Was the Roman Gladiator an Athlete?

References

• Auguet , Roland . 1972 . Cruelty and Civilization: The Roman Games , London : George Allen and Unwin Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Barton , Carlin A. 1993 . The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Camus , Albert . 1955 . The Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays , New York : Random House . Trans. Justin O’Brien
   Google Scholar
• Cicero . 1913 . De Offi ciis , New York : McMillan (Loeb) . Trans. Walter Miller
   Google Scholar
• Cicero . 1914 . De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum , New York : McMillan (Loeb) . Trans. H. Rackham
   Google Scholar
• Craig , Steve . 2002 . Sports and Games of the Ancients , Westport , CT : Greenwood .
   Google Scholar
• Epictetus . 1916 . Discourses and Manual , Vol. s. 1 and 2 , Oxford , , UK : Clarendon Press . Trans. P.E. Matheson
   Google Scholar
• Friedlander , Ludwig . 1908 . “ The Spectacles ” . In Roman Life and Manners Under the Early Empire , Vol. 2 , 1 – 131 . London , , UK : Routledge & Kegan Paul . Trans. J.H. Freese and L.A. Magnus
   Google Scholar
• Futrell , Alison . 1997 . Blood in the Arena: The Spectacle of Roman Power , Austin : University of Texas Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gardiner , E. 1930 . Norman. Athletics in the Ancient World , Oxford , , UK : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Golden , Mark . 2004 . Sport in the Ancient World From A to Z , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Loland , Sigmund . 2001 . Fair Play in Sport: A Moral Norm System , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Guttman , Allen . 1978 . From Ritual to Record , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , H. A. 1972 . Sport in Greece and Rome , Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Huizinga , Johan . 1955 [1944] . Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture , Boston : Beacon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Junkelmann , Marcus . 2000 . “ Familia Gladiatoria: The Heroes of the Ampitheatre ” . In Gladiators and Caesars , Edited by: Köhne , Eckart and Ewigleben , Cornelia . 31 – 74 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kyle , Donald G. 1998 . Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Marrou , H. I. 1956 . A History of Education in Antiquity , Madison : University of Wisconsin Press . Trans. G. Lamb
   Google Scholar
• Miller , S. G. 2004 . Ancient Greek Athletics , New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nussbaum , Martha C. 1994 . The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Parry , J. 1998 . “ Violence and Aggression in Contemporary Sport ” . In Ethics & Sport , Edited by: McNamee , M. and Parry , J. 204 – 224 . London , , UK : E & FN Spon .
   Google Scholar
• Plass , Paul . 1995 . The Game of Death in Ancient Rome , Madison : University of Wisconsin Press .
   Google Scholar
• Plecket , W. 2003 . Review of Sport in the Ancient World From A to Z, by Mark Golden . Nikephoros , 16 : 277 – 279 .
   Google Scholar
• Poliakoff , Michael B. 1978 . Combat Sports in the Ancient World , New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Seneca , Lucius Annaeus . 1969 . Letters From a Stoic (Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium) , London , , UK : Penguin . Trans. R. Campbell
   Google Scholar
• Simon , R. 1991 . Fair Play: Sports, Values, and Society , Boulder , CO : Westview .
   Google Scholar
• Suits , Bernard . 1988 . “ The Elements of Sport ” . In Philosophic Inquiry in Sport , Edited by: Morgan , W. J. and Meier , K. 8 – 15 . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Wiedemann , Thomas . 1992 . Emperors and Gladiators , London , , UK : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Young , D. C. 1984 . The Olympic Myth of Greek Amateur Athletics , Chicago : Ares .
   Google Scholar
• Zoll , Amy . 2002 . Gladiatrix , New York : Penguin .
   Google Scholar