1966): 467–90; and Walter L. Williams, “Black Journalism's Opinions about Africa during the Late Nineteenth Century,” Phyton 34, no. 3 (Third Quarter 1973): 224–35.
  • See Todd Vogel, The Black Press: New Literacy and Historical Essays (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2001).
  • See Darrel E. Bigham, “The Black Press in Indiana, 1879–1985,” in The Black Press in the Middle West, 1865–1985, wHenry Lewis Suggs, ed. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1996); and Henry Lewis Suggs, “Introduction,” in The Black Press in the Middle West, 1865–1985, Henry Lewis Suggs, ed. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1996).
  • See Charles A. Simmons, The African American Press: A History of News Coverage During National Crisis with Special Reference to Four Black Newspapers, 1827–1965 (London: McFarland, 1998).
  • See Penelope L. Bullock, The Afro-American Periodical Press, 1838–1909 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981).
  • See Roland E. Wolseley, The Black Press, U.S.A., 2nd ed. (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1990).
  • Williams, “Black Journalism's Opinions about Africa during the Late Nineteenth Century.”
  • See Aleen J. Ratzlaff, “Illustrated African American Journalism: Political Cartooning in the Indianapolis Freeman,” in David B. Sachsman, S. Kittrell Rushing, and Roy Morris Jr., eds., Seeking a Voice: Images of Race and Gender in the 19th Century Press (Purdue University Press, 2009): 132.
  • Ibid, 131.
  • See Marvin D. Jeter and Mark Cervenka, “H.J. Lewis, Free Man and Freeman Artist: The First African American Political Cartoonist,” Common-Place 7, no. 3 (April 2007), http://www.common-place.org/vol-07/no-03/jeter-cervenka/.
  • Martin J. Medhurst and Michael A. DeSousa, “Political Cartoons as Rhetorical Form: A Taxonomy of Graphic Discourse,” Communication Monographs, 48 (1981): 197–236.
  • Lucy Shelton Caswell, “Drawing Swords: War in American Editorial Cartoons,” American Journalism 21, no. 2 (2004): 13–45.
  • Chris Lamb, Drawn to Extremes: The Use and Abuse of Editorial Cartoons (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004); and Chris Lamb, “Drawing Power: the Limits of Editorial Cartoons in America,” Journalism Studies 8, no. 5 (2007): 715–29.
  • Stephen Hess and Sandy Northrop, Drawn and Quartered: The History of American Political Cartoons (Montgomery, Ala.: Elliot and Clark Publishing, 1996).
  • Benjamin Bates, Mark Cervenka, and Windy Lawrence, “Redrawing Afrocentrism: Visual Nommo in George H. Ben Johnson's Editorial Cartoons,” Howard Journal of Communications 19, no. 4 (2008): 277–96.
  • Kirt H. Wilson, “The Racial Politics of Imitation in the Nineteenth Century,” Quarterly Journal of Speech, 89 (2003): 89–108.
  • Kirt H. Wilson, “The Contested Space of Prudence in the 1974–1975 Civil Rights Debate,” Quarterly Journal of Speech, 84 (1998): 131–49.
  • Bert Bradley, “Negro Speakers in Congress: 1869–1875,” Southern Communication Journal, 18 (1953): 216–25.
  • Wilson, “The Contested Space.”
  • See Sterling Johnson, Black Globalism: The International Politics of a NonState Nation (Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate, 1998); Jacqueline M. Moore, Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, and the Struggle for Racial Uplift (Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 2003); and Wilson Jeremiah Moses, Creative Conflict in African American Thought: Frederick Douglass, Alexander Crummell, Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Marcus Garvey (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
  • William Edward Burghardt Du Bois, “Of Booker T. Washington and Others,” in The Souls of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches (Chicago: A.C. McClurg, 1903).
  • Cal M. Logue, “Rhetorical Ridicule of Reconstruction Blacks” Quarterly Journal of Speech, 62(1976): 409.
  • Ibid.
  • David Domke, “The Press and ‘Delusive Theories of Equality and Fraternity’ in the Age of Emancipation,” Critical Studies in Mass Communication 13, no. 3(1996): 228–50.
  • Wilson, “The Racial Politics.”
  • Richard Digby-Junger, “The Guardian, Crisis, Messenger, and Negro World: The Early-20th-Century Black Radical Press,” Howard Journal of Communications, 9, no. 3 (1998): 263–82.
  • See Charles A. Simmons, The African American Press: A History of News Coverage During National Crisis with Special Reference to Four Black Newspapers, 1827–1965 (London: McFarland, 1998); and Walter L. Williams, “Black Journalism's Opinions about Africa During the Late Nineteenth Century.”
  • Moore, Booker T. Washington, 11.
  • Ibid., 12.
  • Martin E. Dann, ed., The Black Press: 1827–1890 (New York: Capricorn Books, 1972); Patrick S. Washburn, The African American Newspaper: Voice of Freedom (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 2006); and Jeter and Cervenka, “H.J. Lewis, Free Man and Freeman Artist.”
  • See Jeter and Cervenka, “H.J. Lewis, Free Man and Freeman Artist.”
  • Ibid.
  • See Marvin D. Jeter, “Henry Jackson Lewis and His Family in Indiana and Beyond, 1889–1890s,” in Indiana's African-American Heritage: Essays From Black News & Notes, ed. Wilma L. Gibbs (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1993): 165; and Henry Lewis Suggs, The Black Press in the South, 1865–1979 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983).
  • Dann, ed., The Black Press, 26; and Washburn, The African American Newspaper, 71.
  • Irvine Garland Penn, The Afro-American Press and Its Editors (New York: Arno, 1969).
  • Leavenworth (Kan.) Advocate, Jan. 31, 1891; Indianapolis Freeman, Jan. 17, 1892.
  • Ratzlaff, “Illustrated African American Journalism,” 134.
  • Indianapolis Freeman, Dec. 21, 1889.
  • See Jeter and Cervenka, “H.J. Lewis, Free Man and Freeman Artist.”
  • William G. Jordan, Black Newspapers and America's War for Democracy, 1914–1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 15.
  • See Rachel Marie-Crane Williams, “A War in Black and White: The Cartoons of Norman Ethre Jennett & the North Carolina Election of 1898,” Southern Cultures (Summer 2013): 7–31.
  • James Hall, ed., Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art, 2nd ed., s.v. “Snake” (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2008).
  • Vaughn Glasgow, A Social History of the American Alligator: The Earth Trembles with His Thunder (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991).
  • Moore, Booker T. Washington, 3.
  • See Williams, “A War in Black and White.”
  • See Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880–1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).
  • See Williams, “A War in Black and White.”
  • John Gardiner, “The Victorians: An Age in Retrospect,” (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2006).
  • See Jannette Lake Dates and William Barlow, Split Image: African Americans in the Mass Media (Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1990).
  • See Robert Hieronimus and Laura Cortner, The United Symbolism of America: Deciphering Hidden Meanings in America's Most Familiar Art, Architecture, and Logos (New York: New Press Books, 2008), 157–63.
  • Tom Culbertson, The Golden Age of American Political Cartoons. The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 7, no. 3 (2008): 276–95; and Rebecca Edwards, “Politics as Social History: Political Cartoons in the Gilded Age,” OAH Magazine of History 13, no.4 (1999): 11–15.
  • Charles W. Simmons, Marshall Deodoro and the Fall of Dom Pedro II. (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1966).
  • Fernando C. Zanella, Robert B. Ekeland, and David N. Laband, “Monarchy, Monopoly and Mercantilism: Brazil versus the United States in the 1800s,” Public Choice, 116 (2003): 386.
  • Frederic H. Seager, The Boulanger Affair: Political Crossroad of France, 1886–1889 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1969), 57; and William D. Irvine The Boulanger Affair Reconsidered: Royalism, Boulangism, and the Origins of the Radical Right in France (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 38–40.
  • Ian Bullock, and Sian Reynolds, “Direct Legislation in Socialism: How British and French Socialists Viewed the Referendum in the 1890s,” History Workshop, 24 (1987): 69–70; and Venita Datta, “L'appel au soldat: Visions of the Napoleonic Legend in Popular Culture of the Belle Epoque,” French Historical Studies 28, no. 1 (2005): 7–8.
  • Christopher E. Forth, “Intellectual Anarchy and Imaginary Otherness: Gender, Class, and Pathology in French Intellectual Discourse, 1890–1900,” The Sociological Quarterly, 37, no. 4 (1996): 649–50.
  • James D. Steakley, “Iconography of a Scandal: Political Cartoons and the Eulenburg Affair,” Studies in Visual Communication 9, no.2 (1983): 22–24.
  • Robert K. Massie, Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the Coming of the Great War (New York: Random House, 1991), 110; and Matthew S. Seligmann, Germany from Reich to Republic, 1871–1918: Politics, Hierarchy, and Deletes, (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000), 59–60.
  • Charles W. Calhoun, Minority Victory: Gilded Age Politics and the Front Porch Campaign of 1888 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2008), 14.
  • Willard P. Gatewood Jr., “Edward E. Cooper, Black Journalist,” Journalism Quarterly 55, no. 2 (1978): 271.
  • Charles W. Calhoun, Conceiving the New Republic: The Republican Party in the Southern Question, 1869–1900 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), 220.
  • Waldo E. Martin Jr., The Mind of Frederick Douglass (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 276; and William S. McFeely, Fredrick Douglass (New York: W.W. Norton, 1995), 316.
  • E. Michelle Ramsey, “Inventing Citizens during World War I: Suffrage Cartoons” in The Woman Citizen, Western Journal of Communication 64, no. 2 (2000): 113–47.
  • Wilson, “The Racial Politics.”
  • Moore, Booker T. Washington, 62.
  • See Suggs, The Black Press in the South, 1865–1979; and Jordan, Black Newspapers and America's War for Democracy, 1914–1920.
  • See Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso, 1991).

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